INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH INTRODUCTION During this period there were two prominent styles: 1. Indo - saracenic revival architecture 2. Neoclassical architecture Introduced new institutions Military Forts Emergence of new urbanity British influence, mostly affected: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras Introduction of new building practices. Superimposition, modification , replacement of existing buildings materials and techniques with their impact on architectural forms.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE(INDO-GOTHIC ) Styled by British architects Saracen term used in Europe, meaning people living in tents. Combination of Indo Islamic , Indian Architecture , Neo classic style , Victorian Britian , Baroque ,Palladian, Revival Architecture style (Indo-gothic, Hindu gothic, Mughal-gothic, Neo- mughal Architecture) Fusion of Indo Islamic and Indian Architecture 19 th century Mainly in public & govt. Buildings. Basic layout of buildings was in gothic revival and neo-classical. Architecture is a combination of architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with gothic features . Chepauk Palace, Chennai

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH The buildings and monuments were a mix Indian (Mughal) style, Victorian, Gothic, Palladian, Baroque and other styles. In post renaissance period the public buildings were built as per the advanced British Structural Engineering standards. Use of iron, steel and concrete Prevelant styles were: Palladian style Baroque style The Victorian style GOTHIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH PALLADIAN STYLE OCTAGONAL DOME WINDOW PEDIMENT CORNICA PALLADIAN WINDOW STAIRWAY FEATUERS A central tower arises from the terraced roofs Use of palladian windows, consists of central section with semi-circular arch on either sides by pillars. Ceiling as an ornamental focus Mouldings depicting nature, fireplaces and wall painting 17 TH CENTURY ANDREA PALLADIO FROM ITALY EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, KNOWN AS PALLADIANISM STRONGLY BASED ON SYMMETRY, PERSPECTIVE, VALUES OF FORMAL CLASSIC TEMPLE

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH VICTORIAN GOTHIC STYLE A mix of early European styles mixed with the introduction of middle east and A sian influences. Best example of this style is V ictoria memorial, K olkata Built with M ughal elements on advanced Engineering standards. Use of iron, steel and concrete FEATURES Bulbous domes along with many miniature domes Overhanging eaves pointed arches Cusped arches Scalloped arches vaulted roofs domed chhatris Pinnacles Towers M inarets open pavilions pierced arcades.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH CALCUTTA COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE KOLKATA AS A PORT CITY WAS FIRST ESTABLISHED BY THE COLONIAL POWERS IN THE 18 TH CENTURY. EARLIER IT WAS JUST A FEW SCATTERED SETTLEMENTS, THE BRITISH CONSOLIDATED AND DEVELOPED IT AS THE FIRST MAJOR PORT CITY AND THE CAPITAL OF BRITISH INDIA. AS SUCH CALCUTTA BECAME THE TRIAL GROUND FOR THE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING HERE ONE CAN WITNESS A CONFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN AND MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE FINDING ITS ROOTS.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH TOWN HALL BUILT IN 1813 TO PROVIDE A PLACE FOR CALCUTTA'S EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TO GATHER FOR SOCIAL EVENTS, MADE IN ROMAN DORIC STYLE, THE BUILDING WAS USED FOR JUDICIAL PURPOSE IN THE LATTER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY, WHILE THE CALCUTTA HIGH COURT WAS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. IN ADDITION TO A MUSEUM, THE TOWN HALL ALSO HOUSES A REFERENCE LIBRARY, WITH OVER 12,000 BOOKS AND JOURNALS, INCLUDING SOME VERY RARE EDITIONS

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH MARBLE PALACE LOCATED IN HISTORIC NORTH KOLKATA, THIS 19TH-CENTURY MANSION WAS BUILT BY RAJA RAJENDRA MULLICK, A WEALTHY BENGALI MERCHANT WHO ALSO HAPPENED TO BE AN ART ENTHUSIAST. THE THREE-STOREYED, NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING FEATURES MARBLE WALLS AND FLOORS, AND HOUSES A RICH COLLECTION OF PAINTINGS BY INDIAN AND EUROPEAN ARTISTS. IN ADDITION, INTERIORS ARE PEPPERED WITH SCULPTURES, ANTIQUE FURNITURE, AND OTHER VALUABLE ITEMS. WHILE THE DESCENDANTS OF MULLICK CONTINUE TO LIVE IN MARBLE PALACE, PARTS OF THE HOUSE THAT THEY DON’T INHABIT ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH HIGH COURT THE OLDEST HIGH COURT IN INDIA, THIS ESTABLISHMENT WAS SET UP IN 1862 ALTHOUGH THE NEO-GOTHIC BUILDING IT’S HOUSED IN WASN’T CONSTRUCTED UNTIL 10 YEARS LATER. DESIGNED BY BRITISH ARCHITECT WALTER GRANVILLE, THE STRUCTURE IS SAID TO BE MODELED ON THE CLOTH HALL IN YPRES, BELGIUM HIGH COURT

