Industrial biotechnology presentattion

INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES AND IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES

1. AZAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY LUCKNOW SUBJECT : INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (RBT - 087) TOPIC : INTRODUCTION, MICROBES & ENZYMES OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE Name : Amulya Singh Under Supervision Of Branch: Biotechnology Er. Rehan Sultan Khan Roll No.: 1705354001 H.O.D (Department of Biotechnology ) Year: Final Year A.I.E.T, LUCKNOW

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROBIAL STRAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WILD & INDUSTRIAL STRAIN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT BIOPRODUCTS – INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION & CHARACTERISTICS INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES

3. INTRODUCTION Industrial biotechnology can be simply defined as “The exploitation of enzymes, microorganism and plants to produce energy, industrial chemicals and consumer goods”. It often referred as “ WHITE BIOTECHNLOGY ”. It is the collection of the scientific techniques & technologies to improve both the efficiency and environmental footprint of modern industrial production. Microbial technology constitutes the core o f industrial biotechnology. Microbial technology refers to the use of microbes to obtain a product or service of economic value. It is also called fermentation.

4. Industrial biotechnology comprises of – Medium preparation. Inoculum preparation using industrial strain. Fermentation process (The science of fermentation is known as zymology). Physico – Chemical separation process for the purification of product. Packaging. Effluent treatment.

5. Industrial or White biotechnology uses microorganism and enzymes to produce goods for industry including chemicals, plastic, food, agricultural and pharmaceutical products and energy carriers. Industrial biotechnology could save energy in production process and could lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emission, helping to fight global warming. Industrial biotechnology can also lead to improve performance and sustainability for industry and higher value products. Industrial biotechnology aims to produce bulk chemicals including polymeric materials and biofuels based on bioprocessing sustainable agricultural products such as starch, fatty acids &/or cellulose

6. Industrial biotechnology involves the use of enzymes and microorganism to produce value – added chemicals from renewable energy resources. Industrial biotech companies have begun commercializing process that use methanotrophs and algae to capture carbon dioxide and convert it to renewable chemicals, averting carbon and other pollutant emission as well as fossi l fuel. The use of industrial biotechnology can improve food and food processing.

7. Industrial biotechnology can achieve significant environmental and economic advantage over traditional manufacturing process. According to report which was released at a Bio 2003 press conference in Washington D.C Case Studies : The report examines the following example of how certain companies have used industrial biotechnology to improve manufacturing process. BASF : By using a bio based fermentation process, BASF creates Vitamin B12 in a single step rather than traditionally complex eight step c hemical process.

8. The report estimates that the biotech approach reduces carbon dioxide emission by 30%, resource consumption by 60% and waste by 95%. DSM : The traditional method for creating the antibiotic Cephalexin involves a 10 step chemical synthesis. By replacing that approach with a combination of a fermentation and enzymatic reaction, DSM has reduce its material use and energy consumption by 65% and variable costs by 50%. Cargill Dow : The company creates Natureworks™, a new bio based polymer to produce clothing, packaging material and electronic goods .The product requires 25% to 55% less fossil resources.

9. Novozymes : The scouring process used in textile industry usually involves relatively harsh chemical solutions. Novozymes supplies enzyme applied to the water – intensive textiles industry, creating a 25% decrease in primary energy demand and 60% drop in emission to water. Further enzymatic process has been shown to reduces costs by 20%. { SCOURING PROCESS : SCOURING PROCESS IS THE 1 ST PROCESS CARRIED OUT WITH OR WITHOUT CHEMICAL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OR AT SUITABLE HIGHER TEMPERATURE WITH THE ADDITION OF SUITABLE WETTING AGENT ALKALI & SO ON. SCOURING REMOVES ALL THE WAXES, PECTINS AND MAKES THE TEXTILE MATERIAL HYDROPHILIC OR WATER ABSORBENT.}

10. CHARACTERISTICS The immediate motivation is profit and the generation of wealth. The microorganism involved or their products are very valuable. The scale is large. Fermenters as larger as 50000 liters or larger.

