Indian Railways Surveying (RECT, PECT and FLS)

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1. 1 Types of Surveys for Railway Projects RECT, PECT,FLS (Source: Engg . Code)

2. 2 We will discuss Types of Surveys TOR; Guidelines cum checklist for survey works Preparation of survey reports

3. RAILWAY SURVEYS Reasons for laying a new railway line Strategic consideration: Sometimes it becomes essential to join two points by a railway line for strategic purposes so that in case of emergency, the army can be transferred from one point to the other. Linking of trade centres: Two trade centres may not be linked up by a railway line. In such cases, a new railway line is proposed between two such trade centres. 3

4. RAILWAY SURVEYS Connecting port with the interior of the country: A port is sometimes not connected with the interior of the country. In such cases, it becomes essential to have a new railway line joining the port and the trade centres of the interior of the country. 4

5. RAILWAY SURVEYS Shortening existing route: A route exists between two points. But if it is possible to shorten the existing route, a new railway line is to be laid. 5

6. RAILWAY SURVEYS Laying of a branch line: It becomes necessary sometimes to lay a branch line to an existing main line to develop certain other cities on the proposed branch line. The new branch line will serve as feeder line for the existing main railway line. Undeveloped area: A new railway line is laid to develop an area which may be rich in mineral resources or other natural wealth like timber resources. 6

7. RAILWAY SURVEYS Gauge Conversion: Under Uniform gauge policy Doubling: if Saturation of traffic on existing track. Yard Remodellings Passenger Terminals 7

8. Factors influencing the proposed route: Cost: Should be minimum Is composed of: {capital cost of the project + maintenance cost + renewal expenditure + working expenses} The route should be so selected as to bring the sum of all these costs to a minimum. 8

9. Factors influencing the proposed route: Safety: The available passenger and goods traffic should be transported safely, Route should be so laid as to have minimum chances of train accidents Speed: Route should be so selected as to have reasonable speed of trains. 9

10. RAILWAY SURVEYS In Engineering Code Ch. II- Modes of investigation of Railway Projects. Ch. III- Traffic Survey Ch. IV- Engineering Survey- Reconnaissance, Preliminary and Final location surveys Ch. V- Engineering Survey- Project Reports 10

11. RAILWAY SURVEYS Various surveys are carried out: RECT : Reconnaissance Engineering cum Traffic Survey PECT : Preliminary Engineering cum Traffic Survey FLS : Final Location Survey 11

12. 12 Decision to undertake Survey Railway Administration have no power to undertake Surveys on their own. It is to be included in the sanctioned Budget. (Blue Book) The project Investigator should be supplied by the Railway Administration with terms of reference.

13. 13 Terms of Reference (TOR) (Para 209 of Engg.Code) Category of line including type of rolling stock to run Speed, ruling gradient, curvature ROB/RUB, LCs, Station types, layouts, other traffic facilities Signalling systems Electrification or otherwise Nature and scope of investigations Page 17

14. 14 R E C T ( RECONNAISSANCE ENGINEERING CUM TRAFFIC SURVEYS) Reconnaissance Survey : Rough and rapid investigations of an area with a view to determine the technical feasibility and approximate cost of one or more routes. With the help of contoured Survey of India maps and other available material without a more careful investigation of the field

15. 15 Reconnaissance Survey : With the use of only those instruments that will rapidly give approximate distances and heights such as prismatic compass, clinometer and similar instruments. Where suitable aerial Photographs are available, field investigations by instruments can be considerably avoided/dispensed with RECT

16. 16 RECT Follow -Terms of Reference unless cost is very high. Select - shortest possible route. station sites considering population, importance of nearest village/ town/ city/ industry etc. best possible sites for stations, crossings and bridges/tunnels.

