Inferences.pptx English...................

Making inferences

1. Topic : inferences and making of inferences Presenters : M Suhail, M Majeed, Dua, Gul Sara, Imad, Vijay Submitted To : Maam Naeema Bakht 9/13/2024 1

2. Objectives After the end of the presentation learner will know about; Inferences with Examples. Importance of Inference in our Daily Life. Types of Inferences with Examples. How to make Inferences . Professions that use inferences. Differences between Inferences and Assumptions. Short Exercise related to Inferences. References. 9/13/2024 2

3. Presenter ; Dua Imran Topic : Inferences 9/13/2024 3

4. What is Inferences. An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning. An inference is an educated guess . OR Inference means the process of arriving at a certain conclusion using reasoning or evidence, which makes them more than just assumptions. 9/13/2024 4

5. Conti…. 9/13/2024 5

6. Conti…. Inference in a sentence refers to a conclusion or interpretation that isn’t explicitly stated but is implied by the given information. Essentially , it is the art of ‘reading between the lines’ when it comes to constructing or understanding sentences . 9/13/2024 6

7. Conti…. You can use inference to find out about a person's actions or intentions using any clues given to you . We use inference a lot in everyday life - not just in reading . Examples 'He's taken his coat, so it must be cold outside. 'They're an animal lover, so I bet they love cats too .  9/13/2024 7

8. Conti…. The best example of an inference in a sentence would be, “John put on his raincoat and boots .” Here, the inference could be that it is raining or about the rain, even though it’s not directly mentioned. The presence of the raincoat and boots serves as clues for the reader to make this inference . Alejandro's baby starts to cry in the middle of the night.   Alejandro can infer that his baby is either hungry or needs a diaper change. 9/13/2024 8

9. Presenter : M Majeed Topic : Importance Of Inferences 9/13/2024 9

10. Importance of Inferences in our Daily Life. Without inference, we would treat what we hear or read in a very literal sense . Inferring is to read between the lines and make assumptions based on smaller details . Drawing inferences is also essential for understanding the world around us . Without them, we wouldn't be able to understand much at all. 9/13/2024 10

11. Conti…. Examples in daily life. Imagine a world without inferences: if you saw snow falling outside, what does that mean ?. It's snowing, yes, but what else ?. From the snow, we infer that it's cold, because it needs to be below 0 °C for ice to form . If we didn't make that inference beforehand, we'd have to go outside and feel the freezing air first. 9/13/2024 11

12. Inferences in Daily Life Observation. 9/13/2024 12

13. Conti…. Inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion. You probably practice inference every day . For example, if you see someone eating a new food and he or she makes a face, then you infer he does not like it. 9/13/2024 13

14. Presenter : Imad Ud Din Topic : Types of Inferences 9/13/2024 14

15. Types of Inferences. Inferences can be  deductive and inductive or abductive . 1: Deductive Inferences. Deductive inferences are the strongest because they can guarantee the truth of their conclusions . Examples Of Deductive Inferences. Major premise: All mammals have backbones. Minor premise: Humans are mammals. Conclusion: Humans have backbones. Major premise: All birds lay eggs. Minor premise: Pigeons are birds. Conclusion: Pigeons also lay egg. 9/13/2024 15

16. Conti…. 2 : Inductive Inferences. Inductive inferences are the most widely used, but they do not guarantee the truth and instead deliver conclusions that are probably true . Examples Of Inductive Inferences. In a science class, students are presented with various leaves collected from different plants.  They are asked to carefully observe the leaves and identify any patterns or similarities they notice. 9/13/2024 16

17. Conti…. 9/13/2024 17

18. Conti…. 9/13/2024 18

19. Presenter : Gul Sara Topic : Making Of Inferences 9/13/2024 19

20. Making of Inferences. To successfully make inferences, students must first look at the relevant information and list those specific textual details. This is because an inference needs to be supported by in-the-text details . Once they have compiled those ideas, they need to figure out what they mean in order to answer the question.   9/13/2024 20

21. Conti…. 1. Identify the premise When making an inference, first identify what you are inferring. This allows you to focus on what you are trying to understand . 2. Ask a question After identifying your premise, you can ask a question about what is occurring . 9/13/2024 21

22. Conti…. 3. Search for clues Next, look for clues that may help you make your inference. You can do this by observing the situation. 4. List relevant details Create a list of relevant details that may help you determine what's happening. 5. Narrow down the choices Once you have a list of details, begin eliminating the ones that are probably unlikely. Doing this can help you reach your logical conclusion . 6. Make your inference  Finally, put your observation and knowledge together to make your inference.   9/13/2024 22

23. Conti…. . Steps of making Inferences . The Five C’s : Collaboration Communication Creativity Critical Thinking Character 9/13/2024 23

