Indigenous Group comparison table (1) (1).pptx

FOR CAPE HISTORY STUDENTS.

1. A TABLE COMPARING THE WAY OF LIFE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES – TAINOS, KALINAGOS AND MAYAS.

2. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS -Mongoloid race: olive brown complexion - Mongoloid race: olive brown complexion - Mongoloid race: olive brown complexion - Flat forehead - Flat forehead - Short to medium height - Cross eyed - Long, black, straight, coarse hair. - Well shaped and slightly built - Short to medium height (5ft) Strong with broad nose - Flat forehead Strong with broad nose -Short to medium height - Broad nose - Long, b lack, straight, coarse hair - Stockily built - Long, black, straight, coarse hair

3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Settled in Central America eg . Honduras, Guatemala, Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Penninsular - Settled mostly in the Lesser Antilles eg . North-west Trinidad, Puerto Rico, parts of Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia etc. - Settled in the Greater Antilles eg . Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Bahamas, San Salvador. Settled in land, in the dense forest regions, for the following reasons: Protection Farming Firm foundation to construct their buildings. For trade Easy access to building materials. Settled along the coast for the following reasons: Protection Fishing Recreation Household purposes Transportation Settled along the coast for the following reasons: Protection Fishing Recreation Household purposes Farming Transportation - Established city-states, over 100 - Established villages - Established villages

4. DRESS MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Men wore a loin cloth around the waist called an ‘ex’. This was wound several times around the waist passed between the legs, with a mantle over this. They wore sandals tied to the feet with two thongs called ‘ keuel ’. - Men went naked. They sometimes wore necklaces made of their enemies teeth strung on cotton. On special occasions, they wore feathered cloaks and head dresses of heron or macaw feathers. In San Salvador they were completely naked. In Hispaniola and Cuba the married women wore a loincloth (cotton). Paint their bodies black and white, other colours . - On special occasions the noblemen decorated themselves with feathered head dresses. The ruler & outstanding warriors wore gorgeously coloured quetzalcoatl feathers. Women wore a loincloth and a bracelet called rassada on their arms and legs. - Both men and women wore necklaces made of amber, shell, agouti teeth, seeds and coral. - They pained their bodies to; Protect from insect bites. Beautification Camouflage

5. DRESS (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Women wore a ‘ kub ’ a simple dress with a square neck. Beneath this they wore a light petticoat. They went barefooted. - Decorated their bodies with a dye made from vegetable dye and oil called ‘ roucou ’. Reason: Protect from insect bites. Beautification Camouflage - On special occasions w omen decorated their arms and legs with shells and corals. The men wore feathered cloaks - The Mayas wore a lot of jewellery : nose, ear rings and bracelets. Their clothing was made of cotton dyed in many colours and designs. - - The Cacique’s ornaments were made of gold, silver or copper. The Tainos wore parrot feathers in their hair. - The Kings wore head dresses of feathers set with jade and other semi- precious stones.

6. DIET MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Maize, avocado pear, squash, beans, peas, pumpkins, breadfruit - A soup: agouti bone, leftovers seasoned with pepper sauce, cassava, flour and oyster. - Fish eg . Shellfish, turtles, seacow , grouper etc. They are utia , agouti, iguana - Fruits, herbs, ducks, turkey, rabbit - Agouti, birds, smoked fish, sweet potato, fruits, vegetables, yam - Birds eg . Doves, parrots, ducks etc. Fruits such as mammee apple, starapples , naseberries etc - Chilli pepper, sweet potato, cassava - A sauce called couii , served with fish. A cassava beer called ouicou . - Cassava, sweet potato, maize, groundnuts, yam - A chocolate drink. They ate flat cakes made from corn called tortillas, baked on clay sheets. -A stew made with crab, cassava and seasoned with tamaulin sauce (favorite dish). Drank cassava beer. Favorite dish was pepperpot soup.

7. DIET (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Ate a corn cake made from roasted corn flour mixed with honey called pinole . This was specially prepared to take on long distance travels. - Occasionaly ate human flesh. Did not eat pig, turtle, salt and fat as it would make them stupid. - They cooked by baking, roasting and stewing.

