Industrial importance of bacteria

Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology

1. Bacteria

2. Contents Introduction Proteobacteria Importance of Proteobacteria in Industry Firmicutes Bacteria Importance of Firmicutes bacteria in Industry Actinobacteria Importance of Actinobacteria In Industry Other bacteria and its Importance Summery

3. Introduction Bacteria are described in two ways: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences Carl Woese , O ganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla B acterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology .

4. Proteobacteria Proteus, the Greek word : God of the sea, who could change his shape . Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, move using flagella . W ide variety in the types of metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic. Proteobacteria are divided into five groups .

5. Importance In Industry Alphaproteobacteria of Current industrial Importance are: Acetobacter Gluconobacter Zymomonas : Copious amount of Alcohol Acetic acid bacteria Properties: P roduction of glucoronic acid , galactonic aicd , arabonic acid Vineger , sorbose. M anufacture of ascorbic acid P roduce pure cellulose

6. Agrobacterium tumefaciens Soil bacterium. T DNA (gall producing gene) occurs in Ti plasmid. Ti plasmid is used as vector for higher plants . Produced genetically modified plants. Cry gene an Nif gene is cloned inside A. tumifaciens G olden Rice Greater pro vitamin A content

7. Firmicutes Gram-positive bacteria The G+C ratio is an taxonomic characteristic used in classifying bacteria . Fermicutes contain many bacteria of industrial importance. D ivided into three major groups : Spore forming firmicutes Non-Spore forming firmicutes Wall-less

8. Spore forming firmicutes Form internal spores . D ivided into two : Clostridium spp :pathogens of humans and animals . Clostridium thermocellum :convert the sugars into ethanol Bacillus spp : enzyme production, to kill insects. Bacillus papilliae : infects and kills the larvae of the beetles in plants. B . thuringiensis : used against mosquitoes genes for the toxin produced by B. thuringiensis E ngineered into plants to make them resistant to insect pests.

9. Bacillus thuringiensis Soil bacterium. Produces a protein that has insecticidal properties. u sed as spray. Bt produces Bt toxins which are inactive protoxins . When an insect ingests it, inactive protoxin gets converted into active form This led to swelling of gut and ultimately death of insect .

10. Bt crops are now commercially available.

11. Non-Spore Forming Firmicutis non-spore forming low G+C members of the firmicutes group Lactic acid bacteria are Rods or cocci : production of foods, industrial and pharmaceutical products . They lack porphyrins and cytochromes. Lactic acid bacteria are divided into two major groups: H omofermentative Heterofermentative D esirable characteristics of lactic acid bacteria as industrial microorganisms . Resent Research .

12. Continue: The choice of a particular lactic acid bacterium for production primarily depends on the carbohydrate to be fermented. Lactobacillus delbreuckii : ferment sucrose. Lactobacillus delbreuckii subspecies bulgaricus : use lactose Lactobacillus helveticus : use lactose and galactose . Lactobacillus amylophylus & Lactobacillus amylovirus : ferment starch. Lactobacillus lactis : ferment glucose , sucrose and galactose Lactobacillus pentosus : ferment sulfite waste liquor.

13. Continue Streptococcu : cause sore throat, non-pathogenic strains used in yoghurt manufacture. Enterococcus : Used to monitor water quality Lactococcus : Used as starter in yoghurt manufacture, Produces copious amounts of lactic acid. Pediococcus : Spoils beer, required in special beers such as lambic beer drunk in parts of Belgium Leuconostoc : Involved in pickling of vegetables , produce dextrans from sucrose.

14. Actinobacteria G+C content of 50% or higher. T endency to form filaments or hyphae Industrial Importance are : Actinomycetes Corynebacterium

15. Importance In Industry Corynebacterium spp : secreters of amino acids Corynebacterium glutamicum  is used for the industrial manufacture of products . L-lysine is mainly used for its beneficial properties as additive in animal and human nutrition.

16. Actinomycetes B ranching filamentous hyphae Petidoglycan in their cell walls, and about 1.0 in diameter A bility to produce secondary metabolites which are of industrial importance. S earch for any bioactive microbial metabolite from soil . Streptomyces : many antibiotics as well as non-anti-microbial drugs have been obtained. Streptomycin, the first antibiotic to cure tuberculosis . Erythromycin, Neomycin, Tetracycline and Cefoxitin .

17. Other Bacteria and Their Importance