11. Difference between Chemical process and Bioprocess CHEMICAL PROCESS BIOPROCESS Use of synthetic or chemical process to convert the raw materials is done. Conversion of raw materials into final products by biological organism employing the biochemical pathways. They need high temperature of pressure. They operate at ambient temperature and pressure. Produce a limited variety products. Certain unique products such as interferon, growth factors etc. can be produced only by biological organism. Can be operated under unsterile condition. Usually requires a certain degree of sterility and hence are difficult to maintain.

12. APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Metabolite production. Production of bio control agent. Anaerobic digestion. Bio based fuel and energy. Recovery of metals. Waste treatment. Fermentation of food products.

13. ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY High reaction rate. Improved conversional efficiency. High product purity. Lower consumption of energy. Decrease in chemical waste.

14. Industrial importance of microbes Microbes are crucial for the production of variety of metabolites such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Microbes can be used to create biofertelizer or to reduce metal pollutants. Microbes are also used in a process called bioleaching in which bacteria leach metals such as iron and manganese from soil and sewage Microbes are also commonly used in the food industry, beverages industry, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry.

15. Microbes are vey important in – Bio - based chemical production – Bacteria, Yeast and Algae have been used to manufacture bio methanol and biodiesel as transportation fuels as well as bio methane and bio derived hydrogen. Genetic engineering – Viruses have been used as delivery vectors to insert genetic material into other cells. Pharmaceutical production – Bacteria and fungi have been used to produce several classes of antibiotics. Biopolymers – A number of polymer such as polyesters, polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA), and polyamides are synthesized with the help of microorganism.

16. List of industrially important microbes MICROBES PRODUCTS Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bakery, Beer, Wine Lactic acid bacteria Yogurt , probiotics Aspergillus niger Citric acid Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactic acid Acetobacter xylinum Nata Nata Lactic acid bacteria Pickle sauerkraut Cornybacteriun glutamicum Glutamic acid Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillin Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid

17. Properties of industrial microbes Produce spores or can be easily inoculated. Grows rapidly on a large scale in the inexpensive medium. Produce desired product quickly. Should not be pathogenic. Amenable to genetic manipulations .

18. Criteria of industrial microbes They should liberate a large amount of single product that can be efficiently isolated isolated and purified. They should be easy to maintain and cultivate. They should have genetic stability with infrequent mutation. They are easily manipulated genetically. They can grow on an inexpensive, readily available medium. (Example :- capable to grow in a large scale culture.) They should not be harmful to human They are able to grow and produced the desired product ina relatively short of period of time.

19. Characteristics of Industrial microbial strain Genetically stable & rapid cell growth. High rate of production of the desired products. Shorter time of fermentation. Fewer by products which makes simples downstream. Ability to utilize wide variety of inexpensive substances.

20. Difference between wild strain and industrial strain Wild strain Industrial strain Poor genetic stability High genetic stability Ability to use various substances Acclimatized to use cheaper and wide variety of substrate. Are susceptible to product inhibition High tolerant to product inhibition. Poor substrate conversion rate. Very high substrate conversion rate. Poor reproducibility (Growth rate, Product formation and titttre High reproducibility in product formation rate and titre .

21. Industrial microbial strain development Isolation if industrial microorganism. Screening for new products. Identification of metabolites. Maintenance of microbial isolated. Strain improvement.

22. Methods of industrial strain development STRAIN DEVELOPMENT :- rDNA technology and other example site directed mutagenesis, protoplasm fusion, metabolic engineering etc . MUTATION :- A process which can changes in the genotypic or phenotypic characteristics of the organism . GENETIC RECOMBITATION :- It is highly successful in plants and animals. Genetic recombination is used for both genetic analysis as well as strain development. It is based on the – 1 ) Sexual reproduction 2) Parasexual reproduction 3) Protoplasm fusion