8. OCCUPATIONS MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Women: Housewives -Pottery makers Weavers Farmers (sowing & reaping). Women: Housewives Pottery makers Weavers Farmers (did little farming, sowing & reaping) Women: Housewives Pottery makers Weavers Farmers (main one, sowing & reaping) Men: Farmers (clear the land), Warriors Architects, hunters Priests ( Ahkin ), Merchants ( Ppolms ) Astronomers, Astrologers, Men: Fishermen, warriors, hunters Government officials Priests ( boyez ) Men: - Fishermen, warriors, hunters Priests Govt officials Cacique Farmers (cleared the land).

9. FESTIVALS & CELEBRATIONS MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Events celebrated - Pok a tok on (religious ball game) - Sacrifice to the gods (human). - In the Mayan calendar the year was divided into 18 months, each month had special festivals. Events celebrated Victory in war. Birth of a son. Launch of a new canoe. Selection of a new leader Initiation of a new warrior - Guests were fed and entertained with singing & dancing. Events celebrated Victory in war. Induction of a new Cacique. Harvest time. Wedding of a Cacique The naming of a baby. Arietos is the Arawak word for singing and dancing.

10. FESTIVALS & CELEBRATIONS (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Festivals, games, music and dance were all a part of religious ceremonies. - Ceremonies were accompanied by music played by large groups. The instruments were all percussions. They danced to the music of reed pipes, drums and whistles. They also engaged in wrestling, canoe racing and storytelling, these along with singing and dancing was their favorite past time. They were jovial people. On special days special foods were prepared and cassava beer drank. Dancing took place in the open space before the Cacique’s bohio .

11. FESTIVALS & CELEBRATIONS (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Instruments included large wooden drums or tunkul , tortoise shells, guord rattles, conch shells, horns, wood & clay trumpets and pottery drums. - Some dances included up to 800 performers dancing in formation with streamers and decorators. - On certain occasions, the Kalinagos had special feasts and drinking bouts, followed by games, dancing and singing. -They played musical instruments such as the wooden gong, drums hollowed from tree trunks and reed pipes. - They played a ball game called batos . These ball games were played on large grass courts.

12. RELIGION MAYAS KALINAOS TAINOS Several gods (Polytheistic). Believed each god controlled different aspects of their lives. Gods included: Yum Kax – God of Corn Chac – God of rain Pipil – God of the sun Itzamna – giver of food & light. The priest was called boyez . His duties included: Heal the sick with herbs and call upon the spirits of the past to assist him. Practise religious rites in special huts. Cast spells to keep the evil spirits away. Worshipped their ancestors and nature, which they believed controlled wind, rain, sickness, luck and misfortune . - Each god was represented by a statue called the zemi . The zemi was made from wood, bones, cotton, and shells in the shape of humans or animals.

13. RELIGION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Gods (cont’d): Kukulcan – God of the wind Kunab Ku – the invisible supreme creator. - The Mayan priest was called Ah Kin, his duties included: Setting & organising festivals. Made sacrifices & decided the days on the calendar for Boyez duties(cont 4. Received messages from the far beyond. Worshipped their ancestors and nature. They believed in the existence of an evil spirit called maboya / maybouya . Like the Tainos they carved sacred zemis and made offerings to them. They believed in a heaven called coyaba , as a result they buried the dead with their possessions. They fed the zemi by rubbing cassava on it. Only the chief priest (Cacique) could communicate with the gods.

14. RELIGION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS planting and harvesting. Assisted in the governing of the state. Gave prophecies, prescribed herbal cures for diseases. - Believed life was a struggle between good and evil, and that there were good and evil gods. Believed that the spirit of their ancestors lived on after death to guard over them, they kept their bones in their main dwelling houses. When a Kalinago died in their own village, they were buried in the earth inside the family’s hut . - The priest communicated with the gods by tickling his throat and inhaling smoked tobacco ( cohaba ) until he became semi-conscious. It is believed that at this point the gods spoke to him.

