Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pests

References


Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.

Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.

Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.

Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.

Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.

Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.

Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.

Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.

Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.

Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.

Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.

1. N.RAMYA SRI RAD/ 2017-12 DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY , COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PJTSAU ,HYDERABAD

2. 1968 &1972 Tribolium castaneum Rhyzopertha dominica Rhyzopertha dominica Tribolium castaneum Oryzaephilus surinamensis 1990 1994 TIMELINE

3. 2007 Rhyzopertha dominica

4. Important insect pests of stored grains in India SPECIES REMARKS Beetles Tribolium castaneum Ubiquitous Rhyzopertha domnica Common in indoor and outdoor stacks, paddy rice in partIcular Sitophilus oryzae Occur in wheat especially soft varieties and maize Trogoderma granarium Confmed to extreme climatIc zones Oryzaephilus surnamensis Common in grains. Cryptolestes spp Common in milled rice. Moths Ephestia cautella Major moth pest in many godowns Corcyra cephalontca Occur sporadically in milled rice Sitotroga cerealella noticed in new arrivals especially in paddy

5. Treatments Species Populacation Types of resistance References DDT Sitophilus zeamais Brazil Kdr & multiple resistance Guedes et al. (1995), Ribeiro et al. (2003) Lindane Sitophilus zeamais Mexico Perez Mendoza (1999) Chlorpyrifos -methyl Sitophilus granarius Serbia Kljajic & Peric ( 2007) Dichlorvos Sitophilus granarius Serbia Kljajic & Peric (2006, 2007); Kljajic et al. (2009) Malathion Sitophilus granarius Serbia Kljajic & Peric (2006, 2007); Kljajic et al. (2009) Mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels that confer resistance by reducing insecticide binding and/or via altering sodium channel gating to counteract the action of insecticide.

6. INSECT DISTRIBUTIN CHEMICAL CLASS MECHANISM Tribolium castaneum Global High Carbon Dioxide Triacylglycerol reserves Tribolium castaneum Global Carbamates (1A) Malathion Carboxylestearse Non-specific esterases , Glutathione s- transferase Tribolium castaneum Global Organophosphates (1B) Non-specific esterases Glutathione s- transferase Tribolium castaneum Global Cyclodiene organochlorines (2A) RdL (A302S) target site mutation Tribolium castaneum Global Pyrethroids-Pyrethrins (3A) Glutathione s- transferase Tribolium castaneum Global DDT (3B) Unkown Tribolium castaneum Global Phosphides (24A) Reduced uptake and enhanced metabolism

7. Development of resistance in Tribolium castaneum , Herbst ( Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae ) towards deltamethrin in laboratory Showing increase in LC50 value in successive generations Swetha et al .,2013

8. Treatments Species Populations Types of resistance References Chlorpyrifos -methyl Rhyzopertha dominica Australia Genetic Resistance Daglish et al. (1995), Daglish (2008) Phosphine Rhyzopertha dominica Australia Collins et al. (2005), Campbell (2010) Phosphine Rhyzopertha dominica India Rajendran & Muralidharan (2001) Deltamethrin Rhyzopertha dominica Brazil Lorini & Galley (1998, 1999) Cineole Rhyzopertha dominica India Tripathi et al. (2003) Bacillus thuringiensis Rhyzopertha dominica USA Oppert et al. (2010) Phosphine Trogoderma granarium Asia/Africa Bell & Wilson (1995) Bacillus thuringiensis Trogoderma variabile USA Oppert et al. (2010)

9. Degree of resistance acquired by the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica to Malathion and Deltamethrin Resistance Factor In comparison with Laboratory Susceptible strain Name of the strain LC 50 (%) LC 99.9 (%) LC 50 LC99.9 Malathion (50 % EC) Resistant population 0.0217 3.4883 3.80 2.61 Susceptible strain 0.0057 1.3337 - - Deltamethrin (2.8 )% EC Resistant population 0.0345 3.4338 1.60 3.83 Susceptible population 0.0215 0.8965 - - Ramesh babu et al .,2017

10. Relative toxicity of newer insecticide Spinosad in comparison with Malathion and Deltamethrin against resistant population of lesser grain borer , Rhyzopertha dominica for its management at 72 HAT Hours after treatment Relative toxicity of Spinosad (45 % EC) Over Malathion Over Deltamethrin LC 50 LC99.9 LC 50 LC99.9 24 1.41 0.88 1.84 0.69 48 1.47 1.09 2.02 0.82 72 1.55 0.93 2.46 0.92 Ramesh babu et al .,2017

11. Occurence of phosphine resistance among collected stored grain insect pests Species Screened Found Resistant Frequency of resistance occurence Tribolium castaneum 110 110 100 Rhyzopertha dominica 38 36 95 Sitophilus oryzae 36 26 72 Oryzaephilus surnamensis 25 22 92 Cryptolestes spp 8 7 88 Rajendaran.,2002

12. Prevalence of enterococci in stored product insects isolated in three localities s.no Insect species isolated from Total no. of insects (%) of isolates positive for enterococci 1. L. serricorne 10 2. S.paniceum 23 3. P. truncatus 98 33 4. C. ferrugineus 83 17 5. O. surinamensis 32 6. C. maculatus 17 7. T. castaneum 34 8. T. confusum 18 9. S. zeamais 2 10. R. dominica 12 11. Anthrenus sp. 1 Total 730 50 Joseph et al .,2017 OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI I N SOME INSECTS FROM STORED FOOD PRODUCTS IN BOTSWANA

