INCIDENCE OF INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCOLOSKETAL SYSTEMS RELATED DISEASES IN NORTH AMERICA.pdf

PPT about the prevalence rate of integumentary and muskoskeletal diseases in south america

1. INCIDENCE OF
INTEGUMENTARY AND
MUSCOLOSKETAL
SYSTEMS RELATED
DISEASES IN NORTH
AMERICA

2. Integumentary and musculoskeletal
diseases are major causes of morbidity,
disability, and rising health care expenses in
North America. This study focuses at the
prevalence, risk factors, and current health
care solutions for Arthritis and skin
diseases. In 1990 and 2019, North Dakota
and Iowa are the state which possess the
highest rate of musculoskeletal disorder
cases. While skin disease rates varied
across United States in 2017.
ABSTRACT

3. Integumentary and musculoskeletal diseases in
North America are influenced by genetic, aging,
lifestyle, and environmental factors (such as
occupational hazard and UV exposure). Diseases
like Psoriasis, Atopic dermititis, Acne Vulgaris,
Contact dermititis, Malignant melanoma,
Urticaria, Squamous-cell carcimona, Scabies,
Pyoderma, and Cellulitis are Integumentary
diseases that affect the skin. While Arthritis, neck
pain, and lower back pain are musculoskeletal
disorders that affect the mobility and quality of
life. These diseases not only cause distress, but
also result in long-term incapacity and high health
care expenses.
INTRODUCTION

4. OBJECTIVES
To determined the
prevalence of major
integumentary and
musculoskeletal
diseases in North
America by analyzing
statistical data and
trends.

To assess healthcare
measures used to
manage and lessen the
burden of various
disease, such as
prevention, treatment,
and policy initiative.

5. METHODOLOGY
For musculoskeletal disorders, the study focused on the
five most impactful conditions based on disability and
prevalence: low back pain, other musculoskeletal
disorders, osteoarthritis, neck pain, and gout. These
conditions were classified using guidelines from the
American College of Rheumatology and the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The study also
examined risk factors contributing to disease burden, such
as smoking, obesity, occupational hazards, and kidney
dysfunction. A decomposition analysis was performed to
track changes in disease prevalence and disability over
time, while statistical analysis and data visualization were
conducted using R software.

6. For skin and subcutaneous diseases, the study included 15 categories such as
acne, dermatitis, cellulitis, psoriasis, and fungal infections. The data were
processed using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool developed
by the World Health Organization (WHO). This tool estimated disease
incidence and prevalence while accounting for comorbidities and the severity
of different conditions. The impact of skin diseases was measured through
disability weights, which quantify the severity of a condition on a scale from 0
(no disability) to 1 (equivalent to death). For fatal skin conditions like malignant
melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma, the study used the Cause of Death
Ensemble Model (CODEm) to estimate mortality rates by calculating years of
life lost (YLLs).

7. In the U.S., including Washington, D.C., skin
and subcutaneous diseases ranked 12th in
disease burden in 2017, up from 15th in 1990.
The overall burden increased from 821.6 DALYs
per 100,000 people in 1990 to 884.2 in 2017,
reflecting a small percentage increase of
0.08%.
The rate of increase varied by state. New York
had the highest percentage increase (0.12%),
while Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Utah had the smallest increase (0.04%).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

8. SKIN
CONDITIONS

9. Psoriasis is an autoimmune
disease that causes red, scaly
patches and itching.
Treatment includes steroids,
phototherapy, and biologics.
Prevention involves avoiding
triggers and keeping the skin
moisturized.
PSORIASIS

10. Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is
caused by genetics, immune
dysfunction, and environmental
factors. It leads to dry, itchy, and
inflamed skin. Treatment includes
moisturizers, steroids, and
antihistamines. Prevention involves
avoiding irritants and keeping the
skin hydrated.
ATOPIC DERMATITIS

11. Acne vulgaris occurs due to clogged
pores, bacteria, and hormonal changes.
It causes pimples, blackheads, and oily
skin. Treatment includes retinoids,
benzoyl peroxide, and antibiotics.
Prevention involves washing the face
regularly and using non-comedogenic
products.
ACNE VULGARIS

12. Contact dermatitis is caused by
allergens or irritants. It results in a red,
itchy rash and sometimes blisters.
Treatment includes avoiding triggers,
using steroids, and taking
antihistamines. Prevention involves
using protective products and avoiding
known irritants.
CONTACT DERMATITIS

13. Malignant melanoma is a skin cancer
caused by UV exposure and genetics.
Symptoms include irregular moles with
changes in size, shape, or color.
Treatment involves surgical removal,
chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
Prevention includes sunscreen use and
avoiding excessive sun exposure.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA

14. Urticaria, or hives, is caused by
allergies, infections, stress, or
medications. It presents as raised, itchy
welts on the skin. Treatment includes
antihistamines and avoiding triggers.
Prevention involves identifying allergens
and managing stress.
URTICARIA

15. Squamous-cell carcinoma is a type of
skin cancer caused by UV exposure,
chronic wounds, and HPV. It appears
as scaly patches, sores, or wart-like
growths. Treatment involves surgical
removal, radiation, or chemotherapy.
Prevention includes sun protection
and regular skin checks.
SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA

16. Scabies is a skin infestation caused
by mites. It leads to intense itching
and burrow tracks on the skin.
Treatment includes medicated
creams and oral medications.
Prevention involves avoiding direct
skin contact and washing bedding
and clothes.
SCABIES

17. Pyoderma is a bacterial skin
infection. It causes pus-filled
lesions, redness, and swelling.
Treatment includes antibiotics and
proper wound care. Prevention
involves maintaining good hygiene
and treating skin injuries promptly.
PYODERMA

18. Cellulitis is a bacterial skin
infection that leads to redness,
swelling, warmth, and pain. Fever
may also occur. Treatment
includes antibiotics and pain
management. Prevention involves
proper wound care and hygiene.
CELLULITIS

19. In 2017, while skin and subcutaneous disease rates
varied across U.S. states, the differences weren't
statistically significant overall. Geographic trends did
exist: coastal areas had the highest burden, with
melanoma more prevalent in northern states and
keratinocyte carcinoma more common in southern
states.
Overall: New York had the highest overall skin disease
rates, Wyoming the lowest.
Melanoma: Kentucky had the highest melanoma death
rate, Massachusetts the highest case rate.
Keratinocyte Carcinoma: Florida had the highest rate.
Specific conditions showed further geographic variation:
Atopic/Seborrheic Dermatitis & Alopecia Areata:
Washington, D.C. had the highest rates.
Acne, Fungal Skin Diseases, Psoriasis: New York had
the most cases.
Cellulitis: Louisiana had the highest rate.
GEOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN SKIN DISEASES

21. In 2017, there was no major
difference between men and
women in overall skin disease or
melanoma rates. However, men
had significantly higher rates of
keratinocyte carcinoma than
women in every state.
Florida had the biggest gap,
with men having more than
double the keratinocyte
carcinoma rate compared to
women. North Dakota had the
smallest difference.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

22. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

23. MUSCULOSKELETAL
CONDITIONS

24. Gout is caused by uric acid buildup
in the joints. It leads to sudden,
severe joint pain, usually in the big
toe. Treatment includes NSAIDs,
colchicine, and lifestyle changes.
Prevention involves avoiding
purine-rich foods and staying
hydrated.
GOUT

25. Low back pain is caused by muscle
strain, herniated discs, or arthritis.
It presents as dull or sharp pain in
the lower back with stiffness.
Treatment includes pain relievers,
physical therapy, and posture
correction. Prevention involves
regular exercise and proper lifting
techniques.
LOW BACK PAIN

26. Neck pain is caused by muscle
strain, poor posture, or arthritis.
Symptoms include stiffness,
headaches, and limited movement.
Treatment includes pain relievers,
physical therapy, and heat or cold
therapy. Prevention involves good
posture, stretching, and an
ergonomic setup.
NECK PAIN

27. Osteoarthritis is caused by joint
wear and tear, aging, or obesity. It
leads to joint pain, stiffness, and
swelling. Treatment includes pain
relievers, physical therapy, and
weight management. Prevention
involves regular low-impact
exercise and maintaining a healthy
weight.
OSTEOARTHRITIS

28. Rheumatoid arthritis is an
autoimmune disease that attacks
the joints. It causes pain, swelling,
stiffness, and fatigue. Treatment
includes DMARDs, biologics, and
physical therapy. Prevention is not
possible, but early treatment helps
slow progression.
RHEUMATOID

29. This show trends in DALYs,
prevalence, and deaths for
musculoskeletal disorders in the U.S.
from 1990 to 2019. The prevalence
rate started at 28,139.9 per
100,000, dropping after 1990, rising
after 1996, and declining again after
2001. It fluctuated slightly before
increasing significantly from 2006 to
2019. The DALY rate, which began at
3133.9 per 100,000, had small ups
and downs but rose sharply after
2010. Death rates stayed low, starting
at 2.0 per 100,000, with only minor
changes over the years.
MUSCO-
SKELETAL
TRENDS OF PREVALENCE, DALY AND DEATH RATES
FROM 1990-2019