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH BELVEDERE ESTATE HOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF INDIA, THE LARGEST LIBRARY IN THE COUNTRY BY VOLUME THE BELVEDERE ESTATE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY . BELVEDERE HOUSE IS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN BUILT BY MIR JAFAR ALI KHAN, THE NAWAB (RULER) OF BENGAL DURING THE 1760S, WHO THEN TRANSFERRED IT TO THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY .

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH WRITERS BUILDING DESIGNED BY THOMAS LYON IN 1777, THE WRITERS’ BUILDING IS THE FIRST BUILDING TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN KOLKATA. IT WAS THE SEAT OF THE CHIEF MINISTER AND THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS TILL 2013, AFTER WHICH IT WAS CLOSED DOWN FOR RENOVATIONS. THIS FAMOUS BUILDING HAS A GRECO-ROMAN LOOK IN ELEVATION, AND IS ALMOST RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE WITH COLOURFUL MINTON FLOOR TILES AND CORINTHIAN COLUMNS. THE WRITERS’ BUILDING IS A GLORIOUS STRUCTURE WHOSE MAGNIFICENCE LIES NOT ONLY IN ITS BEAUTY, BUT ALSO IN ITS HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE. IN 1821 A 128 FT-LONG VERANDAH WITH IONIC COLUMNS, EACH 32 FT HIGH, WERE ADDED ON THE FIRST AND SECOND FLOORS AND TWO SMALL PEDIMENT ON COLUMNS BY LORD WELLESLEY

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH TWO NEW BLOCKS WERE ADDED, APPROACHED BY IRON STAIRCASES THAT ARE STILL IN USE. WRITERS' ACQUIRED ITS GRECO-ROMAN LOOK, COMPLETE WITH THE PORTICO IN THE CENTRAL BAY AND THE RED SURFACE OF EXPOSED BRICK. THE PARAPET WAS PUT IN PLACE AND STATUES SCULPTED BY WILLIAM FREDRIC WOODINGTON IN 1883 WERE INSTALLED LINING THE TERRACE. THIRD PHASE- COMPLETE RE-MODELLING OF THE FRONT FAÇADE BY E. J. MARTIN(1877-1905) MINERVA STANDS ABOVE THE CENTRAL PORTICO. PRE-INDEPENDENCE, WRITERS' HAD A LARGE COURTYARD WITH SEVEN BLOCKS. 6. BY 1970, ALL 13 BLOCKS WERE CONSTRUCTED. THE MAIN BLOCK, INCLUDING THE ROTUNDA AND FIVE MAIN BLOCKS, ARE HERITAGE STRUCTURES

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH LOCATION : KOLKATA ,WEST BENGAL ,INDIA TOTAL AREA : 64 YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION : 1906-1921 TYPE : TO COMMERATE QUEEN VICTORIA DESIGNED BY : MEMORIAL WAS DESIGNED BY SIR WILLIAM EMERSON- INDO SARACENIC STYLE WITH INCOPERATING MUGHAL ELEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURE GARDENS-LORD REDESDALE AND SIR DAVID PRAIN