17. 17 Collect latest revenue rates obtained from collector/ Tehsildar /Registrar/ Land records office – to work out land cost. rainfall records of the area and discharge records of big rivers. detail of availability of labour , construction material and possible route of their movement RECT

18. 18 Electrical crossings details i.e. Chainage Voltage Height of lowest conductor Height of tower Distance of tower from centre line. Types of tower (Terminal or suspension) Telephone wire crossings details i.e. Chainage Height of the wire Distance of pole from centre line. Height of the pole RECT

19. 19 Underground cables details i.e. a) Voltage b) Chainage c) Depth d) Type of cable e) Purpose/function of cable RECT

20. 20 Carry out – quick soil investigation by trail pit at few important locations for design of foundations etc. General Idea No laboratory tests Other Surveys, topological maps, geological Visual Inspection Behaviour of existing structures Prospective Borrow Area - Soil & Blanket RECT

21. 21 Provide Land width as per paras 821 to 836 of Engg . code Waterways, span/foundation type and arrangement, based on the data collected. ROBs / RUBs on State /National Highways. Blanketing material as per the extant instructions. Sub banks on high banks of over 6 m height. 50 m. minimum length of straight between reverse curves

22. 22 Avoid : acquisition of fertile land/ forest area/ wild life sanctuaries cuttings and tunnels on curves sags in cuttings sharp change of gradient on curves stations on curves RECT

23. 23 Prepare - following maps/plans ( i ) General Map : Scale about 20/25 km = 1 cm (ii) Index Map : Scale about 2.5 km = 1 cm (iii) Index Plan : Scale about 500 m = 1 cm & sections (Horizontal, on topo sheet) Scale about 10 m = 1 cm (Vertical) (iv) Station yard diagrams and junction arrangements. (Generally in A4 size) plan Sec RECT

24. 24 What happens if this survey is not done properly Problems in carrying out Earth work Deciding about type of Bridge/building foundations Unavoidable HT Line Crossing Agitations for change in name of Station

25. 25 PECT PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING CUM TRAFFIC SURVEY Preliminary Survey This consists of a detailed instrumental examination of the rout / or routes selected as a result of "Reconnaissance" in order to obtain a close estimate of the probable cost of the projected line, under this survey. However, staking out of the alignment with a theodolite is not required

26. 26 In addition to the items covered for Reconnaissance Engineering cum Traffic Survey , additional guidelines are to be followed: PECT PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING CUM TRAFFIC SURVEY

27. 27 Soil Survey/Investigation Geological investigation/Survey in hilly terrain. Sampling at about 500 m interval May be for alternative alignments too Sub-surface soundings Auger Sampling normally, SPT may be done. Normally no undisturbed samples Bore log from disturbed samples Split spoon sampler Mechanical Analysis & Index Properties PECT

28. 28 Carry out Traversing of one or more routes. Stone Pillars to be left on ground at suitable intervals and important locations. Level (Longitudinal and cross) on important locations at suitable intervals on the route. TBMs to be left at suitable intervals and important locations. Plane Table survey for station yards and rivers on U/S and D/S side of proposed bridge upto sufficient distance. PECT

29. 29 Prepare Estimate - as close as Detailed Estimate for Final Location Survey (Para:E-415 & 416) Report- (Techno-Economic Survey Reports) in the form as for RECT (Para:E-555) Maps/Plans - as for RECT with following additional plans: Detailed plan and section (as for FLS with details collected in PECT survey) Scale: 50 m to 1 cm (Horizontal), 5 m to 1 cm (Vertical) (5 Km line on each sheet with plan above the section on the same sheet) PECT

30. 30 Important aspects needing close scrutiny at this stage Station building, if it is in high bank area-suitability of foundation Tunnels Deep cuttings Borrow areas for sub grade and blanketing PECT

31. 31 PREPARATION OF RECT & PECT SURVEYS REPORT Survey Reports based on Preliminary Engineering cum Traffic Survey (also called Techno-Economic Survey Report ) and Survey report based on Reconnaissance Engineering cum Traffic surveys (also called feasibility report )

