inroduction of history petroleum and thier classiication

{No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts. (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) }
“Anticlinal theory” known but not used in practice
First Drilling in America: using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859
Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania)
First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product

1. Lecturer @ SNU: Mr. Mohamed said { History of petroleum Geology } Faculty of Science{ Department Geology} Somali National University (SNU)

2. Historical review of petroleum geology

3. Historical Developments of petroleum geology ( Herodotus, c. 450 BC ), described oil seeps in Carthage (Tunisia) and the Greek island Zachynthus . Prior to 1900 { No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts . (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) } “ Anticlinal theory ” known but not used in practice First Drilling in America : using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859 Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania) First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product) Demand: Industrial Revolution Internal Combustion Engine (1885) Global Economic Growth FIGURE 1.1 Early cable-tool rig used in America the motive power was provided by one man and a spring pole.

4. Natural Oil Spills

5. 1901-1924 “ Anticlinal theory ” put in practice with Spindle top well in Texas Anticlinal Theory: Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure 1914: Seismograph invented (remote sensing) 1920s: Introduction of rotary drilling (well control, environment) 1924: First electrical well logging (formation evaluation) Masjidy -Suleyman 1908 - First Middle East Oil

6. 1924: First electrical well logging (formation evaluation)

7. 1925 - 1945 Important discoveries in La Paz (Venezuela), Kirkuk (Iraq; carbonate reservoir!), numerous fields in Middle East (most also carbonates) Introduced Oil is organic , not inorganic; micropaleontology and organic geochemistry developed as important tools Technological breakthroughs: Rotary drilling (mechanical device on drilling rig providing clockwise rotational force) , torsion balance, gravimeter, reflection seismology, electrical well logs, perforations wells to 3000 meters depth (before: to 1000 m)

8. 1945 - 1960 Drilling boom, discovery of major oil fields in Middle East, USA, Western Canada, Russian platform Drilling depths reach 6000 meters; gas became important Important insights into hydrocarbon migration and accumulation . Sedimentology becomes important to understand reservoirs “Log-normal distribution” of oil fields

9. Large Land Drilling Rig Rotary Drilling Rig Schematic

10. 1960 - 1980 Offshore drilling technology developed Vast improvement of seismic acquisition and processing; becomes vital exploration tool. Further technological improvements in drilling, construction, and logging Digital computers (data manipulation) Directional drilling 3D seismic (enhanced imaging) Since 1980 : Passive margins plays discovered (Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, Brazil). Deep to ultra-deep drilling technology developed 3-D and 4-D seismics provide volumetric and dynamic picture of reservoirs; leads to seismic stratigraphy Integration of petroleum disciplines; computerized workflows Discovery of North Sea, Libya, Nigeria, Siberia, eastern Mexico oil provinces

11. Energy Resources of the World and Measurement Units Coal 21%, Oil 32%, Natural Gas 23%, Nuclear Power 6%, Hydropower/Geothermal/Solar/ Wind 7% Measurement Units Quantities of oil are expressed in barrels: 1 barrel = 159 liters 1 cubic meter = 6.37 barrels 1 metric ton = 6.8 to 7.6 barrels (depend on gravity). Barrel of oil is not easily converted to metric ton because this is dependent on the specific gravity of oil. Gas is expressed in millions of cubic feet: 1 MMcf ≈ 3·104 m3

12. Numbers from BP statistical review for oil gas reserves: Countries having largest oil reserve: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada Middle East- Saudi Arabia and Iran Europe- Russia and Kazakhstan Africa- Algeria, Angola, Nigeria South and central America- Venezuela, Brazil North America Asia pacific- china , India, Indonesia and Australia.

13. THE CONTEXT OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 2.1 Relationship of Petroleum Geology to Science Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology . 1- The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Like detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict the places where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, or enhanced by the solution of minerals by formation waters.

14. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum. 2- Physics : its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth’s crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory , and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetic, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.

15. 3- Biology : is applied to geology in several ways, not ably through the study of fossils ( paleontology ), and is especially significant in establishing bio stratigraphic zones for regional strati graphical correlation. Ecology , the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation.

16. Relationship of Petroleum Geology to Petroleum Exploration and Production 1 3 2

17. Refining petroleum Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil into more useful produce . Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand. These co m p o n ents have t o b e s e p a r a te d . This i s d o ne b y hea t i n g th e crude oil i n a dis til l ation t o wer tha t has t r ays a n d t e mp e r a ture s set at dif f e r e nt l e ve l s . O il ’ s hydrocarbons and metals have different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is heated, vapors from the different elements rise to different levels of the tower before condensing B ack into a liquid on the tiered trays . Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different locations .

18. ▶ petroleum contain many elements the key compounds are carbon (83% – 87%), hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1% - 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur (0.5% - 6%) with a few metals making up a very small percentage of the petroleum composition.

19. Petroleum-composition ▶ The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows: Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 87% Hydrogen 10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.06 – 2% Metals 0.1%

20. Summary this subject covers geologic history of petroleum describing how petroleum is generated, migrated and accumulated in the sub-surface, characteristics of reservoir rocks and reservoir dynamics. Course also covers volumetric estimation of in-place hydrocarbon reserves.  Because We depend on energy: In the industrial world every person uses the energy corresponding to about 200 human powers 24 hours per day   Fossil energy constitutes ±85% of our energy consumption     Fossil fuels are finite   The burning of fossil fuels has undesirable climatic consequences, but: Energy companies are important for the economy

21. Thank you…..