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH THE FOUNDATION OF STONE OF THE MEMORIAL WAS LAID ROWN IN 1906. THE MONUMENT AS A TRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA THE DESIGN WHICH REPRESENT THE FUSION OF BRITISH AND MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE WHITE MAKRANA MARBLES WERE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL BUILDING WAS INAUGURATED IN 1921 THE MASSIVE HALL IS 338 FEETS (103M) BY228FEETS(69M) RISES TO A HEIGHT OF 184 FEETS(56M) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE INDO SARACENIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE MOVENMENTS BY BRITISH ARCHITECTS IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY IN BRITISH INDIA IT TOOK ELEMENTS FROM NATIVE ISLAMIC AND INDIAN ARCHITECTURE,AND COMBINED IT WITH THE GOTHIC REVIVAL AND NON CLASSICAL STYLES FAVOURED IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH DOMED CHATRIS ONION DOMED MINERATS COLONNATED AREA WITH OVERHANGING EAVES POINTED ARCHES,CUSPED ARCHES AND SCALLOPED ARCHES ARE USED DOMED KIOSKS,AND SMALL DOMES WHITE MAKRANA MARBLES ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE REPRESENTS A SYNTHESIS OF MUSLIM DESIGNS AND INDIAN MATERIALS DEVELOPED BY BRITISH ARCHITECTS IN INDIA DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES. THE HYBRID COMBINED DIVERSE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF HINDU AND MUGHAL WITH GOTHIC CUSPED ARCHES, DOMES, SPIRES, TRACERY, MINARETS AND STAINED GLASS, IN A WONDERFUL, ALMOST PLAYFUL MANNER. INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE IS OFTEN CALLED A “STYLISTIC HYBRID” (MICHELL) ARCHITECTURE. THE MIXTURE OF INDIAN ELEMENTS WITH THE NEO-CLASSICAL AND GOTHIC STYLES TYPIFIES AN INDO-SARACENIC BUILDING. THESE BUILDINGS ARE ALSO CALLED “CONSISTENTLY PICTURESQUE,” (MICHELL) WHICH YOU CAN SEE IS TRUE FROM THE PICTURE OF THE VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL IN MADRAS.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH PRINCIPLE CHARACTERISTICS ONION (BULBOUS) DOMES OVERHANGING EAVES POINTED ARCHES, CUSPED ARCHES, OR SCALLOPED ARCHES VAULTED ROOFS DOMED KIOSKS MANY MINIATURE DOMES, OR DOMED CHHATRIS PINNACLES TOWERS OR MINARETS HAREM WINDOWS OPEN PAVILLIONS OR PAVILLIONS WITH BANGALA ROOFS PIERCED OPEN ARCADING

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH CHEPAUK PALACE THECHEPAUK PALACE IS ONE OF THE OLDEST BUILDINGS ON MARINA LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF SOUTH BEACH ROAD OR KAMARAJAR SARAI THE MAIN ARCHITECT OF THE BUILDING WAS PAUL BENFIELD. LATER ON NUMEROUS ADDITIONS WERE MADE BY THE GOVT. IN THIS BUILDING.WHICH WERE DONE BY R.F.CHISHOLM. THE BUILDING COMPRISES OF TWO BLOCKS : HUMAYUN MAHAL AND THE KHALSA MAHAL

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH HUMAYUN MAHAL THE MAJORITY OF ADDITIONS WERE DONE TO THE HUMAYUN MAHAL IT WAS TRANSFORMED INTO THE REVENUE BOARD BUILDING IN 1871 IT WAS ORIGINALLY A SINGLE STOREYED STRUCTURE WITH THE OFTEN CITED,TWO FLOR HIGH DURBAR HALL

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH GENERAL POST OFFICE : Robert Fellowes Chisholm THE GENERAL POST OFFICE ON THE NORTH BEACH ROAD IS TODAY KNOWN AS THE RAJAJI SALAI. IT WAS DESIGNED AND COMPLETED IN 1884 BY ROBERT FELLOWES CHISHOLM.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH IT HAS BEEN LAID OUT AS A RECTANGLE MEASURING ABOUT 100M X 50M WITH A FLOOR AREA OF OVER 5000 SQ.M. THE MAIN POSTAL HALL IS LOCATED ON THE SOUTHERN FACE OF THE BUILDING. IT HAS A HEIGHT OF ABOUT 13 M AND MEASURES 30M X 15M.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH Corinthian pillars and Red Brick on the exterior THE BUILDING IS MOSTLY BRICK WHICH HAS BEEN PAINTED ON THE EXTERIOR IN RED AND THE INTERIOR HAS BEEN PLASTERED WHITE. THE ROOFS IN THE BUILDINGS ARE VARIED. THERE IS THE FLAT ROOF AND THE GABLE ROOF WITH DORMER WINDOWS. THERE ARE ALSO TOWERS OF VARYING HEIGHTS INTERCEPTING THE GABLES. THEY HAVE BALCONIES APPENDED THE ARCHES, COLUMNS, AND ALL OTHER DETAILS ARE CUT IN STONE. THE ARCHES WHICH OCCUPY THE LONGER FACES OF THE BUILDING HAVE ON THEM INTRICATE JALI WORK CARVED IN STONE. THE ROOFS MAY HAVE BEEN INSPIRED BY THE TIMBER ROOFS IN KERALA, ALSO SEEN IN ANOTHER DESIGN BY R.F. CHISHOLM IN TRAVANCORE – THE NAPIER MUSEUM. Hindu Stone Brackets and Saracen Arch

