Indian tradition culture and society.pptx

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1. INDIAN TRADITIONS, CULTURAL, & SOCIETY G L B

2. OUTLINES Module 4-Science, Management and Indian Knowledge System Astronomy in India, Chemistry in India, Mathematics in India, Physics in India, Agriculture in India, Medicine in India ,Metallurgy in India, Geography, Biology, Harappan Technologies, Water Management in India, Textile Technology in India ,Writing Technology in India Pyrotechnics in India Trade in Ancient India/,India’s Dominance up to Pre-colonial Times

3. ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA Astronomy made great progress. The movement of planets came to be emphasized and closely observed. Jyotishvedanga texts established systematic categories in astronomy but the more basic problem was handled by Aryabhatta .

4. ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA Aryabhattiya is a concise text containing 121 verses . It contains separate sections on astronomical definitions, methods of determining the true position of the planets, description of the movement of the sun and the moon and the calculation of the eclipses. Aryabhatta deviated from Vedic astronomy and gave it a scientific outlook which became a guideline for later astronomers.

5. ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA Astrology and horoscope were studied in ancient India. Aryabhatta’s theories showed a distinct departure from astrology which stressed more on beliefs than scientific explorations.

6. ASTRONOMY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Ujjain, Jaipur,Varanasi , Mathura and Delhi were the main observatories. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established observation posts at Delhi . Firoz Shah Bahmani under Hakim Hussain Gilani and Syed Muhammad Kazimi set up an observatory in Daulatabad . Both lunar and solar calendars were in use.

7. MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT INDIA The town planning of Harappa shows that the people possessed a good knowledge of measurement and geometry. By third century AD mathematics developed as a separate stream of study. Indian mathematics is supposed to have originated from the Sulvasutras .

8. MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT INDIA Apastamba in second century BC, introduced practical geometry involving acute angle, obtuse angle and right angle. This knowledge helped in the construction of fire altars where the kings offered sacrifices. The three main contributions in the field of mathematics were the notation system, the decimal system and the use of zero.

9. MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT INDIA Zero was discovered in India in the second century BC. Brahmagupta’s Brahmasputa Siddhanta is the very first book that mentioned ‘ zero ’ as a number, hence, Brahmagupta is considered as the man who found zero. He gave rules of using zero with other numbers.

10. MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT INDIA Aryabhatta discovered algebra and also formulated the area of a triangle, which led to the origin of Trignometry . The Surya Siddhanta is a very famous work. Varahamihira’s Brihatsamhita of the sixth century AD is another pioneering work in the field of astronomy.

11. MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT INDIA His observation that the moon rotated around the earth and the earth rotated around the sun found recognition and later discoveries were based on this assertion . Mathematics and astronomy together ignited interest in time and cosmology. These discoveries in astronomy and mathematics became the cornerstones for further research and progress.

12. MATHEMATICS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Brahmagupta has given a description of negative numbers as debts and positive numbers as fortunes, the utility of mathematics for practical trade existed. Ganitasara by Sridhara and Lilavati by Bhaskara were two great works. Ganitasara deals with multiplication, division, numbers, cubes, square roots, mensuration and so on.

13. MATHEMATICS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Lilavati was translated into Persian by Faidi . Bija Ganita was translated by Ataullah Rashidi . Nilkantha Jyotirvid compiled Tajik , introducing a large number of Persian technical terms. Bahauddin Amuli , Nasiruddin Tusi , Arraq and Al-Kashi made valuable contributions. Nasiruddin Tusi , the founder of the Maragha observatory .

14. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT INDIA Diseases, cure and medicines were mentioned for the first time in the Atharva Veda . Fever , cough, consumption, diarrhoea, dropsy, sores, leprosy and seizure are the diseases mentioned. The diseases are said to be caused by the demons and spirits entering one’s body. The remedies recommended were replete with magical charms and spells.

15. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT INDIA Takshila and Taranasi emerged as centres of medicine and learning. The two important texts in this field are Charaksamhita by Charak and Sushrutsamhita by Sushruta . The plants and herbs used for medicinal purposes have been mentioned in Charaksamhita .

16. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT INDIA Surgery came to be mentioned as a separate stream around fourth century AD. Sushruta was a pioneer of this discipline. 121 surgical instruments along the methods of operations, bone setting, cataract etc. are mentioned. The surgeons were familiar with plastic surgery (repair of noses, ears and lips).

17. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT INDIA Sushruta mentions 760 plants whose all parts of the plant roots, barks, flowers, leaves etc. were used. Stress was laid on diet (e.g. salt free diet for nephrites). Both the Charaksamhita and the Sushrutsamhita were the source of the development of Indian medicine.

18. MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Pulse and urine examinations were conducted for diagnostic purposes. The Sarangdhara Samhita recommends use of opium for medicines. The rasachikitsa system, dealt principally with a host of mineral medicines including metallic preparations.

19. MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA The Unani medicine system came to India along with the Muslims around the eleventh century. Ali-bin- Rabban summarized the whole system of Greek medicine as well as the Indian medical knowledge in the book Firdausu-Hikmat . Hakim Diya Muhammad compiled a book, Majiny - e Diyae , incorporating the Arabic, Persian and Ayurvedic medical knowledge.

20. MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Firoz Shah Tughlaq wrote a book, Tibbi Firozshahi . The Tibbi Aurangzebi , dedicated to Aurangzeb , is based on Ayurvedic sources. The Musalajati-Darashikohi of Nuruddin Muhammad , dedicated to Darashikoh deals with Greek medicine. Tibbi : curative / medicative

21. MEDICINE IN MODERN INDIA Major advances have been made in preventing and treating various diseases. Small pox has been eradicated. Treatment of diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, filaria , goitre, and cancer has been considerably improved. Research is being carried out to control communicable diseases.

22. MEDICINE IN MODERN INDIA Research based activities have already increased life expectancy. Schemes such as the immunisation programme have reduced infant mortality considerably. Improved medical facilities in the form of government hospitals and dispensaries, research councils, and primary health centres for rural areas are also being provided.

23. METALLURGY IN ANCIENT INDIA The glazed potteries and bronze and copper artefacts found in the Indus valley excavations point towards a highly developed metallurgy. The vedic people were aware of fermenting grain and fruits, tanning leather and the process of dyeing . By the first century AD, mass production of metals like iron, copper, silver, gold and of alloys like brass and bronze were taking place.

24. METALLURGY IN ANCIENT INDIA The iron pillar in the Qutub Minar complex is indicative of the high quality of alloying that was being done. Alkali and acids were produced and utilised for making medicines. This technology was also used for other crafts like producing dyes and colours. Textile dyeing was popular.

25. GEOGRAPHY IN ANCIENT INDIA In the ancient period, voyages and navigation was not a familiar foray for the Indians. However , Lothal , a site in Gujarat has the remains of a dockyard proving that trade flourished in those days by sea . The constant interaction between man and nature forced people to study geography. Indians also contributed to shipbuilding.

26. CHEMISTRY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA The Mughals knew the technique of production of gunpowder and its use in guns. Indian craftsmen learnt the technique and evolved suitable explosive compositions. They were aware of the method of preparation of gunpowder using saltpetre, sulphur and charcoal in different ratios for use in different types of guns.

27. CHEMISTRY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Tuzuk-i -- Baburi gives an account of the casting of cannons. The melted metal was made to run into the mould till full and then cooled down. Ain- i -Akbari speaks of the ‘Regulations of the Perfume Office of Akbar ’. G lazed tiles and pottery were popular during the period. Tuzuk : diary of a King

28. CHEMISTRY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Important information were earlier stored on palm leaves in south India and bhoj patra in the northern part. Mysore possessed a paper-making factory. The paper making technique was more or less the same throughout the country, differing only in preparation of the pulp from different raw materials.

29. BIOLOGY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Hamsadeva compiled Mrga-pasi-sastra which gives the scientific account of some of the beasts and birds of hunting. Jahangir , in his Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri , recorded his observations and experiments of weeding and hybridisation . Akbar showed special interest in producing good breeds of domestic animals, elephants and horses.

30. AGRICULTURE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Introduction of new crops, trees and horticultural plants. The principal crops were wheat, rice, barley, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugarcane and indigo. The Western Ghats continued to yield black pepper of good quality and Kashmir maintained its tradition for saffron and fruits. Ginger and cinnamon from Tamilnadu , cardamom, sandalwood and coconuts from Kerala were becoming increasingly popular.

31. AGRICULTURE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Tobacco, chillies, potato, guava, custard apple, cashew and pineapple were the important new plants. The region of Malwa and Bihar were also well known for the production of opium from the poppy plants. Improved horticultural methods were adopted. W ells , tanks, canals, rahats , charas (bucket made of leather) and dhenkli , were used for irrigation.

32. AGRICULTURE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

33. AGRICULTURE IN MODERN INDIA Today we are able to produce 135 million tonnes of food grains today as compared to 50 million tonnes thirty years ago. Hybrid seeds, post harvest technology & energy management are much advanced today. ICAR has been playing a key role in the scientific education of the farmers as well as others engaged in different sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry.

34. INDUSTRY IN MODERN INDIA Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) cover between them a wide range of science and technology research for civil and defence purposes. A large number of items have emerged from CSIR laboratories for industrial production, such as, indigenous agricultural machinery, chemicals, drugs and pesticides, products in the areas of food technology, furnished leather goods, glass and ceramics, colour television, and receiver sets.