32. 32 in the form of the following chapters Introduction (Para E-557) Traffic projections (Para E-558 to 561) Analysis of Alternatives (Para E-562) Characteristics of the project area (Para E-507) Standard of construction (Para E-508 to 522) Route selection/Project description (Para E-523) Survey Report (para E-555)

33. 33 Project engineering, estimation of cost and construction schedule. (Para E-525 to 538) Electrical chapter S & T chapter Mechanical chapter Cost Phasing and investment schedule (E-542 & 543) Financial Appraisal (Para E-575) Recommendations Survey Report (para E-555)

34. 34 Estimate Work out detailed P way cost of one Km length (in form E-553) and abstract cost of line (in form E-554) and junction arrangements as per latest P.way rate list circulated by Railway Board. Survey Report (para E-555)

35. 35 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION AND BACKGROUND - Object of Investigation - History of past investigation Govt. order for carrying out investigation PROGRAMME AND METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION - Organisation for investigation, ( studies made, work accomplished during the field season in brief narrative form.) - Method adopted for selection of major obligatory points. - Selection of alignment - Choice of design of important river crossing Important station sites SPECIAL FEATURES :- If any ,like investigation of various alternatives for a major river crossings, traversing of deep ravines, difficult hilly terrains , marshy areas requiring special stabilization studies,

36. 36 CHAPTER II TRAFFIC PROJECTIONS TRAFFIC PROJECTION - a commodity wise analysis of traffic growth for 30 years @ 5 years ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CAPACITY - Analysis with reference to master charts for doublings, occupation charts of platform lines, washing /stabling lines etc. and road/water transport for new lines. OPTIMISATION OF EXISTING FACILITIES - Possibility of improving the line capacity with improved signalling, higher speeds, heavier/longer trains, change of traction etc. for doubling gauge conversions etc. For terminal facilities reducing the servicing time of rakes, occupation of platforms etc. and for new lines, if existing transport can meet the requirements.

37. 37 CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES - with approx cost, normal time for execution COMPARISION OF SCHEMES - with merits/demerits and other considerations FINANCIAL RETURNS - Financial Returns of important Schemes

38. 38 CHAPTER –IV CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AREA TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE OF THE AREA . GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COUNTRY likely to affect the alignment Stability of line, cost of construction working expenses CLIMATIC AND RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS like presence of corrosive factors, pollution, etc. which may affect the design and maintenance of bridges and structures. PLANNING OF OTHER AGENCIES FOR IMPOUNDING RIVERS IN PROJECT AREA IF ANY

39. 39 EXISTING MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OUTLINE OF CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF THE AREA. INTERFERENCE IN THE CHOSEN ALIGNMENT :- extent to which railway works would interfere with existing Military cantonment, buildings, rifle ranges, camping grounds, etc. Opinion of local Military authorities and how their objection can be best met with . CHAPTER –IV CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AREA

40. 40 CHAPTER –V STANDARD OF CONSTRUCTION (Terms of reference on which cost of Project is based) GAUGE:- CATEGORY OF LINE :- speed potential, maximum Axle Load , Loading Standard of Bridges and basis for adopting the same. RULING GRADIENT ,maximum length and Tonnage of goods train catered for CURVES :- sharpest adopted, basis for adoption and its Impact on the speed. P.WAY :- Rail section, welding proposed, sleepers and its density. BALLAST :- Type of ballast and Cushion .

41. 41 ROAD CROSSING :- Standards adopted for Level crossings & grade separated crossings. STATIONS :- Spacing of stations in case of new lines, provision made for future intermediate stations and scale of facilities contemplated at stations. RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION :- The scale and extent to which included. STATION MACHINERY:- Brief indication of Engine changing arrangement watering stations and water supply augmentation arrangements SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE FACILITY :- like repairs shop etc. SIGNALLING AND TELECOM:- Standard of Signalling and scale of communication facilities. TRACTION :- Type of traction proposed . CHAPTER –V STANDARD OF CONSTRUCTION

42. 42 CHAPTER VI- ROUTE SELECTION/PROJECT DESCRIPTION VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE ROUTES :- relevant information and data of routes examined GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF EACH ALIGNMENT SURVEYED :- fixed point or zero point, selection of junction and other stations on the alignment, short descriptions of river crossings. ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES :- of various alignment, reasons for selecting the final alignment. TOTAL LENGTH OF ROUTE SELECTED:- Length in every State, Division and District and length of sections proposed ( for estimating purposes) EXTENSIONS:- Branches and other extensions of the proposed lines which are likely to be needed in the near or distant future.