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH SENATE HOUSE : R. F. CHISHOLM THE DESIGN OF THIS BUILDING WERE CHOOSEN THROUGH AN OPEN COMPETITION ANNOUNCED BY THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT IN 1864. THE SENATE HOUSE WAS TO SERVE AS THE EXAMINATION HALL AND OFFICES OF THE MADRAS UNIVERSITY. IT COMPRISES OF LARGE TWO FLOOR HIGH CENTRAL HALL, 16M HIGH, MEASURING APPROX. 50M BY 15M, AND HAS A CAPACITY TO SEET 1600 PEOPLE. THESE TOWERS ARE COVERED BY PENDENTIVE BULBOSE DOMES THAT ARE HIGHLY ARTICULATED WITH INTRICATE SURFACE DECORATION. ARCHES AND DOMES ARE COVERED WITH FLOWING GEOMETRIC PATTERNS. TINIER CUPOLAS ON OCTOGONAL DRUMS PIN THE CORNERS WITH A SERIES OF TURRETS LINING THE EAST AND WEST SIDES.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH IMPRESSIVE DOUBLE FLOOR HIGH VERANDAS ON THE EAST AND WEST FACES ARE LINED BY STONE COLUMNS WITH SCULPTURED CAPITALS BEARING HUMAN FIGURES AND HINDU ICONS AND SUPPORT LARGE HORSESHOE ARCHES TRIMMED IN STONE..

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH EFFECT ON PLANNING THE COLONIAL INFLUENCE, RESULTED IN A SYNTHESIS AND CONFLUENCE OF STYLES, THE REPERCUSSIONS OF WHICH GAVE NEW DIMENSIONS TO THE PLANNING OF THE BUILDINGS. THE SIZE OF THE ROOMS SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED. THE INDIAN PROPORTIONS OF THE ROOMS WERE MUCH SMALLER THAN THEIR EUROPEAN COUNTERPARTS. CONCEPTS OF DINING ROOMS, BALLROOMS, TENNIS COURTS AND OTHER SUCH ACTIVITIES ARE A COLONIAL INFLUENCE. THE PALACES WERE NO LONGER RESTRICTED TO THE FORTIFIED PALACES; THEY HAD BECOME ENGLISH COUNTRY HOUSES WITH AN INDIAN VENEER. THE BUILDINGS SHOW SPATIAL SEPARATION, SUCH AS GATES, BARRIERS, A SYMMETRICAL AXIS OF APPROACH AND HEIGHT AND SIZE AS EXPRESSIONS OF POWER. EVEN THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDINGS WERE BASED ON EUROPEAN DESIGNS AND UPHOLSTERY. THE PLANNING TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE CLIMATE OF THE PLACE AND CONCESSIONS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE DESIGN TO SUIT IT. THE WALLS HAVE BEEN MADE THICK. ALMOST ALL THE BUILDINGS HAVE A VERANDA.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH HISTORY OF BOMBAY The city of Bombay originally consisted of seven island namely Colaba , Mazagoan , old women island Wadala , mahim , parel and matungasion . This group of island, which have since been Joined together by a series of reclamation. The company which was operating from Surat was in search for another deeper water port so than larger vessel could dock and found the island of Bombay suitable for development. The British corrupted the Portuguese name “ Bom Baia ” to “Bombay”. The kalis used to call the island “Mumbai” after Mumbadevi , The Hindu deity. Charles II of England received possession of the island in 1661 as a part of the dowry of Catherine of Brahanza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal and leased them to the English east India company in 1668.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH GATE WAY OF INDIA The architect George Wittet combined the elements of the roman triumphal arch and the 16th-century architecture of Gujarat its design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles ie , the arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style. After its construction the gateway was used as a symbolic ceremonial entrance to British India for important colonial personnel. It has been called a symbol of "conquest and colonization" commemorating British colonial legacy.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH ST. THOMAS CATHEDRAL Construction begun in 1672 and finished in 1718 T he oldest British-era building standing in Mumbai and the city's first Anglican church It was once the eastern gateway of the E ast India company’s fort (the ‘church gate’). T he cathedral is a marriage of byzantine and colonial-era architecture, and its airy interior is full of grandiose colonial memorials.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH TAJ HOTEL, MUMBAI Founded in 1903 Located adjacent to the Gateway of India, overlooking Mumbai harbor. the Taj mahal hotel was conceived and developed by industrialist J amshetji T ata the 22-floor Taj mahal palace has a rich blend of European and Islamic-style architecture. The hotel's red-tiled Florentine gothic dome crowns the indo- saracenic arches and architraves of the hotel Though many accounts credit the building's design to British architect WA C hambers, it was originally designed by Indian architects S itaram K handerao V aidya and DN Mirza.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH ABOUT : LOCATION : MUMBAI ( Formerly BOMBAY ) , MAHARASHTRA , INDIA. CONSTUCTION : CST IS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF 19th CENTURY. completed in the year 1887. TYPE : INFLUENCES FROM VICTORIAN ITALINATE REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE,AND FROM INDIAN TRADITIONAL BUILDING AND GOTHIC ART. ARCHITECT : FREDERICK WILLIAM STEVENS . 2004 CST MARKED WORLD HERITAGE SITE

