inbound598420047431648770917266382778.pdf

The history of ICT spans from ancient calculation tools like the abacus to the electronic computers and the internet of the late 20th century.

1. LESSON II:
HistoricalBackgroundofICT
PeriodsofICTDevelopment
BriefHistoryofComputer
EarlyDevelopmentsinElectronicDataProcessing
ComputerGenerations

2. EvolutionofICT
ThebeginningofICTcanbetracedbackwhenhumansstartedto
useobjectstocommunicatewithoneanother.Therearefourmain
periodsinhistorythatdividetheeraofICT,namely:
1.Pre-mechanical
2.Mechanical
3.Electromechanical
4.Electronicperiods

3. Duringthistime,humansstartedcommunicating
withoneanotherusingwordsandpictograms
curvedinrocks.
SumerianPictogram-datingback3100BCE
thatshowstheearliestformofcommunication
amonghumans.

4. ThePreMechanicalPeriod
PeriodsofICTDevelopment
•Ithappenedaround1450BCEto1450CE.
•Humansstartedcommunicating withpictogramscurvedinrocks.
•Paperfrompapyrusplant wasinvented;storingof informationwasrevolutionized.
•Paperwerecompiledandboundtogether,eventuallygivingbirthtobooks.
•Theyneededtobecompiledandstoredinareas;hencelibrarieswerecreated.
•“Libraries”wereconsideredasthefirstdatacentersinhistory.
•Humansstartedusingnumericalsystemduringthelatestageofthisperiod.
•ThemostpopulardevicecreatedinthisperiodissaidtohavecomefromChina-the
abacus.Thefirstdevicetoprocessinformation.

5. •Servedasthebridgebetweenourcurrentperiodandthepre-mechanicalperiod.
•Itstartedaround1450-1840.
•Theinterestinautomatingandspeedingupnumericalcalculationsgrewduringthis
period.
•Themachinesaredrivenbymechanicalmeanssuchassteamandgearsdominatedby
informationprocessingandcalculation.
•Themechanicalcalculator,“Pascaline”wasthehighlightofthisperiod.Itwasinvented
bythefamousmathematicianinventorBlaisePascalalongwithWilhelmSchickard.
•CharlesBabbage’sAnalyticalEngine,whichisconsideredasthefirstprogrammable
mechanicalcomputer,wasalsoinventedduringthisperiod.CharlesBabbage-
“FatherofComputers”
TheMechanicalPeriod
PeriodsofICTDevelopment

6. •Itstartedaround1840-1940.
•Theuseofelectricityforinformationhandlingandtransferbloomed.
•Thisperiodsawtheuseofthetelegraphtotransmitinformationoverlongdistances.
•Thetelephonewaslaterinvented,enablingvoicetransmissionoverlongdistances.
•Humansstartedtocontrolelectricityusingvacuumtubesindevicesthateventuallyled
tothedevelopmentoftoday’selectronicgadgets.
•Telegraph-consideredasthefirstelectricalcommunicationsdevice.
•Firstinventedbyin1837byWilliamCookeandSirCharlesWheatstone,thefirst
workingmodelusedfivemagneticneedlesthatcouldbepointedaroundsetofletters
andnumbersbyusingelectriccurrent.
TheElectromechanicalPeriod
PeriodsofICTDevelopment

7. •SamuelMorse,anAmericaninventor,introducedthefirstsingle-circuittelegraphin
1844,whichgiverisetotheMorsecode.
•In1876,AlexanderGrahamBellwasgrantedpatentforthetelephone.
•Itstartedinthe1940’suptopresent.
•Thehighlightofthisperiodisfocusedontheadventofsolid-state
devices/electronicdevices.
•Therearefourmaineventfoundinthisperiod,theseare:
1.Thelatevacuumtubesperiod;
2.Thetransistorsperiod;
3.Theintegratedcircuitsperiod;and
4.Thecomputerprocessorsperiod.
TheElectronicPeriod
PeriodsofICTDevelopment

8. ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer
(ENIAC)-Thefirstelectronicgeneral-purposecomputer.
•Itisaround167squaremeters
•Itsprocessingspeedwasslowerthanthosemachinesusedtoday.
✓Thetransistorwasinventedin1947.Itisanelectronicdevicewithpropertiesand
functionssimilartovacuumtubes,butitislightweightandfaster.Itisthefoundationof
everyelectronicdevicetoday.
✓Thefirstfulltransistorcomputerwasdevelopedin1957andwasfasterthanvacuum
computers.
✓JackKilbywascreditedforintroducingtheintegratedcircuitin1958.Itisadevicethat
iscomposedoftransistorsandcircuitelementscompressedinasinglepackage.