43. 43 SITE - Availability of land, use patterns, suitability of site for future needs. ENVIRONMENT - Climatic conditions, rainfall characteristics, pollution etc. communication facilities, availability of water activities/settlements nearby. FACILITIES TO BE PROVIDED – User department-wise facilities to be provided. EQUIPMENTs AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS :- Equipments provided under scheme and required during construction. CHAPTER VI- ROUTE SELECTION/PROJECT DESCRIPTION

44. 44 LABOUR AND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS : organisational structure envisaged for execution, staff to operate facilities after commissioning the project and facilities such as housing etc. required for such staff. (tabulated details in Appendix) SPECIAL PROBLEMS ; problems likely to be faced during construction such as in land acquisition, movement of materials, foundation , housing etc. (Risk management) CHAPTER VI- ROUTE SELECTION/PROJECT DESCRIPTION

45. 45 CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING (Related to Project Management; scope including methods, specification, organization and Problems/ obstructions/ uncertainties) PROJECT ENGINEERING :- Information and data to understand the scope and extent of project and assist in formulating strategy for execution and management Information under each main head of the estimate of cost be furnished with rates, and their basis

46. 46 PRELIMINARY EXPENSES :- Cost of surveys already carried out and proposed for future be given. LAND :- Width of land provided for single or double line, difficulties in acquiring the land, due to important buildings, religious/archeological; structures, Military rights, other special causes, (rates of land obtained from Civil Authorities as Appendix, tabulated details in Appendix) CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

47. 47 FORMATION :- formation width and side slopes in banks and cuttings method of construction of earth work, compaction, blanketing material, provision of sub bank supporting information on soil investigation and results of core drilling wherever necessary provision for turfing or other protection for banks and cuttings and for repairing them and for topping banks with selected material sections of tunnels, retaining walls, side drains etc. CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

48. 48 BRIDGES :- List of various types of Bridges,(tabulated details in Appendix) difficulties expected, special methods and materials proposed for construction, special arrangements for strengthening of existing bridges, for GC, extension of existing bridges Method of transporting of girder components, arrangements for erection and launching of girders CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

49. 49 P.WAY :- Possible location of Stores Depots with problems to be encountered if any Nature of ballast , source of supply quantity per metre provided Minimum distance provided between reverse curves and method for laying out transition curves and vertical curves CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

50. 50 STATIONS, BUILDINGS, RESIDENITAL QUARTERS ;- Scale of facilities provided at various stations, any special architectural treatment that may be needed in the case of important buildings. Location of administrative and other offices, residential quarters, institutes etc. STATION MACHINARY :- Running sheds and workshop facilities Watering arrangements Sand humps, derailing switch, fouling marks etc. Signaling and interlocking Others: (tabulated details in Appendix) CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

51. 51 ROAD CROSSINGS : type of Level crossing planned with diversion of roads contemplated if any, difficulties likely to be encountered in the execution of grade separated road crossings. (tabulated details in Appendix) EQUIPMENTS :- separately for: Signaling Communications including telegraphs, train control and microwave etc ; Electrification of stations. Electric traction if proposed. CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

52. 52 ROLLING STOCK : Whether provided in the cost, -If yes, full particulars regarding the number and type of engines and other rolling stock SPECIAL PROBLEMS : Special problems likely to be encountered during execution with possible solutions Areas needing special attention CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

