India & Science.pptx

indian science

1. Shri Sandeep Kulkarni Head , Dept of Environmental Studies K. J. Somaiya College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai An Interactive Session organised by IGNOU on 28 th Feb 2023

2. Govt. of India - commemorate 75 years of independence and the glorious history of its people, culture and achievements. Reflection of the hard work, innovation, enterprise of ordinary Indians. India, rich in knowledge and science, is leaving its mark from Mars to the moon. Azadi Amrit Mahotsav means elixir of energy of independence; elixir of inspirations of the warriors of freedom struggle; elixir of new ideas and pledges; and elixir of Aatma nirbharta.

3. The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. When we think about the past, we think about history. When we think about the future, we think about science. Science builds upon its past, but also, simultaneously, denies it. History of science Science has been made over thousands of years by people from a diversity of cultural traditions. Activities such as experiment originated in Renaissance pharmacies, kitchens and artisan workshops; evolutionary theory drew on sources ranging from sheep breeding to the economics of human populations; astronomy emerged from attempts to read the heavenly language of the stars.

4. The history of science itself developed as a discipline in Europe and North America during the late 19th century, as a way of charting the rise of a distinctively modern world under European domination. Science seemed uniquely a product of the white men in the west. In recent years, however, historians of science have turned this view on its head, so that science is understood as the outcome of global interaction, conflict and exchange. The rise of the universities as a key site for learning in medieval Europe, the reorganization of scientific disciplines in the decades around 1800 and the rise of genomics and computing in the late 20th century: these and other pivotal episodes are part of changes in cross-cultural commerce and trade . Jim Secord  - Emeritus Professor of the History & Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. Science , which has often aimed to establish universal standards, has close connections with the history of empires, from Assyria, Egypt and the Americas to China and India. It has been at the service of princely courts, the military and other centers of power. At the same time, however, the ‘scientist’ (a modern word, dating from the 19th century) is often recognised as having a special kind of moral authority, associated with ideals of detached expertise and neutral objectivity.

5. Kisii Tribe

6. Atri, Bharadwaja , Gautama, Jamadagni , Kashyapa , Vashistha and Vishwamitra . Vashistha , Vishvamitra , Jamadagni , Gautama, Bharadvaja , Gungu , Agastya and Kashyapa . Surmanyu , Shrimanyu , Shrinichay , Sarvasundar , Jayvaan , Vinaylaala and Jaymitra . Romasha, Lopamudra, Apala , Kadru , Visvavara , Ghosha , Juhu , Vagambhrini , Paulomi , Yami , Indrani , Savitri and Devayani Nodha , Akrishtabhasha , Sikatanivavari and Gaupayana . Aditi Aditirdakshayani Urvashi Godha Kakshivati Tvashta Garbhakarta Dakshina Prajapatya Vaivasvati Ratrirbharadvaji Vasukrapatni Vishvavara Atreyi Sashvatyangirasi Shradhda Kamayani Shachi Sarparajni Sarama Devashuni Shikhandinyava Psarasau Kashyapan Jarita Sharngah Suditirangirasah Mataro gargi . Ex: Lopamudra c ontributed in Agastya Muni’s mission in South Bhārat by taking care of the disciples & set up ' Tirukannigai ' schools in the cities for the women from the royal family, as well as for girls who wanted to pursue education.  Gargi was greatly honored and respected for her mastery of the science and the philosophies of the Vedas. She participated and gave lectures in Brahma Yagyas and was bestowed with the title of Brahma Vadini . Gargi was the oldest icon of feminism found in the ancient Hindu texts . Ghosha suffered from leprosy, which had disfigured her. She was thus a celibate for a long period. She fervently prayed to  Ashvins , the divine physician twins of the time, who were proficient in rejuvenation. They taught her  Madhu Vidhya , a Vedic teaching, a science of secret learning to restore youth and acquire immense knowledge, to get her cured of skin ailment. Because of her constant prayers Ashvini Kumars cured her skin problem and restored her beauty. 

