India as mega biodiversity habitat: Biodiversity

India as mega biodiversity habitat, Biodiversity, Hot spots of India,
Khaziranga national park, Keoladeo national park Nanda devi national park, sunderbans

1. BIODIVERSITY
Lecture-3

2. India as
Mega Biodiversity Habitat
By
Dr. SuriBabuGolla
Assistant Professor
EM & H Department
SRKR Engineering College
Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh.
Mail: [email protected]

3. INDIA AS A MEGA BIODIVERSITY HABITAT

4. INDIAISONEOFTHE12MEGABIODIVERSITYCOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD
ITHAS8%OFTHEWORLD’SBIODIVERSITY
ITISTHEHOMETO33%OFLIFEFORMSOFTHEWORLD
ITCOMPRISES2%OFWORLD’SLANDMASS
ITISDIVIDEDINTO10MAJORBIOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONESWHICH
REPRESENTALLTHEECOSYSTEMS.
THEREARE33BOTANICALGARDENS,89NATIONALPARKS,275ZOO’S,
504SANCTUARIES,12BIOSPHERERESERVES
THEREARE47000SPECIESOFPALNTSAND81000SPECIESOFANIMALS
INDIAISHOMETO5WORLDHERITAGESITES

6. RHINO ASIATIC ELEPHANT
PALLA’S FISH EAGLE
BARASINGHA DEER HOG DEER WILD BOAR
RED JUNGLE FOWL ROSE RINGED PARAKEET

8. BHARATPUR BIRDSANCTUARY-RAJASTHAN
366SPECIESOFBIRDS
379FLORALSPECIES
50SPECIESOFFISH
13SPECIESOFSNAKES
5SPECIESOFLIZARDS
7SPECIESOFAMPHIBIANS
7SPECIESOFTURTLES

9. PAINTED STORK
GREAT EGRET
EURASIAN SPOONBILL
PAINTED STORK
PARAKEET
DARTER
INDIAN SARAS CRANE SAMBAR DEER NEELGAI

10. MANAS WILD LIFE SANCTUARY

11. LOCATEDINASSAM-HIMALYANFOOTHILLS
TIGERRESERVE,ELEPHANTRESERVE
ASSAMROOFEDTURTLE,HISPIDHARE,GOLDENLANGUR,PYGMYHOG,
WILDWATERBUFFALO,WILDPIG,SLOWLORIS,ASIANGOLDENCATS,
HOOLOCKGIBBONS,BENGALFLORICAN,BULBULS,PELICANS,
SCARLWETMINIVETS,MAGPIEROBINS
543PLANTSPECIES
450SPECIESOFBIRDS
55SPECIESOFMAMMALS
50SPECIESOFREPTILES
3SPECIESOFAMPHIBIANS

12. INDIAN PYTHON
CAPPED LANGUR
MAGPIE ROBINS
SCARLET MINIVET
BENGAL SLOW LORIS
PELICAN
BULBUL BENGAL FLORICAN
HOOLOCK GIBBON

13. NANDA DEVI NATIONAL PARK

14. UTTARAKHAND
INNERANDOUTERREGIONS-COVEREDWITHGLACIERS
114SPECIESOFBIRDS
312SPECIESOFFLOWERS
HOMEFORLIFERESTORINGFLOWER-BRAHMAKAMAL
HIMALAYANMUSKDEER,BLUESHEEP,MAINLANDSEROW,HIMALAYAN
TARH,SNOWLEOPARD,HIMALAYANBLACKBEAR,RHESUSMACAQUE

15. LIME BUTTERFLY SNOW LEOPARD BLUE SHEEP
HIMALAYAN MUSK DEER
BRAHMAKAMAL BRAHMAKAMAL

16. VALLEY OF FLOWERS -UTTARAKHAND

20. SUNDERBAN NATIONAL PARK

21. TIGERRESERVE-MORETHAN400TIGERS
DENSELYCOVEREDBYMANGROVES
ROYALBENGALTIGER-SWIMINSALINEWATERSANDMANEATERS
FISHINGCATS,LEOPARD,WILDBHOR,INDIANGREYMONGOOSE,
JUNGLECAT,FLYINGFOX,PANGOLIN,SALTWTAERCROCODILES,
RUSSELSVIPER,DOGFACEDWATERSNAKE,RATSNAKE,RIVER
TERRAPIN,OLIVERIDLEYTURTLE,GANGESRIVERDOLPHIN,MANGROVE
HORSESHOE CRAB.

23. TROPICAL HUMID FORESTS

24. TROPICAL WARM FORESTS

25. DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS

26. IndiaisasubcontinentrepresentingamajorpartofSouthAsia,richin
floraandfauna;andhenceitisoneofthe12megabiodiversitynationsinthe
world.
Indiacontainsagreatwealthofbiodiversityintheforests,wetlandsand
marineareas.
Biodiversitycanbeobservedatalllevelsi.e.locally,nationallyand
globally.
Itisestimatedthat(2000year)(MinistryofEnvironmentandForestsMoEF,
GOIrecords)47,000sppofplantsand81,000sppofanimalsarefoundin
India.

27. SpeciesrestrictedtoaparticularareaareknownasEndemic.
InIndia62%ofamphibians,50%oflizardsareendemic.
ENDEMISM
EXTINCT
ENDANGERED
Speciesthatarealreadylost,thereisnomoreontheEarth.
Specieswhicharereadytolostorhavingonlyfewinnumber
causesthreatinfuture.

28. Alargenumberofspp.areknowntohaveoriginatedfromIndia.
Nearly5000sppoffloweringplants,166sppofcropplantsand320sppof
cultivatedcropswereoriginatedfromIndia.
Centre of Origin
MARINE DIVERSITY
Along7500kmoflongcoastlineofourcountry,mangroves,estuaries,
coralreefs,backwatersexistsarichbiodiversity.
Morethan340sppofcoralsoftheworldarefoundinIndia.
Mollusks,Crustaceans(crabs),mangroveplantsandseagrassesarealso
foundinourcountry.