53. 53 PROJECT ORGANISATION: Organisational structure required for execution Proposed headquarters of the project manager and other const officers Plans for providing housing for staff , temporary office buildings. (tabulated details in Appendix) Availability of water for construction and its suitability for drinking purposes RATE ANALYSIS : (to be given in Appendix) An analysis of principal rates and reasons for adopting the same in the estimation of cost for girders or steel works rates per span and per tonne CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

54. 54 STATISTICAL INFORMATION(E-539) : For purpose of comparison and for the benefit of top management Land rate per hectare Earthwork in banks rate per 10 m 3 Earthwork in cuttings overall average rate per 10 m 3 Lined tunnels – rate per metre length Unlined tunnels – rate per metre length Major bridges - rate per metre length Minor bridges – rate per metre length Track (rails, sleepers and fastenings) laid in position – cost per km CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

55. 55 STATISTICAL INFORMATION(E-539) : Main line - cost per km. Running loops – cost per km. Sidings – cost per km. Points and crossings per set. Ballast cost (laid in track per km.) Service buildings – cost per sq. metre . Staff quarters - cost per sq. metre Total cost of signalling per crossing station of 2 and 3 lines. CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

56. 56 ESTIMATION OF COST Methodology adopted in computation of quantities for earthwork, bridges and buildings. INVESTMENT SCHEDULE: - Target and schedule for various years of construction/phases CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

57. 57 TABULATED DETAILS (E-544): Curve abstract (Form E-547) (along with details of curves) See Annexure for formats for these details Gradient abstract (Form E-548) (along with list of gradients) Bridge abstract (Form E-549) (along with list of major, minor and ROB/RUB bridges) Important bridges (Form E-550) Station Machinery (Form E-551) Station and station sites (Form E-552) CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

58. 58 List of Electrical telephone wire and Underground cable crossings List of level crossings Details of land to be acquired if any, (chainage wise) List of Structures to be dismantled List of staff required, department wise List of quarters provided. List of Signal/Sign Boards posts etc, List of GTS benchmarks. CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING

59. 59 CHAPTER VIII- COST ,PHASING AND INVESTMENT SCHEDULE GUIDE COST :- Cost of the project department wise and methodology adopted to arrive at PHASING :- If phasing required during construction, extent, type with reasons and investment levels for such phasing INVESTMENT SCHEDULE :- completion period and department wise annual investment during this period

60. 60 CHAPTER IX- ELECTRICAL CHAPTER To be given by Electrical department (in Hq ) CHAPTER X-SIGNAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION CHAPTER To be given by S & T department (in Hq )

61. 61 CHAPTER XI-MECHANICAL CHAPTER To be given by Mechanical department (in Hq ) CHAPTER XII- FINANCIAL APPRAISAL Financial appraisal of various alternative schemes examined. Presented by Finance department (in HQ). CHAPTER XIII - RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion and recommendations with cost and Rate Of Return (in HQ).

62. 62 COVERING NOTE Object of proposed survey and circumstances leading to it Past performance, present status of traffic movements and future projections Salient features of proposed scheme Cost and investment pattern If any estimate submitted earlier, comparison therewith Explanation for any material modifications as compared to earlier sanctioned estimate Summary of financial appraial and brief description of benefits that will accrue from the scheme Recommendations of the Railway

63. 63 ARRANGEMENT OF DOCUMENTS: Covering note Index Project report, followed by ‘List of Drawings’ Appendices to Project report

64. 64 FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS) Post investment decision Survey To prepare working details with accurate costing. RECT or PECT Survey reports are available for reference. However in few cases Railway Board may direct to carry out FLS directly. In such cases guidelines given for RECT/PECT surveys should also be kept in view during FLS. Alignment finally selected during a survey should be fully staked on the ground with a theodolite and/or Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments, the report should be fuller and detailed plans and sections should be submitted.