35. INDUSTRY IN MODERN INDIA The research carried out in the field of coal, such as, upgrading of coal and extraction of electricity from coal has been effectively utilized. In the area of defence, India’s own technological capability has increased considerably. The most recent example of such capability is the advanced research that is now being done to produce missiles in India.

36. NUCLEAR ENERGY IN MODERN INDIA Since the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948, India has made significant progress in the field of nuclear technology. In 1957, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) was established at Trombay . It is the largest single scientific establishment in the country.

37. NUCLEAR ENERGY IN MODERN INDIA Nuclear power stations have already been established at Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (UP) and Kakrapar (Gujarat). The adoption of modern technology has led to the increase in indigenous content of nuclear power reactors constructed in India.

38. NUCLEAR ENERGY IN MODERN INDIA As a result, India is today one of the few countries in the world which can indigenously design, construct and operate nuclear reactors without relying on foreign help . Besides nuclear sciences, research and development work in fields such as electronics, medicine, biology, agriculture, metallurgy is also being done at some nuclear centres.

39. SPACE TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN INDIA The Indian space programme is directed towards the goal of self-reliance in the use of space technology for national development . First Indian space satellite Aryabhatta was launched in 1975 and then Bhaskara I and Bhaskara II from then Soviet Union. Rohini satellite was launched on our own SLV-3 rocket and the Apple satellite on the European Arianne rocket.

40. SPACE TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN INDIA A far reaching experiment in education through satellite, SITE, was conducted in India in 1975. Subsequently , INSAT I-IB, launched in 1983, provided radio, television, telecommunication and meteorological services.

41. ELECTRONICS IN MODERN INDIA We have acquired the capability to produce a wide variety of electronic goods such as radio and television sets, communication systems, broadcasting equipments, radars, nuclear reactors, power control systems and underwater systems. A very large part of the components required for these are produced indigenously. The production of electronic goods has been growing at a very fast rate.

42. ELECTRONICS IN MODERN INDIA Major facilities are set up as the Semi Conductor Limited (Chandigarh), National Computer Centre (Bombay), National Information Centre (New Delhi) and a number of regional computer centres.

43. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Baudhayan was the first one ever to arrive at several concepts in Mathematics including value of pi & Pythagoras in his work Sulva Sutra . Aryabhatta was a fifth century mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and physicist. He was a pioneer in the field of mathematics. At the age of 23, he wrote Aryabhattiya .

44. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA There are four sections in his scholarly work. In the first section he describes the method of denoting big decimal numbers by alphabets. In the second section, we find difficult questions from topics of modern day Mathematics such as number theory, geometry, trigonometry and Beejganita (algebra). The remaining two sections are on astronomy.

45. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA In 7th century, Brahmgupta took mathematics to heights. He wrote Brahm Sputa Siddantika on our mathematical system . Bhaskaracharya was the leading light of 12th Century . He wrote Siddanta Shiromani which had four sections.

46. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Lilavati (Arithmetic ). Beejaganit ( Algebra). Goladhyaya (Sphere ). Grahaganit (mathematics of planets ). Bhaskara introduced Chakrawat Method or the Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations, which became famous as inverse cycle after six century.

47. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Jain Guru Mahaviracharya wrote Ganit Sara Sangraha in 850 A.D ., which is the first textbook on arithmetic in present day form. The current method of solving Least common Multiple (LCM) of given numbers was also described. F ractions , algebraic equations, series, set theory, logarithms, quadratic equations and exponents have been discussed in a very interesting manner in ancient Jain literature.

48. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Kanad was a sixth century scientist of Vaisheshika School . His original name was Aulukya . He got the name Kanad , because even as a child, he was interested in very minute particles called “ kana ”. His atomic theory can be a match to any modern atomic theory.

49. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA According to Kanad , material universe is made up of kanas , ( anu /atom) which cannot be seen through any human organ. These cannot be further subdivided. Thus , they are indivisible and indestructible. Varahamihira was another well known scientist of the ancient period in India.

50. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Varahamihira made great contributions in the fields of hydrology, geology and ecology . He gave a list of six animals and thirty plants, which could indicate the presence of underground water . He gave very important information regarding termites ( Deemak or insects that destroy wood), that they go very deep to the surface of water level to bring water to keep their houses ( bambis ) wet.

51. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA His work Brhat Samhita describes the signs of earthquakes. the influence of planets . undersea activities . underground water . unusual cloud formation. abnormal behaviour of animals . He also contributed to Jyotish or astrology aka the science of light.

52. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Nagarjuna was a tenth century scientist, In his work Rasaratnakara , he has discussed methods for the extraction of metals like gold, silver, tin and copper . Charak is called the father of ayurvedic medicine and Susruta the father of surgery. Susruta , Charak , Madhava , Vagbhatta and Jeevak were noted ayurvedic practitioners . Atreya Samhita on Ayurveda is the oldest medical book in the world.

53. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA In Susruta Samhita , over 1100 diseases are mentioned including fevers of twenty-six kinds, jaundice of eight kinds and urinary complaints of twenty kinds. Over 760 plants are described. All parts, roots, bark, juice, resin, flowers etc. were used. Cinnamon , sesame, peppers, cardamom, ginger are household remedies even today.

54. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Susruta’s greatest contribution was in the fields of Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery) and Ophthalmic surgery (removal of cataracts ). Susruta Samhita , there is a very accurate step-by-step description of these operations. Surprisingly , the steps followed by Susruta are strikingly similar to those followed by modern surgeons while doing plastic surgery.

55. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA The term Yoga has been derived from the Sanskrit work Yoktra . Its literal meaning is “ yoking the mind to the inner self after detaching it from the outer subjects of senses ”. It defines chitta i.e. dissolving thoughts, emotions and desires of a person’s consciousness and achieving a state of equilibrium. It sets in to motion the force that purifies and uplifts the consciousness to divine realization.

56. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA Yoga is physical as well as mental. Physical yoga is called Hathyoga . Generally , it aims at removing a disease and restoring healthy condition to the body. Rajayoga is mental yoga. Its goal is self realization and liberation from bondage by achieving physical mental, emotional and spritiual balance.

57. SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT INDIA The credit of systematically presenting this great science goes to Patanjali . In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali , Aum is spoken of as the symbol of God. He refers to Aum as a cosmic sound. Besides Yoga Sutras , Patanjali also wrote a work on medicine and worked on Panini’s grammar known as Mahabhasaya .

58. SCIENTISTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Narayana Pandit , son of Narsimha Daivajna was well known for his works in Mathematics – Ganitakaumudi and Bijaganitavatamsa . Gangadhara , in Gujarat, wrote Lilavati Karamdipika , Suddhantadipika , and Lilavati Vyakhya . These were famous treatises which gave rules for trigonometrical terms like sine, cosine tangent and cotangent. Nilakantha Somasutvan produced Tantrasamgraha , which also contains rules of trigonometrical functions.

59. SCIENTISTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Ganesa Daivajna produced Buddhivilasini - a commentary on lilavati - containing a number of illustrations. Krishna of the Valhalla family brought out Navankura on the Bijaganit of Bhaskara -II and elaboration of the rules of indeterminate equations of the first and second orders . The Mughals knew the technique of production of gunpowder and its use in gunnery, another application of Chemistry.

60. SCIENTISTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA The Indian crafts persons learnt the technique in evolved suitable explosive composition. The work Sukraniti attributed to Sukracarya contains a description of how gunpowder can be prepared using salt peter , sulphur and charcoal in different ratios for use in different types of guns . Mehendra Suri developed an astronomical, instrument ‘ Yantraja ’. Paramesvara and Mahabhaskariya , both in Kerala, were famous families of astronomers.

61. SCIENTISTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh-II of Jaipur was a patron of Astronomy. He set up the five astronomical observatories in Delhi, Ujjain, Varansasi , Mathura and Jaipur . Nilakantha Somasutvan produced commentary of Aryabhatiyaa . Kamalakar studied the Islamic astronomical ideas.

62. SCIENTISTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA I mportant treatises on Ayurveda like the Sarangdhara Samhita and Chikitsasamgraha by Vangasena , the Yagaratbajara and the Bhavaprakasa of Bhavamisra were compiled. The Sarangdhara Samhita , written in the thirteenth century, includes use of opium in its material medical and urine examination for diagnostic purpose. The Siddha system mostly prevalent in Tamil Nadu was attributed to the reputed Siddhas , who were supposed to have evolved many life-prolonging compositions, rich in mineral medicines.

63. SCIENTISTS IN MODERN INDIA Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan ( FRS)( 1887-1920) better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan , one of India’s greatest mathematical genius. Chandrasekhara V. Raman (1888-1970), popularly known as C.V. Raman, was not only a great scientist but also believed in the promotion of human well being and human dignity. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

64. SCIENTISTS IN MODERN INDIA J.C. Bose (1858-1937) another great scientist of modem India brought glory and respect for the country. Dr. Bose is famous all over the world as the inventor of Crescograph that can record even the millionth part of a millimeter of plant growth and movement. Bose instruments, to prove that even metals react to outward stimuli . . He was the first to invent a wireless coherer (radio signal detector) and an instrument for indicating the refraction of electric waves.

65. SCIENTISTS IN MODERN INDIA Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909- 1966) was a great scientist who led India into atomic age . Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1919 – 1970) is another great genius of modem India. He was the main personality behind the launching of India’s first satellite Aryabhatta . Dr. A.P.J .Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India was known as the missile man.

66. SOURCES

67. SOURCES

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