23. Bio-Products Chemical substances made by living thing ranging from small molecule to higher molecule (Macromolecules). OR Production of commercially useful products made from the use of biological (microbes & enzymes) or renewable materials (Biomass derived from agricultural residues , food processing etc.) Example:- Oxychemicals ( Ethanol, Acetic acid, Butanol, Citric acid). Antibiotics , Vaccines (Hepatitis B). Hormones, Enzymes (Amylases, Proteases, Xynalses)

24. Derived by extraction from original hosts or by synthesis in bioreactor containing cells or enzymes. Compounds Function Methanol Solvent Ethanol Fuel and pharmaceutical use Penicillin Antibacterial agent Taxol Anticancer

25. Why bioproducts ? Sustainability Less carbon & water footprint Less emission to the environment High productivity Creates rural employment opportunity

26. Classification of bioproducts Bio products are classified into 3 categories – Very high value low volume :- High purity, produced in the range of grams to Kg.( Therapeutic proteins & enzymes, interferon, factor 8,Urokinase). High value low volume & high purity :- Produced in quintal or tons. ( Diagnostic enzymes, human growth Harmon, Monoclonal antibodies and Insulin). Bulk material products of relatively low purity :- Antibiotics, Amino acids, Organic acids, Ethanol and Amylases.

27. Characteristics of bioproducts Characteristics Very high value low volume High value low volume & High purity Bulk industrial products of relatively low Market value 0.1 – 100 Kg/year 1000 – 100000 Kg/year 1000000 – 100000000 Kg/year Types of organism rDNA rDNA Natural Purity of requirements Very high High Low Cost consideration Not important Less important Important Major bioseparation Affinity chromatography, Preparative chromatography Membrane separation, Adsorption chromatography Precipitation, Filtration, Extraction, Adsorption

28. Biochemical Pathways Also called as metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme mediated reactions where the product of one reaction is used as the substrate in the next. Example :- Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, Calvin cycle They are mainly concerned with the exchange of energy. Chemical reaction :- It can be divided in two types. Homogeneous :- The reaction take place in one phase alone. Example:- Formation of ammonia from Hydrogen & Nitrogen. Heterogeneous :- At least two phases are required to proceed the reaction. Example:-Burning of wood, microbial reaction etc

29. Simultaneous mass transfer and reaction. If diffusion rate > reaction rate , then reaction is controlling factor. If diffusion rate< reaction rate, then diffusion is controlling factor.

30. Industrial importance of e nzymes Enzymes have been widely used to facilitate industrial processes and the production of products and these enzymes are referred as Industrial enzymes. Among the currently used industrial enzymes are hydrolase (including protease and lipase) remain the enzyme type which are extensively used in the detergent , dairy and chemical industries. Enzymes are widely used by the food industry for processing raw materials for the production of numerous and common product such as bakery products, meat products, fruit products, beer and wine. They are also have been used in numerous technical applications such as in paper recycling to remove ink, textile processing and fabric finishing, ethanol production to break down the starch and cellulose.

31. There are some enzymes which are used in textile industry – Enzymes Effect Amylase Desizing Cellulase and Hemicellulase Bio stoning of jeans Desizing of CMC Stylish effect on cellulose fibres Pectinase Scouring of vegetable as well as bast fibres (e.g. cotton, jute ). Protease Scouring of animal fibers, degumming of silk and modification of wool properties. Lipase Elimination of fat and waxes

32. In food processing, the enzymes used amylase from fungi and plants. These enzymes are used in the production of sugars from starch , such as in making high – fructose corn syrup. In dairy industry, renin derived from the stomachs of young ruminant animals (like calves and lambs) is used to manufacture of cheese, used to hydrolyze protein. In the brewing industry, enzymes from barley are released during the mashing stage of beer production. They degrade starch and proteins to produce simple sugar, amino acids and peptides that are used by yeast for fermentation.

33. Amylase, glucanase and proteases are used to split polysaccharides and proteins in the malt. In the starch industry amylase, amyloglucosidases and glucoamylases convert starch into glucose and various syrups. In paper industry, amylase, xylanases, cellulases and ligninases are used to degrade starch to lower viscosity, aiding sizing and coating paper.

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