29. ClimateofIndiaisdominatedbytheAsiaticmonsoon
South-WestrainsbetweenJune-October
DrywindsandcoldbetweenDec-Feb
DryandhotbetweenMarch-May.
CLIMATE
ColddesertofLadakhtohotdesertofThar
TemperateforestinHimalayastotropicalrainforestoflowlands
Freshwaterlakeswularinkashmir,chilkalakeinodissa,kollerulakeinA.P
torichcoastlineofcoralreefsofDeccan.

30. ThepanoramaofIndianforestrangesfromevergreentropicalrainforestin
theAndamanandNicobar;WesternGhatstoalpineforestintheHimalayas.
Semievergreenrainforests:Donotloosetheirleafs.
Deciduousforests:Treeswhichloosetheirleafsinwinter/dryseasons
Thornforests:havingspines,smalltrees/shrubs
Pineforests:whichgiveswood,usedforfurniture
Tropicalforests:locatedneartheequator
Rainforests:highannualrainfall,nodryseason
WesternGhatsmonsoonforests:situatedinwesternGhatsregion
Tropicalevergreenforests:donotloosetheirleafsseasonally,
locatednearertoequator.
FORESTS

31. Indiahasarichvarietyofwetlands.
Thetotalareaofwetlandsexcludingriversinindiais5,82,86,000hectares,
classifiedinto8categories
ReservoirsofDeccanplateau
Vastsaline(RajasthanandGujarat)
Freshwaterlakes
Deltawetlands
Freshwatermarshes
FloodplainsofBrahmaputra
MarshesandSwampsinN.EIndia
WetlandsofIslands(A&N)
WETLANDS

32. Finallybasedontheabove6factors(endemism,centreoforigin,marine
diversity,climate,forestsandwetlands)Indiaisconsideredasoneofthe
megabiodiversitynationsintheWorld.

33. HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY

34. HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY
Hotspotsarethemainareasoffocusforbiodiversity
conservation.
Thesearetheareasthatareextremelyrichinbiodiversity,
havehighlevelofendemism,andareunderconstantthreat
ofspeciesextinctionsandhabitatdestruction.
Areaswhichexhibithighspeciesrichnessaswellashigh
speciesendemismaretermedashotspotsofbiodiversity.
Thesehotspotscoveringlessthan2%oftheworld'sland
areaarefoundtohaveabout50%oftheterrestrial
biodiversity.

35. 1.Tropical Andes
2.Mesoamerica
3.Caribbean
4.Brazil's Atlantic Forest
5.Choco/Darien/Western Ecuador
6.Brazil's Cerrado
7.Central Chile
8.California Floristic Province
9.Madagascar
10. Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of
Tanzania/Kenya
11. Western African Forests
12. Cape Floristic Province
13. Succulent Karoo

36. 14. Mediterranean Basin
15. Caucasus
16. Sundaland
17. Wallacea
18. Phillipines
19. Indo-Burma
20. South-Central China
21. Western Ghats/Sri Lanka
22. SW Australia
23. New Caledonia
24. New Zealand
25. Polynesia/Micronesia

37. The25hotspotscontain44%ofallvascular
plantspeciesand35%ofterrestrial
vertebratesandencompassonly1.4%ofthe
earthssurface.
However,collectivelytheyhavelost88%of
theiroriginalprimaryvegetation.
Speciesintheseareasareatriskfrom
extinctioniffurtherhabitatlossoccurs.

38. Ithasbeenestimatedthat50,000endemicplants,
whichcomprise20%ofglobalplantlife,probably
occurinonly18‘hotsopts’intheworld.
Countrieswhichhavearelativelylargeproportionof
thesebiodiversityhotspotsarereferredtoas‘mega-
diversitynations.’
HotspotsinIndia:
Easternhimalayasandwesternghats.
Theseareasareparticularlyrichinfloralwealthand
endemism,notonlyinfloweringplantsbutalsoin
reptiles,amphibians,swallowtailedbutterflies,and
somemammals.

39. Eastern Himalayas
TheareacomprisesNepal,Bhutan,andneighboringstatesof
northernIndia,alongwithacontinuoussectoroftheYunnan
provinceinSouthwestchina.
AllHimalayanforestslienorthoftheTropicofCancer,andsomeof
themareataltitudesof1780-3500m,theycanbeconsidered
tropicalforests.
Manydeepandsemiisolatedvalleysareexceptionallyrichin
endemicplantspecies,InSikkim,inanareaof7298km2,ofthe
4250plantspecies,2550(60%)areendemic..
InNepal,therearearound7000plantspecies,manyofwhich
overlapwiththoseofIndia,Bhutan,andevenYunnan.Ofthese
species,atleast500(8%)arebelievedtobeendemictoNepal.
Bhutan,possessesanestimated5000species,ofwhichasmanyas
750(15%)areconsideredtobeendemictotheEasternHimalayas

40. Western Ghats:
Out of India’s 49219 plant species , 1600 endemics(40% of the
total number of endemics) are found in an 17000km2 along the
sea side of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala.
Forest track up to 500 in elevation, comprising one –fifth of the
entire forest expanse, are mostly evergreen, while those in 500-
1500 m range are semi-evergreen.
There are two main centers of diversity, the Agasthyamalai Hills
and the Silent Valley/New Amambalam Reserve Basin.
The forest cover in western Ghats has reduced 34 % from 1972-
1989

41. Thank you
Dr. SuriBabuGolla
Asst. Professor,
S.R.K.R. Engg. College,
Bhimavaram.