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH CHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS IS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF LATE 19TH CENTURY RAILWAY ARCHITECTURE IN THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH, CHARACTERIZED BY VICTORIAN GOTHIC REVIVAL AND TRADITIONAL INDIAN FEATURES, AS WELL AS ITS ADVANCED STRUCTURAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS. CST BECAME THE SYMBOL OF BOMBAY AS THE ‘GOTHIC CITY’ AND THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL MERCANTILE PORT OF INDIA. THE TERMINAL WAS BUILT OVER TEN YEARS STARTING IN 1878 ACCORDING TO A HIGH VICTORIAN GOTHIC DESIGN BASED ON LATE MEDIEVAL ITALIAN MODELS. ITS REMARKABLE STONE DOME, TURRETS, POINTED ARCHES, AND ECCENTRIC GROUND PLAN ARE CLOSE TO TRADITIONAL INDIAN PALACE ARCHITECTURE. IT IS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF THE MEETING OF TWO CULTURES AS BRITISH ARCHITECTS WORKED WITH INDIAN CRAFTSMEN TO INCLUDE INDIAN ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION AND IDIOMS FORGING A NEW STYLE UNIQUE TO BOMBAY.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH PLAN THE CENTRALLY DOMED OFFICE STRUCTURE HAS A 330 FEET LONG PLATFORM CONNECTED TO A 1,200 FEET LONG TRAIN SHED, AND ITS OUTLINE PROVIDES THE SKELETON PLAN FOR BUILDING. THE HALL IS 82 FT. IN LENGTH X BY 76 FT. IN WIDTH, AND 42 FT. IN HEIGHT THE BUILDINGS OVERLOOKA GARDEN, WHICH IS TASTEFULLY LAID OUT.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH ORNAMENTATIONS OF THIS BUILDINGCREATES AN INTERESTING SKYLINE WHICHOPTIMIZES THE GOTHIC REVIVAL OF ARCHITECTURE. THE HEIGHT TOWIDTH RATIO WILL BE EQUAL SERIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARCHES AT EACH FLOOR WITH HIGHLY DECORATED STONE CARVING SECTION

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH VT STATION IN A COMBINATION OF BRICK AND STONE, DESIGNING ELABORATELY EVERY DETAIL AND CREATING AN AMBITIOUS MONUMENT, WHICH WAS FAVOURABLY COMPARED WITH ANY EDIFICE IN BRITAIN. THE MAIN STRUCTURE IS BUILT FROM A BLEND OF INDIA SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE, WHILE HIGHQUALITY ITALIAN MARBLE WAS USED FOR THE KEY DECORATIVE ELEMENTS. THE MAIN INTERIORS ARE ALSO DECORATED WITH ITALIAN MARBLE AND POLISHED INDIAN BLUE STONE. INTERNALLY , THE CEILING OF THE BOOKING HALL WAS ORIGINALLY PAINTED BLUE, GOLD AND STRONG RED ON A GROUND OF RICH BLUE WITH GOLD STARS. ITS WALLS WERE LINED WITH GLAZED TILES