15. RELIGION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS The good gods lived in 13 heavens and the evil ones in 9 hells. Great warriors and those killed in sacrifice went to heaven. They believed in life after death and buried the dead with a maize drink and the tools of their trade. Death meant a journey either to a heaven or a hell; cowardly souls went to a dreary desert where they became the slaves of Taino masters. - The dead were buried with bowls and weapons which they would need in the afterlife.

16. RELIGION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS They practised human sacrificing by ripping the heart out of the victim and placed it on a special stone container in front of the image of the god they wish to satisfy. Worshippers sometimes cut themselves, using their own blood.

17. GENDER RELATIONS MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Women were not allowed to look directly at a man. When a man was passing, she had to step aside and allow him to pass and look away; or else she would be punished by her mother/grandmother who would pinch her or rub pepper in her eyes. Men were prized as warriors. Women were respected only as the bearer of boy children. Jobs were assigned on the basis of gender. Jobs were assigned on the basis of gender.

18. ARCHITECTURE MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Huge temples dedicated to their gods made of limestone on top of pyramids; thick masonry walls and corbelled arch roofs. Flat topped pyramids:of stone, cemented together with powdered limestone. They were built high to be closer to their gods. Lived in huts made of wattle & daub, thatch, poles and twigs. A storehouse beside the huts in which they stored furniture, tools, weapons etc. A meeting house called a karbay where the men met to plan for raids and discuss matters . Villages were quite large, numbering as many as 3000 inhabitants. They were well planned, usually circular in shape with a ball court or ceremonial plaza as their central feature. The plaza was often surrounded by earthen or stone embankments from which spectators

19. ARCHITECTURE (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Lived in round huts with a central wooden pole supporting a conical thatched roof. The walls were woven reeds with no windows. A ceremonial area containing massive stone structures. Observatories They painted murals on the buildings. - The karbay was usually 60 to 90 ft long,could hold 120 hammocks, the only way in was through a small door. There were many stout posts supporting the roof from these posts the hammocks were slung . -Villages were made up of a small number of houses. could watch games. They had 2 types of houses: Caneye : ordinary people, it was round and made of wattle with a thatched roof, sometimes had a window. Bohio : Cacique’s house was larger and rectangular in shape.

20. ARCHITECTURE (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Huge palaces were built for the nobility of the cities, with patios and terraces. They had plazas. The houses surrounding the karbay were oval in shape and much smaller. There was only one room for the family. There were separate huts for cooking and storing precious objects such as hammocks, bows & arrows.

21. CREATIVE ARTS MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Painted lifelike and abstract pictures. Craftsmen fashioned lifelike and symbolic figurines in jade, wood, copper and gold. - Developed the art of clay painting. Better potters than the Tainos . - Pottery made from local red, brown and grey clay; and were not glazed but decorated with markings different for each village. -Pottery made from local red, brown and grey clay; and were not glazed but decorated with markings different for each village. - Pottery made in the shapes of frogs, birds or heads with wide eyes and large ears.

22. CREATIVE ARTS (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Did stone carvings and erected stone monuments. - Made pots out of clay. Made in the shapes of frogs, birds or heads with wide eyes and large ears. Carved sculptures out of wood obtained from trees. - Engaged in singing and dancing to the music of reed pipes, drums and whistles . Women and men usually danced separately but sometimes both sexes danced together. - Musical instruments included wooden gongs, drums hollowed from tree trunks and reed pipes .

23. TECHNOLOGY MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS 3 Calendars: Haab - had 365 days in a year, consisted of 18 mths ( uinals ) and each mth had 20 dys ( kins ). The 5 additional days were considered unlucky ( uayeb ). Tzolkin - sacred calendar which had the special feasts of the gods. It had 260 days. Bow and arrows Stone tools Thatch, wattle, poles and reeds to make their houses. - Hammocks made of cotton; baskets made of vines and reeds. They were tightly woven in 2 layers, with a lining of leaves between the layers Bow and arrows Stone tools. Thatch, wattle, poles and reeds used to make their houses. Hammocks were made of cotton and bark rope. Spears of sharp sticks and tipped with sharp stones.

24. TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Long Count – method of reckoning time by counting every single day from the beginning of Maya history. Number system based on the number 20 called the Whole man. The numbers were represented by dots & dashes or symbols & pictures. Dug out tree:canoe making it water proof. Dug out tree trunks and used them as canoes. Wooden stools made from red or yellow wood. 4 legged tables of basketwork called matoutou . War clubs. Made spears of sharp sticks, tipped with sharp stones Wove baskets using reeds and vines. Wove and dyed cotton cloth. Made pottery of varying colours , and made carvings on them. Dug out tree trunks to be used as canoes. Fish traps and lobster pots.

25. TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Writing in the form of glyphs or pictures having 850 highly stylized characters. - Paper :the inner bark & fibre of certain trees which were first soaked to remove the sap, then beaten to soften the fibres & stretched. Brushes made of wild pig bristles were used to write. Household utensils made of clay. Used bark, cotton, wood, stone, bone, shell and clay to make items; had no knowledge of metal. Made pottery. Fish traps and lobster pots. Wove & dyed cotton cloth. Used bark, cotton, wood, stones, bones, shells and clay to make items; had no knowledge of metal. Made ropes from tree barks, vines and fibres . Made a ceremonial stool for the Cacique called duho .

26. TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS - Built temples on top of the high flat topped pyramids. The pyramids were made with the core of earth and rubble, covered with cut stone, and then cemented with mortar made by burning limestone rocks. Narrow steps led up to the steep sides to a dark windowless temple. Ropes made of barks, vines and fibres . Made dyes from trees

27. TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Wove cotton into cloth and dyed it into various designs and colours . Chultunes : large underground storehouses or granaries. Cenotes : wells in which water was stored. Rope was made from tree barks, vines and fibres . Made pottery

28. TECHNOLOGY (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Quarried stone: limestone being soft they were able to drive a wooden wedges into cracks in the rock, & then wet the wood. As the wood swells, the crack widens. Then the plit stone was cut out with stone hammers & chisels & dragged to the building area using ropes; had no metal tools.

29. POLITICAL ORGANISATION MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Ruled by the Halach Uinich or True man. This position was hereditary. His duties included: Formulate internal policies. Determine relations with neighbouring states. - He was both a king and a priest; priest-king. Ruled by the Ouboutou . He was chosen by rite of birth or by being an outstanding warrior and was elected for life. His duties included: Decided when the men should go to the karbay to plan for raids,who should be attacked and how. Chose the canoe commanders. Ruled by the Cacique, usually aged men and considered to be wise. The position was hereditary, passed on from father to son. If the Cacique died without a son, then his eldest sister’s eldest son would become Cacique. Rarely women were made Caciques.

30. POLITICAL ORGANISATION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS The people believed that the king passed on information between the men and gods. They studied the stars and told farmers when to plant and reap. The Lesser chiefs were the Batabobs who were responsible to organize the villages. Presided over victory celebrations. Privileges: Always accompanied by attendants. Everyone remained silent while he spoke. His attendants struck anyone who was disrespectful. - The lesser governors for the villages were He was a ceremonial ruler and a law maker. The Cacique’s duties included: Judged cases and enforced laws. Dealt with land distribution. Ordered labour on the land. Made decisions of peace and war; and led the people in war.

31. POLITICAL ORGANISATION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS -The Batabobs were the chiefs of smaller towns within the state who carried out the chief’s laws in their districts. -The Batabobs had judicial, executive and military functions. - The mayas were required to pay taxes to the government to run the country. called the Tiubutuli Hauthe . Their duties included: They were the head of the families. Supervised the fishing and farming. Led the village in ceremonies and entertainment. Carried out the laws of the chief.

32. POLITICAL ORGANISATION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Acted as chief priest. Privileges: His wives wore longer skirts. His house was larger and built by the men of the village. Given the best food and carried in a litter. Buried in a marked cave with some of his wives.

33. POLITICAL ORGANISATION (Cont’d) MAYAS KALINAGOS TAINOS Privileges (cont’d): Had a special ceremonial stool called duho . Zemi was more powerful than all others. - In the larger islands the tribe was divided into provinces or districts and was ruled by sub chiefs or village headmen called Mitayno or Touchau .