65. 65 Follow - Terms of Reference strictly. Select - Most economical alignment proposed in RECT/ PECT survey reports. Provide - Alignment on ground with good Theodolite or Electronic Total station. Pegs at 20 m interval and large pegs (duly numbered) at every 100 m (Para:E-427) Masonry pillars at 500 m intervals, and at tangent point of curves, crossings, bridges/tunnels etc. Transition curves for change of curvature. Bench marks at every km. along the line (near the toe of proposed bank) and at sites of major bridges, ROB/RUB etc. Temporary Bench marks should be put up at suitable intervals taking fly levels from nearest GTS. FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

66. 66 SOIL SURVEY Sampling at about 200 - 300 m interval. Bore holes to be drilled ( upto 20 m depth in soils other than rock and 5 m in rock) Detailed Investigations – May be at very close intervals particularly at Bad Soil Locations Location of Important Structures Major Bridges High Banks Deep Cuttings FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

67. SOIL SURVEY Undisturbed Soil Samples Engineering Geologist may be hired, if needed in hilly areas. Assistance of an officer of Geological Survey of India may be sought . Water table Data and seasonal variations Additional tests like shear strengths, consolidation, vane shear, free swell etc. Sources of Soil and Blanket Material 67 FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

68. 68 Carry out Plane table survey of station Yards (Para:E-231) and rivers requiring waterway of 110 sqm or more, on U/S and D/S side (para E-224 & 225). Geological characteristics investigation for stability of line, slopes, tunnels etc. in hilly terrain. Levels at 50 m intervals (longitudinal) and 20 m intervals (cross). Intervals can be reduced depending upon the undulations on the ground. Collect Information about Railway affecting works in the vicinity of projected line i.e. bunds, bunded streams, irrigation works (para:E-424). Prepare Notes in the field regarding ground and other information derived from personal enquiry and observation. (Para:E-250 ) FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

69. 69 Plans/Sections General Map, scale 25/20 km to 1 cm. Index Map, scale 2.5 km to 1 cm. Index Plan and section scale 500 m to 1 cm ( Horizonatal ) 10 m to 1 cm (Vertical) Detailed plans and section scale 50 m to 1 cm(Horizontal) 5 m to 1 cm (Vertical) (The plan in each case to be above the section on the same sheet. Details of all features within 300 m on either side to be shown on the plan) FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

70. Details to be shown in plan (E-454) Rivers requiring waterway of 12m or upwards Important roads with heir bridges Canals, Large tanks, bunds, bunded streams Outlines of all towns / villages Boundaries of states, Local administration, Districts Hill peaks and important features of country Survey of India stations Camping grounds, Rifle ranges Reserve forest Industrial Units( Existing/ Under construction) 70 FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

71. 71 Plans of station yards and junction arrangements, scale 10 m to 1 cm (Para:E-468, 469, 471) Detailed drawings of structures (Para:E-473 & 474) Additional details in plan to be shown within 300 m on either side of the line (Para:E-454) Details to be shown in plan (E-454) FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

72. 72 Detailed Estimate Giving Details of the cost of construction under various heads of capital and other works expenditure classification (Para:E-553 Detailed Estimate to be submitted to Dy. CE (C) Plg.) FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)

73. 73 Other Important aspects Desirable to involve local people while carrying out FLS Land width demarcation Scrutinize Section register and Bridge registers in Doubling and GC surveys Take photographs of existing Bridges, deep cuttings and high banks Vediography of whole section in GC & doubling Desirable to use few standard spans Existing waterways should not be obstructed Avoid level crossings even in Doubling & GC Bridges & tunnels in straight Problems likely to be encountered and possible solutions, if any

74. 74 PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT (FOR FINAL LOCATION SURVEY) Report based on Final location Survey is called Project report. The Project report should comprise of the following chapters. INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AREA STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION. ROUTE SELECTION PROJECT ENGG, ESTIMATION OF COST AND CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ELECTRICAL CHAPTER S & T CHAPTER MECHANICAL CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINANCIAL APPRAISAL

75. 75 The contents of the above chapters are already given in the chapters for Survey reports for RECT/PECT surveys. The same may be followed for Project report for Final Location Surveys.