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH INTRODUCTION NEW DELHI IS THE CAPITAL AND SEAT OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA . IT IS ALSO A MUNICIPALITY AND DISTRICT IN DELHI. THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THE CITY WAS LAID BY GEORGE .V. EMPEROR OF INDIA DURING THE DELHI DURBAR OF 1911. IT WAS DESIGNED BY THE BRITISH ARCHITECT SIR EDWIN LUTYENS AND SIR HERBERT BAKER THIS AREA WOULD ALSO BE CALLED LUTYENS' DELHI IN HONOR OF THE ARCHITECT. MEMBERS OF LUTYENS' TEAM OF ARCHITECTS INCLUDED WALTER SYKES GEORGE, ARTHUR GORDON SHOOSMITH AND HENRY MEDD. CONSTRUCTION REALLY BEGAN AFTER WORLD WAR 1 AND WAS COMPLETED BY 1931. IT IS REPORTED THAT LUTYENS WAS RELUCTANT TO INCORPORATE INDIAN FEATURES IN HIS STYLE, BUT LATER CONCEDED.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH HISTORY Kolkata was the capital of India during the British raj until December 1911. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the land acquisition act 1894. Large parts of new Delhi was planned by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker both leading 20 th century British architects . The contract was given to Sobha Singh , he was a civil contractor and a prominent builder of lutyens Delhi.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH LAYOUT The city plan of Delhi is a mixture of old and new road patterns. The street network of Old Delhi reflects the defense needs of an earlier era, with a few transverse streets leading from one major gate to another. Conversely, the Civil Lines (residential areas originally built by the British for senior officers) in the north and New Delhi in the south embody an element of relative openness, characterized by green grass, trees, and a sense of order. Layout was governed by 3 major visual corridor Jama Masjid Indraprastha Safdarjung tomb.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH THE CENTRAL AXIS IT CONNECTED THE IMPORTANT GOVT BUILDINGS SUCH AS RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN, THE SECRETARIATBALONG ITS SIDE, SANSAD BHAWAN, WAR MEMORIAL ARCH, INDIA GATE THE COMMERCIAL HUB, CONNAUGHT PLACE IS ALSO CONNECTED TO THIS AXIS PERPENDICULARLY

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH PLACEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURES NEW DELHI IS STRUCTURED AROUND 2 CENTRAL PROMENADES CALLED THE RAJPUTH(KINGSWAY) & THE JAN PATH. AT TH HEART OF THE CITY IS THE MAGNIFICIENT RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN WHICH SITS ATOP RAISINA HILL. THE SECRETARIAT, WHICH HOUSES VARIOUS MINISTERS OF INDIA, FLANKS OUT OF THE RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN. THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE, DESIGNED BY HERBERT BAKER, IS LOCATED AT THE SANSAD MARG, WHICH RUNS PARALLEL TO THE RAJPATH. 12 SEPARATE ROADS LEAD OUT RING OF CONNAUGHT PLACE, ONE OF THEM BEING THE JANPATH

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH OLD DELHI v/s NEW DELHI OLD DELHI NEW DELHI Delhi is a large metropolitan city which has 11 districts. New Delhi is the area of Delhi ,it is the capital of Delhi as well as India. Old delhi is narrow unhygienic and congested by-lanes. Excellent metro rails and road network , wide roads , sky – rocketing buildings , stunning infrastructure and great fly overs