34. Instructions: From the list of words below fill in the word in the appropriate space. Each word can only be used once. Haab , recreation, corn, Americas, Nacom , beer, Boyez , Brazil, maize, roucou , Honduras, Central America, Tzolkin , farming, Temple cities, rassadas , Guatemala, bohio , ancestral, zemi , South America, 365, sun, coyaba , human sacrifice, cohaba , Trinidad, matoutou , stone chisels, nature, Mitayno , Bering Strait, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, cenotes , fourth, defense, hammers, law, Mexico, war,North America, Long Count, transportation, ceremonial, Ouboutou,Chile , Tiubutuli Hauthe 1. The ancestors of the Amerindians reached the _______, by crossing the ________ during the _____ Ice Age. 2. The Mayas settled in _______while the Incas settled _______. 3. Both the Kalinagos and Tainos settled in _______ and ________.

35. 4. The Kalinagos and Tainos settled along the coast for the purposes of _______, ______ and _________. 5. The Mayas settled in ________, ________ and _______. 6. Both the Tainos and Kalinagos practised _______ and ______ worship. 7.The _________ was to the Kalinagos while the Halach Uinich was to the Mayas. Haab , recreation, corn, Americas, Nacom , beer, Boyez , Brazil, maize, roucou , Honduras, Central America, Tzolkin , farming, Temple cities, rassadas , Guatemala, bohio , ancestral, zemi , South America, 365, sun, coyaba , human sacrifice, cohaba , Trinidad, matoutou , stone chisels, nature, Mitayno , Bering Strait, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, cenotes , fourth, defense, hammers, law, Mexico, war,North America, Long Count, transportation, ceremonial, Ouboutou,Chile , Tiubutuli Hauthe

36. through __________. 11. Chac was the god of rain while Yum Kaxx the god of ____. 12. ________ was the four legged table used by the Kalinagos . 8. The Mayas used ________ and _______ to construct their stone pyramids. 9. In migrating to the Caribbean, the Kalinagos passed 10. Ahkin is to the Mayas as _________ is to the Kalinagos . Haab , recreation, corn, Americas, Nacom , beer, Boyez , Brazil, maize, roucou , Honduras, Central America, Tzolkin , farming, Temple cities, rassadas , Guatemala, bohio , ancestral, zemi , South America, 365, sun, coyaba , human sacrifice, cohaba , Trinidad, matoutou , stone chisels, nature, Mitayno , Bering Strait, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, cenotes , fourth, defense, hammers, law, Mexico, war,North America, Long Count, transportation, ceremonial, Ouboutou,Chile , Tiubutuli Hauthe

37. Haab , recreation, corn, Americas, Nacom , beer, Boyez , Brazil, maize, roucou , Honduras, Central America, Tzolkin , farming, Temple cities, rassadas , Guatemala, bohio , ancestral, zemi , South America, 365, sun, coyaba , human sacrifice, cohaba , Trinidad, matoutou , stone chisels, nature, Mitayno , Bering Strait, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, cenotes , fourth, defense, hammers, law, Mexico, war,North America, Long Count, transportation, ceremonial, Ouboutou,Chile , Tiubutuli Hauthe 13. The Kalinagos smeared their bodies with ______; and the women wore ________. 14. The Mayan ________ calendar had ______ days with five days being unlucky. 15. ___________ were wells in the Mayan society. 16. The _________ was larger than all the other dwellings in the Taino society. 17. The Cacique was both a ________ ruler and a _____ maker.

38. 18. The ______ was the head of the Taino family. 19. The _______ was the calendar that outlined the feasts and festivals. 20. Maya cities were called _____________. 21. ________ was the Taino heaven. 22. The Mayas buried their dead with their tools and a _____ drink. Haab , recreation, corn, Americas, Nacom , beer, Boyez , Brazil, maize, roucou , Honduras, Central America, Tzolkin , farming, Temple cities, rassadas , Guatemala, bohio , ancestral, zemi , South America, 365, sun, coyaba , human sacrifice, cohaba , Trinidad, matoutou , stone chisels, nature, Mitayno , Bering Strait, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, cenotes , fourth, defense, hammers, law, Mexico, war,North America, Long Count, transportation, ceremonial, Ouboutou,Chile , Tiubutuli Hauthe