9. ✓ICsareusedinprocessingdevices,andprocessorsareconstructedinICforms.
PersonalComputersthenusedtheseprocessorstodeliveruserapplications.
✓ComputersareevolvingfrombasictextualinterfacestoGraphicalUserInterfaces
✓Theresultofdevelopedmethodsofconnectivityforsharingprocessedinformation
storedincomputersandprocessingdevicesistheinternetortheWorldWideWeb.
✓ICsareusedinprocessingdevices,andprocessorsareconstructedinICforms.
PersonalComputersthenusedtheseprocessorstodeliveruserapplications.

10. BriefHistoryofComputer
Theearliestdataprocessingequipmentwasall
manual-mechanicaldevicesduetotheabsenceof
electricityandadequateindustrialtechnology.
ABACUS
(300B.C.bytheBabylonians)
Theabacuswasanearlyaidformathematical
computations.Itsonlyvalueisthatitaidsthe
memoryofthehumanperformingthecalculation.
AveryoldAbacus
Amoremodernabacus

11. JohnNapierisbestknownastheinventorof
logarithms.Healsoinventedtheso-called"Napier's
bones"andmadecommontheuseofthedecimal
pointinarithmeticandmathematics.Napier's
birthplace,MerchistonTowerinEdinburgh,
Scotland,isnowpartofthefacilitiesofEdinburgh
NapierUniversity.Afterhisdeathfromtheeffectsof
gout,Napier'sremainswereburiedinStCuthbert's
Church,Edinburgh.
JohnNapier
(1550–1617)

12. NAPIER'SBONES
In1617JohnNapierinventedlogarithms,which
areatechnologythatallowsmultiplicationtobe
performedviaaddition.Themagicingredientis
thelogarithmofeachoperand,whichwas
originallyobtainedfromaprintedtable.ButNapier
alsoinventedanalternativetotables,wherethe
logarithmvalueswerecarvedonivorysticks.

13. WilliamOughtredandothersdevelopedtheslideruleinthe
17thcenturybasedontheemergingworkonlogarithmsby
JohnNapier.
SlideRule

14. In1642BlaisePascal,attheageof19,heinvented
thePascalineasanaidforhisfatherwhowasatax
collector.Pascalbuilt50ofthisgear-drivenone-
functioncalculator(itcouldonlyadd)butcouldn'tsell
manybecauseoftheirexorbitantcostandbecause
theyreallyweren'tthataccurate(atthattimeitwasnot
possibletofabricategearswiththerequiredprecision).
PascalineorPascalCalculator
•Itcanbecalled“ArithmatiqueMachine”
•Thefirstcalculatororaddingmachinetobe
producedinanyquantityandactuallyused.

15. GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz
(July1,1646–November14,1716)
AGermanmathematicianandphilosopher.He
occupiesaprominentplaceinthehistoryof
mathematicsandthehistoryofphilosophy.
TheStepReckoner(orSteppedReckoner)was
adigitalmechanicalcalculator invented around
1672andcompletedin1694.
StepReckoner

16. AFrenchweaverandmerchant.Heplayedan
importantroleinthedevelopmentoftheearliest
programmableloom(the"Jacquardloom"),whichin
turnplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentof
otherprogrammablemachines,suchascomputers.
JosephMarieJacquard
(7July1752–7August1834)

17. Jacquard'sLoomshowingthethreadsandthepunched
cards. ByselectingparticularcardsforJacquard'sloom
youdefinedthewovenpattern
Amechanicalloom,inventedbyJosephMarie
Jacquard,firstdemonstratedin1801,thatsimplifiesthe
processofmanufacturingtextileswithcomplexpatterns
suchasbrocade,damaskandmatelasse.Theloomwas
controlledbya"chainofcards",anumberofpunched
cards,lacedtogetherintoacontinuoussequence.

18. By1822theEnglishmathematicianCharlesBabbage
wasproposingasteam-drivencalculatingmachine
thesizeofaroom,whichhecalledtheDifferential
Engine.Thismachinewouldbeabletocompute
tablesofnumbers,suchaslogarithmtables.
CharlesBabbage
(26December1791–18October1871)
Babbage’s DifferentialEngine

19. TheAnalyticalEngine
Itwasaproposedmechanicalgeneral-purpose
computerdesignedbyEnglishmathematician
CharlesBabbage.
Babbage’sAnalyticalEngine
2mainparts:the“Store”wherenumbersareheldand
the“Mill”wheretheywerewovenintonewresults