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH ROAD NETWORKS Edwin L utyens had initially designed New Delhi with all the street crossing at right angles . The road networks consisted of diagonals and radials shape and at 30 degree or 60 degree angles to the main axis which are forming triangles and hexagons . The design of the road network was capable of accommodating 6000 vehicles.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH RASHTRAPATHI BHAVAN THE RASHTRAPATHI BHAVAN “ PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE” IS THE OFFICIAL HOME OF THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA ,LOCATED IN NEW DELHI INDIA . DESIGNED BY EDWIN LUTYENS AND THE CONSTRUCTION STARTED IN 1912 AND COMPLETED IN 1929. HAVING 340 ROOMS IN MAIN BUILDING THAT INCLUDES PRESIDENTS OFFICIAL RESIDENCE , HALLS, GUEST ROOMS AND OFFICES . THE AREA IS ABOUT 130 HECTERS PRESIDENT ESTATE THAT ADDITIONALLY INCULDES HUGE PRESIDENTIAL GARDENS ,LARGE OPEN SPACES ,RESIDENCE OF BODYGUARDS AND STAFF,STABLES OTHER OFFICES AND UTILITIES WITHIN THE PERIMETER WALLS IN TERMS OF ARREA , IT WAS LARGEST RESIDENCE OF AHEAD OF THE STATE IN THE WORLD. CONSISTING OF FOUR FLOOR AND 340 ROOMS WITH A AREAA OF 200000 SQUARE FEET, IT WAS BUILT USING 700 MILLION BRICKS AND 3000000 CU FT OF STONE WITH LITTLE STEEL THE LAYOUT PLAN OF THE BUILDING IS DESIGNED AROUND A MASSIVE SQUARE WITH MULTIPLE COURTYARDS AND OPEN AREA WITHIN.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH 2. SECRETARIAT BUILDING THE SECRETARITE BUILDING WAS DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT HERBERT BAKER IN INDO-SARSENIC REVIVAL STYLE . MUCH OF THE BUILDING IS IN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLE , YET IT INCOOPERATED MUGHAL AND RAJASTHANI ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND MOTIFS IN ITS ARCHITECTURE . THESE ARE VISIBLE IN THE USE OF JALIS ANOTHER FEATURE OF THE BUILDING IS DOME –LIKE STRUCTURE KNOWN AS THE CHATRI. THE STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE USED IN THE BUILDING IS UNIQUE TO RAISINA HILLS IN FRONT OF THE MAIN GATES ON THE BUILDING

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH 3.PARLIAMENT HOUSE ORIGINALLY CALLED AS THE “HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT”,DESIGNED BY THE BRITISH ARCHITECT EDWIN LUTYENS AND HERBERT BAKER IN 1912 AND THE CONSTRUCTION BEGAN BY 1921. THE SHAPE IS CIRCULAR , SEPARATE HALLS WERE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE SESSION OF THE STATE COUNSIL AND THE CENTRAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY . THE BUILDING IS SURROUNDED BY LARGE GARDENS AND THE PERIMETER IS FENCED OFF BY SANDSTONE RAILINGS

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH 4.INDIA GATE THE INDIA GATE IS A WAR MEMORIAL LOCATED ASTRIDE THE RAJPATH ,ON THE EASTERN EDGE OF THE “CEREMONIAL AXIS” OF THE NEW DELHI FORMALLY CALLED THE KING’S WAY DESIGNED BY SIR EDWIN LUTYENS , THE GATE EVOKES THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH SUCH AS THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE IN ROME AND IS OFTEN COMPARED TO THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE PARIS. ESTABLISHED IN 10 TH FEB 1921 ABOUT 150 METERS EAST OF THE GATE AT THE JUNCTION OF ABOUT 6 ROADS IS A 73 FOOT CUPOLA ,LUTYENS USED FOUR DELHI ORDERS COLUMNS TO SUPPORT THE DOMED CANOPY AND THE CHHAJJA.

|ANNIE BOSCO| |ANUSREE ASHOKAN| |AYANA C. M.| |BEHJA JASMINE| |CHANDANA R.| |CONFIN S. RAJ| |FEBIN PAUL| |GAUTUM E. AJITH| HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 : INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH 5.CONNAUGHT PLACE IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST FINANCIAL COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS CENTERS IN NEW DELHI .IT IS OFTEN ABBRIVAITED TO C.P . THE CONSTRUCTION WORK BEGAN IN 1929 AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1933. HEADED BY W.H.NICHOLLS THE CHIEF ARCHITECT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. THE PLANS FEATURED A CENTRAL PLAZA BASED ON THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND THE CLASSICAL STYLE ITS CIRCULAR FORM MAKES IT STANDOUT FROM THE LAYOUT OF THE AREA AROUND WIDE ROADS WERE PLANNED IN AND AROUND THE CONNAUGHT PLACE EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE NOT REQUIRED SINCE THE TRAFFIC CONSISTED OF HORSES HORSE CARTS AND FEW CARS. CONNAUGHT PLACE’S GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE IS MODELED AFTER THE ROYAL CRESCENT IN BATH WHILE THE ROYAL CRESENT IS SEMI CIRCULAR AND A THREE STORIED RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE,CONNAUGHT PLACE HAD ONLY TWO FLOORS WHICH ALMOST MADE A COMPLETE CIRCLE INTENDED TO HOUSE COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ON THE GROUND WITH RESIDENTIAL SPACES ON THE FIRST FLOOR.

INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH

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INDIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - BRITISH

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