30. This shows DALYs for
musculoskeletal disorders by
age group in 2019. The
highest DALYs were in ages
65–69, 70–74, and 75–79,
while the lowest were in ages
5–9, 10–14, and 15–19. Across
most age groups, low back
pain was the biggest
contributor, followed by
osteoarthritis, other
musculoskeletal disorders,
neck pain, and rheumatoid
arthritis.
COMMON MUSCO-SKELETAL DISEASE PER AGE GROUP

31. GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF MUSCO-SKELETAL DISEASES
This shows age-
standardized DALY rates
for musculoskeletal
disorders across U.S.
states in 1990 and 2019.
In 1990, Iowa had the
highest rate, followed by
North Dakota, while
Mississippi had the lowest.
By 2019, North Dakota
took the top spot, with
Iowa second, and
Mississippi remained the
lowest.

32. The extent of the burden posed by these diseases might
have been underestimated due to several reasons listed
below:
1.Limited Data: Before comprehensive studies like the
GBD 2010, data on the prevalence and impact of skin
diseases were fragmented and less systematically
collected.
2.Focus on Other Health Issues: Public health
priorities often focused on more immediate and life-
threatening conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases
and infectious diseases, which may have overshadowed
the attention given to skin diseases.
3.Stigma and Awareness: Skin diseases might not
have been seen as severe or urgent compared to other
health conditions, leading to less public and
governmental attention.
GOVERNMENT COUNTER-MEASURES AGAINST INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCO
SKELETAL RELATED DISEASES

33. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through agencies
like the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
(NIAMS), works to protect Americans' health. The 2010 Global Burden of
Disease Study (GBD 2010) measured the impact of diseases, including skin
and subcutaneous diseases, using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). From
1990 to 2017, North America saw programs, research (including NIAMS-
funded work), and public health campaigns (like those from the CDC) aimed
at reducing these diseases. This led to advancements in treatments (topical,
biologic, immunotherapy) for conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and
melanoma, as well as improved access to care, increased research funding,
and educational programs. The GBD 2010 study itself helped clarify the
burden of skin diseases, leading to more targeted responses
COUNTER-MEASURES

34. In North America, integumentary (skin) and musculoskeletal diseases are significant
public health concerns impacting quality of life and healthcare costs.
Skin diseases were the 12th leading cause of disability globally in 2017, with a
slight increase in burden since 1990.
Arthritis, a common musculoskeletal disease, causes considerable illness and
affects many people in North America. There was a notable increase in
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 2006 to 2019, but death rates
remained relatively stable.
These diseases result from a mix of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Public health efforts include initiatives, screenings, and treatments. Prevention
strategies involve:
Integumentary diseases: protective clothing, sunscreen, limiting UV exposure, and
hygiene.
Musculoskeletal diseases: workplace ergonomics and healthy lifestyles.

SUMMARY

35. Many medical conditions arise from a mix of genetic predispositions,
lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. This makes targeted
prevention and management crucial. Healthcare systems are
responding with public health initiatives, early screening, and advanced
treatments. Examples of preventative measures include sun protection
and hygiene for skin conditions, and workplace ergonomics and healthy
living for musculoskeletal issues. Continued research, improved
healthcare access, and lifestyle interventions are essential for minimizing
the impact of these diseases and improving patient outcomes.
RECOMMENDATION

36. The Burden of Skin and Subcutaneous Diseases in the United States From 1990 to 2017 Henry W. Lim
MD a, Scott A.B. Collins MD b, Jack S. Resneck Jr. MD c, Jean L. Bolognia MD d, Julie A. Hodge MD,
MPH e, Thomas A. Rohrer MD f, Marta J. Van Beek MD, MPH g, David J. Margolis MD, PhD h, Arthur J.
Sober MD i, Martin A. Weinstock MD, PhD j, David R. Nerenz PhD k, Wendy Smith Begolka MBS l, Jose
V. Moyano PhD l
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102122
The Burden of Skin and Subcutaneous Diseases in the United States From 1990 to 2017 | Dermatology
| JAMA Dermatology | JAMA Network Laughter, M. R., Maymone, M. B. C., Karimkhani, C., et al. (2020).
The Burden of Skin and Subcutaneous Diseases in the United States From 1990 to 2017. JAMA
Dermatology, 156(8), 874-881.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). (n.d.). NIAMS-Supported
Research Programs.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). (n.d.). NIAMS Budget.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). (n.d.). Grants & Funding:
NIAMS Extramural Program.
REFERENCES