20. AdaLovelace
AugustaAdaByron,LadyLovelace
(10December1815–27November1852)
•Englishmathematicianandwriterknewforherworkon
CharlesBabbage'searlymechanicalgeneral-purpose
computer,theAnalyticalEngine.
•Hernotesontheengineincludewhatisrecognizedasthe
firstAlgorithmintendedtobeprocessedbyamachine.
Becauseofthis,sheisoftendescribedastheworld'sfirst
computerprogrammer.
•Referredtoasthe“FirstProgrammer”

21. HermanHollerith
(February29,1860–November17,1929)
AnAmericanstatisticianandinventordevelopeda
mechanicaltabulatorbasedonpunchedcardstorapidly
tabulatestatisticsfrommillionsofpiecesofdata.Hewasthe
founderoftheTabulatingMachineCompanythatlater
mergedtobecomeIBM.Hollerithiswidelyregardedasthe
fatherofmodernautomaticcomputation.

22. HollerithMachine
Thefirstautomaticdataprocessingsystem.Itwasusedto
countthe1890U.S.census.DevelopedbyHerman
Hollerith,astatisticianwhohadworkedfortheCensus
Bureau,thesystemusedahandpunchtorecordthedata
asholesindollar-bill-sizedpunchcardsandatabulating
machinetocountthem.Thetabulatingmachinecontained
aspring-loadedpinforeachpotentialholeinthecard.
Whenacardwasplacedinthereaderandthehandlewas
pusheddown,thepinsthat
HollerithMachine

23. ThebeginningofdataprocessingmadeinAugust30,1890
coverofScientificAmerican.Thebinaryconcept.

24. HowardAiken
•OfficialnamewasAutomaticSequenceControlled
Calculator.
•Couldperformthe4basicarithmeticoperations.
MarkI

25. •developedbyJohnPresperEckert
Jr.andJohnMauchly
•1stlarge-scalevacuum-tube
computer
EDVAC
ElectronicDiscreteVariableAutomatic
Computer

26. •DevelopedbyJohnVonNeumann
•amodifiedversionoftheENIAC
•employedbinaryarithmetic
•hasstoredprogramcapability
EDSAC
ElectronicDelayStorageAutomatic
Calculator

27. •builtbyMauriceWilkesduring
theyear1949
•oneofthefirststored-program
machinecomputersandoneof
thefirsttousebinarydigits
UNIVAC
UniversalAutomaticComputer

28. •DevelopedbyGeorgeGrayin
RemingtonRandCorp.
•Manufacturedasthefirst
commerciallyavailablefirst-
generationcomputer.
IBM
InternationalBusinessMachines

29. By1960,IBMwasthe
dominantforceinthe
marketoflargemainframe
computers.

30. IBM701IBM’s1stcommercialbusiness
computer

32. FIRSTGENERATION(1946-1959)
•Vacuumtubebased
•Theusevacuumtubesinplaceofrelaysasameansofstoringdatainmemoryand
theuseofthestored‐programconcept.
•Itrequires3.5KWofelectricityperdaytokeepthevacuumtubesrunningPerDay:
Generationincomputerterminologyisachangeintechnologyacomputeris/wasbeing
used.
•Initially,thegenerationtermwasusedtodistinguishbetweenvaryinghardware
technologies.Butnowadays,generationincludesbothhardwareandsoftware,which
togethermakeupanentirecomputersystem.

33. WHOINVENTTHEVACUUMTUBES?
FirstinventedbyaBritishscientistnamedJohnA.
Flemingin1919,althoughEdisonhadmadesome
discoverieswhileworkingonthelightbulb.The
vacuumtubewasimprovedbyLeeDeForest.

34. ThemainfeaturesofFirstGenerationare:
•Vacuumtubetechnology
•Unreliable
•SupportedMachinelanguageonly
•Verycostly
•Generatelotofheat
•SlowInput/Outputdevice
•Hugesize
•NeedofA.C.
•Non-portable
•Consumedlotofelectricity
Somecomputersofthisgenerationwere:
➢ENIAC
➢EDVAC
➢UNIVAC
➢IBM-701

35. SECONDGENERATION
(1959-1965)
•Thisgenerationusingthetransistorwascheaper,
consumedlesspower,andwasmorecompactinsize,
morereliable,andfasterthanthefirstgenerationmachines
madeofvacuumtubes.
•Inthisgeneration,magneticcoreswereusedas
primarymemoryandmagnetictapeandmagneticdisksas
secondarystoragedevices.
WHOINVENTEDTHE
TRANSISTORS?
(1959-1965)

36. ThefirsttransistorwasinventedatBell
LaboratoriesonDecember16,1947by
WilliamShockley(seatedatBrattain's
laboratorybench),JohnBardeen(left)and
WalterBrattain(right).