24. Presenter : Vijay Topic : Professions that use inferences. 9/13/2024 24

25. Conti…. 1 : Collaboration. Through collaboration in the classroom, learners can work together to infer . This engagement may lead to a question. 2 : Communication. When learners have the freedom to communicate with one another, they have more exposure to the inference which ultimately leads to the answer to the question . 3 : Creativity. When collaboration and communication are alive and well in the classroom, this often organically leads to creativity. 9/13/2024 25

26. Conti…. 4 : Critical Thinking . Critical thinking also helps with making inferences. The more evidence we gather, and the more thoughtfully and carefully we reason, the sounder our inferences are likely to be .   5 : Character. With character in mind when making inferences, students learn how to interpret the emotions and prior actions of a character to predict future actions. 9/13/2024 26

27. Professions that use inferences. Making inferences is a key part of reading comprehension for students. Researchers also use inferences to make their discoveries . Journalists :  Journalists often make inferences when researching their articles and trying to find out what happened at a breaking event . Teachers :  Making inferences is common for teachers when evaluating the performance of their students to see if they understand a concept they taught or whether they're paying attention . Police officers :  Police officers use inferences to determine who took part in a crime and where the suspects might be located. 9/13/2024 27

28. Conti…. Emergency medical technicians :  When diagnosing patients, emergency medical technicians will infer based on the patient's symptoms . Scientists :  Scientists make inferences when conducting experiments to help them understand the relationship between certain actions . Statisticians :  Through hypothesis testing and the analysis of subset data, statisticians regularly make probable inferences about underlying populations. 9/13/2024 28

29. Presenter : Muhammad Suhail Topic : Inferences vs Assumption 9/13/2024 29

30. Difference Between Inferences and Assumptions.   9/13/2024 30

31. Conti…. From the Oxford dictionaries: Inference: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. Note: The inference is not the conclusion - it is the interpretation of the data that may (or may not) merit a certain conclusion. Examples; If you email someone and they do not email you back, you may infer that they are mad or upset with you. 9/13/2024 31

32. Conti…. Assumption: A thing that is ”accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.  Note: The assumption is not necessarily founded in something provable or in reality - this is actually sometimes the whole point of the assumption. “Because we assume that - we can work with this. Examples;  Assumption refers to something we already assume or presuppose.   9/13/2024 32

33. Conti…. 9/13/2024 33

34. Exercise on Inferences. 1 ; Jill's hands were trembling, and sweat ran down her back. Her face was red, and she could feel her ears turning pink, too. Jill grabbed her speech and walked on stage. She smiled at the audience. What can you infer ? A ; Jill has to a speech. B : Jill is nervous. C ; Jill was prepared. D ; All of the above. E ; None of them. 9/13/2024 34

35. Conti…. 2 ; Sally sat down at the dinner table. Her plate was piled high with her mother's home cooking. Sally took very small bites and pushed the food around her plate. Her parents asked how her day was and made small talk. Sally wished her dog, Bubba, wasn't outside. What can you infer ? A : Sally does not angry. B : Sally does not like What her mother made for dinner. C : Silly mother's cooking is awful D : All are correct 9/13/2024 35

36. Conti…. 3 : Bill and Jessica are almost done taking turns to choose the players for their teams. It was Jessica's turn to choose, and Kurt was the only person left. Jessica called Kurt's name. We can infer that : A: Kurt is not a very good player. B: Jessica, Kurt and Bill playing Basketball. C: Kurt is on Bills team. D: Kurt is mean. 4: Jesse slowly made his way into the classroom. He sat in the back row and put his head down. Mr. Miser announced today they were playing a trivia game and the winning students would receive extra credit. What can you infer? 9/13/2024 36

37. Conti…. A: Jesse enjoy Mr. Miser class. B: Mr. Miser Teaches Math. C: Jesse doesn’t like Mr. Miser class. D: Mr. Miser is Jesse Favorite teacher. 5 : Jim spends most of his time staring at the cement walls. He wishes he would have done things differently. Jim hates the meals he is served.  He also hates having to wear the required uniform.  Where is Jim most likely at ? A: Construction site. B: Jail C: School. D: Passage doesn’t provide enough information. 9/13/2024 37

38. References. https://bedrocklearning.org/literacy-blogs/inference-in-reading-comprehension/ https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-observation-and-inference https:// www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=making-inferences_4 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-an-inference-and-an-assumption#:~:text=From%20the%20Oxford%20dictionaries%3A,certain%20to%20happen%2C%20without%20proof . https://openstax.org/books/introduction-philosophy/pages/5-4-types-of-inferences#:~:text=Inferences%20can%20be%20deductive%2C%20inductive,conclusions%20that%20are%20probably%20true . https:// www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html 9/13/2024 38

39. 9/13/2024 39

40. 9/13/2024 40