7. "If we reject traditional technology merely because it is not modern, it will be like throwing out the baby with the bath water," said Seshadri . "By that token," he added, "the zero and the decimal system, too, would have to be rejected as it was invented by Indians .“

8. Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi was the first Indian woman physician and the first woman to have graduated with a two-year degree in Western Medicine in the United States. Her personal life led her to take up medicine. She was married at the age of nine to a widower who was 20 years older to her. At the age of 14 she gave birth to a son who died soon after, due to lack of enough medical facilities. The death of her new-born inspired her to become a physician. Her husband encouraged her to study medicine abroad. She studied at the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1886; this was the first women’s medical programme worldwide. Janaki Ammal was the first Indian scientist to have received the Padma Shri Award in 1977, who went on to occupy the reputed post of the director-general of the Botanical Survey of India. In 1900s, Ammal took up botany, which was an unusual choice for women. She obtained an honours degree in botany from the Presidency College in 1921. She pursued scientific research in cytogenetics — a branch of genetics that is concerned with how the chromosomes can relate to the cell behavior and phytogeography — concerned with the geographic distribution of the plant species. Ammal’s most renowned work is on sugarcane and Brinjal .

9. Kamala Sohonie was the first Indian woman to have bagged a PhD degree in the scientific discipline. She applied to the IISc for a research fellowship and met with rejection merely because she was a woman. She was the first female student of Prof. CV Raman, who was the then IISc director. Due to her excellent performance, Raman gave her permission to pursue further research. She discovered that every cell of a plant tissue contained the enzyme ‘cytochrome C’ which was involved in the oxidation of all plant cells . Asima Chatterjee An Indian chemist, she is regarded highly for her works in the fields of organic chemistry and phytochemistry (chemicals derived from plants). She graduated in chemistry from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta in 1936 and then pursued research. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids (derived from the periwinkle that is known for its anti-cancer properties), and the development of anti-epileptic and anti-malarial drugs .

10. Rajeshwari : First woman engineer from the state of Karnataka, received a government scholarship to study abroad in 1946. She studied at the University of Michigan where she obtained her Master’s degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering. After obtaining a doctorate degree, she returned to India and joined the Department of Electrical Communication Engineering at IISc as a faculty member where she along with her husband set up a microwave research laboratory where they did pioneering work on microwave engineering . Kalpana Chawla is the first astronaut of Indian origin to have forayed into the space. She first flew on a Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. She then moved to the United States in 1982 and obtained a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984 and earned a second Masters in 1986 and a PhD in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado Boulder. Chawla was one of the crew members who died in the space shuttle Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003. The tragedy occurred when the space shuttle disintegrated while returning into the Earth’s atmosphere .

11. Dr . Indira Hinduja : a doctorate degree in ‘Human In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer’ from the Bombay University, An Indian gynecologist, obstetrician and infertility specialist who pioneered the Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) technique resulting in the birth of India’s first GIFT baby on January 4, 1988. Prior to this she delivered India’s s first test-tube baby at KEM Hospital on August 6, 1986. She is also credited for developing an oocyte donation technique for menopausal and premature ovarian failure patients, giving the country’s first baby out of this technique on January 24, 1991 . An Oceanographer, Dr. Aditi Pant was the first Indian woman to visit Antarctica in 1983 as a part of the Indian expedition to study Geology and Oceanography. Pant was inspired to take up Oceanography when she came across the book The Open Sea by Alister Hardy when she was a BSc student at the University of Pune. She got a US government scholarship to study an MS in Marine Sciences in the University of Hawaii. She did her PhD in Westfield College, London University. Her PhD thesis was based on the physiology of marine algae. She has worked at the National Institute of Oceanography and the National Chemical Laboratory.

12. https://www.thebetterindia.com/10725/12-indian-scientists-changed-the-world-inspiring