37. FirstTransistor
ThemainfeaturesofSecondGenerationare:
•Useoftransistors
•ReliableascomparedtoFirstgenerationcomputers
•SmallersizeascomparedtoFirstgenerationcomputers
•GeneratelessheatascomparedtoFirstgenerationcomputers
•ConsumedlesselectricityascomparedtoFirstgenerationcomputers
•Fasterthanfirst-generationcomputers
•Stillverycostly
•A.C.needed
•Supportmachineandassemblylanguages
Somecomputersofthisgenerationwere:
•IBM1620
•IBM7094
•CDC1604
•CDC3600
•UNIVAC1108

38. THIRDGENERATION
(1965-1971)
•IntegratedCircuits(IC's)inplaceof
transistors
•AsingleIChasmanytransistors,
resistorsandcapacitorsalongwiththe
associatedcircuitry.
•Integratedsolid‐statecircuitry,improved
secondarystoragedevicesandnew
input/outputdeviceswerethemost
importantadvancesinthisgeneration.

39. ThemainfeaturesoftheThirdGenerationare:
•ICused
•Morereliable
•Smallersize
•Generatelessheat
•Faster
•Lessermaintenance
•Stillcostly
•A.C.needed
•Consumedlesserelectricity
•Supporthigh-levellanguage
WHOINVENTTHEIC?
Theideaofintegratingelectroniccircuitsintoa
singledevicewasborn,whentheGermanphysicist
andengineerWernerJacobi(de).

40. FOURTHGENERATION
(1971-1980)
•Very-large-scaleintegration(VLSI)
•VLSIcircuitshavingabout5000transistorsandothercircuitelementsand
theirassociatedcircuitsonasinglechipmadeitpossibletohave
microcomputersofthefourthgeneration.Referred to as microprocessors are
utilized in this generation. A microprocessor chip is made from hundreds of
Integrated Circuits construct on a single silicon chip.

41. •FourthGenerationcomputersbecamemore
powerful,compact,reliable,andaffordable.
Asaresult,itgaverisetothepersonal
computer(PC)revolution.
•Inthisgeneration,Remoteprocessing,Time-sharing,Real-time,Multi-programming
OperatingSystemwereused.
•Allthehigher-levellanguageslikeCandC++,DBASE,etc.,wereusedinthisgeneration.
ThemainfeaturesoftheFourthGenerationare:
•VLSItechnologyused
•Verycheap
•Portableandreliable
•UseofPC's
•Verysmallsize
•Pipelineprocessing
•NoA.C.needed

42. •Inthisgeneration,Remoteprocessing,Time-sharing,
Real-time,Multi-programmingOperatingSystemwere
used.
•Allthehigher-levellanguageslikeCandC++,DBASE,
etc.,wereusedinthisgeneration.
ThemainfeaturesoftheFourthGenerationare:
•VLSItechnologyused
•Verycheap
•Portableandreliable
•UseofPC's
•Verysmallsize
•Pipelineprocessing
•NoA.C.needed
•Conceptoftheinternetwasintroduced
•Greatdevelopmentsinthefieldsofnetworks
•Computersbecameeasilyavailable

43. DEC10
STAR1000
PDP11

44. FIFTHGENERATION
PresentandBeyond:ArtificialIntelligence
ArtificialIntelligenceisthebranchof
computerscienceconcernedwithmaking
computersbehavelikehumans.Thetermwas
coinedin1956byJohnMcCarthyatthe
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.

45. Artificialintelligenceincludes:
•GamesPlaying–programmingcomputerstoplaygamessuchaschessand
checkers.
•ExpertSystems–programmingcomputerstomakedecisionsinreal-life
situations(forexample,someexpertsystemshelpdoctorsdiagnosediseases
basedonsymptoms)
•NaturalLanguage–programmingcomputerstounderstandnaturalhuman
languages
•NeuralNetworks–Systemsthatsimulateintelligencebyattemptingtoreproduce
thetypesofphysicalconnectionsthatoccurinanimalbrains
•Robotics–programmingcomputerstoseeandhearandreacttoothersensory
stimuli

46. Evolutionof Computers
COMPUTERGENERATIONS
✓Firstgeneration(1940-1956)
✓Secondgeneration(1956-1963)
✓Thirdgeneration(1964-1971)
✓Fourthgeneration(1971-present)
✓Fifthgeneration(present&beyond)

47. https://www.slideshare.net/mentosrenz27/historical-background-of-ict

48. Thank you!!