13. Antibiotic susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. isolated from P. truncatus and C. ferrugineus Antibiotic % Resistant % Intermediate % Susceptible Novobiocin 100 Streptomycin 30 70 Methicillin 100 Erythromycin 100 Tetracycline 90 10 Penicillin G 100 Fusidic acid 100 Chloramphenicol 100

14. MANAGEMENT The increasing problem of resistance to pesticides resulting in contamination have directed the need for development of alternative strategies 1) Biorational chemicals which have minimal potential for development of resistance. 2) Biological control agents. 3) Physical and ecological methods ( Talukder and Miyata, 2002).

15. Various plant extracts has been found toxic against the stored grain insect-pests include : Neem Black pepper Peppermint Tulsi Mint Turmeric Custard apple Cinnamon Coriander Marigold Coconut oil Castor oil Eucalyptus Groundnut oil Mustard oil Sesame oil Botanicals

16. Coriander seed and cinnamon bark exhibits insecticidal properties against S. oryzae at all levels of treatment but varies with exposure period and powder concentration (Bala, 2015) Black pepper and tulsi leaf powder @ 5g/kg seed provides efficient control against R. dominica in stored sorghum (Meena et al., 2015) The acetone extracts of Adathoda vasica , Lantana camera , Vitex negundo and Catharanthus roseus have toxicidal and repellent properties , and seed protective effect to a promising level and can reduce the dependency on chemical pesticides against rice weevil in stored maize ( Soujanya et al., 2016)

17. Two major constituents of the essential oil of garlic ( Allium sativum L.), methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide , were found to be potent contact toxicants, fumigants and feeding deterrents against S. zeamais and T. castaneum (Huang et al., 2000). Xie et al. (1995) reported the repellency and toxicity effects of azadirachtin and neem extracts on C. ferrugineus , S. oryzae and T. castaneum . Obeng-Ofori and Reichmuth (1997) reported the high toxicity and protectant potential of eugenol against S . granarius , S. zeamais , T. castaneum and P. truncatus . The essential oil of Artemisia annua L. was found to be toxic and repellent against T. castaneum and C. maculatus ( Tripathi et al ., 2000). The essential oil vapours distilled from anise, cumin, eucalyptus, oregano and rosemary were reported to have fumigant properties, causing 100% mortality of the eggs of T. confusum , and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller ( Tunc et al., 2000).

18. Biological control It is not very encouraging in storage godowns However, some of the predators and parasites have been recorded affecting different stored grain pests Advantages Minimal toxic risks to farmers, storekeepers and consumers It can be used on organic grain Reduced risks to the environment Fits readily in to an integrated approach of pest control No resistant development Able to seek out pests inaccessible to many other methods

19. Parasitoids Stage attacked Insect pest Habrobracon hebetor Larva Plodia interpunctella Pteromalus cerealella Larva Sitotroga cerealella Pteromalus pyrophilus Larva Sitotroga cerealella Antrocephalus aethiopicus Larva Corcyra cephalonica Choetospila elegans Larva Lasioderma serricorne, Rhizopertha dominica, Callosobruchus spp. Sitophilus orizae, S. granarium and Trogoderma granarium Venturia canescens Larva Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella Trichogramma pretiosum Egg Ephestia cautella and Plodia interpunctella T. cacoeciae Egg Sitotroga cerealella and Corcyra cepholonica (Jain and bhargava, 2007) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

20. Name of parasites used to control certain stored grain pest Name of parasite Family Order Used against stored insect Bracon hebetor Braconidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps Venturia canescens Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps Lariophagus distinguendus Ptermalidae Hymenoptera Sitophilus granarius L. Venturia canescens Pyralidae Lepidoptera Plodia interpunctella Anisopteromalus clandrae Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps Anisopteromalus calandrae Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Cephalonomia waterstoni Peregrinator biannulipes Reduviidae Hemiptera Sitophilus granarius L. Xylocris flavipes Anthocoridae Hemiptera Plodia interpunctella Lyctocoris spp Anthocoridae Hemiptera S. oryzae Amphibolus wenator Reduviidae Hemiptera S. oryzae Scenopinus fenetralis Scenopinidae Diptera Cephalonomia waterstoni Ventura canescens Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera S. oryzae Bracon hebetor Say Braconidae Hymenoptera S. oryzae Antrocephalus spp Chalcididae Hymenoptera S. oryzae

21. Physical and ecological methods Inert Dusts, Sands and Silica Aerogel diatomaceous earth (DE) have shown insecticidal and ovicidal activity against Callasobruchus . disinfesting seeds of pigeon pea , as the solar heat-treated seeds remained free from bruchid damage even after 41 weeks of storage. Generally, the combination of low O 2 and high CO 2 leads to higher mortality than either gas alone because of the combined effects of anoxia and hypercarbia (Wang et al., 2000) Colorized light and sound trap also control grain insect. Light is used to lure and trap for flying insects. 1MHz sound exposure for 5 minutes can kill all of stages of S. granarius .

22. Phosphine resistance level in Tribolium castaneum collected from UV light traps before and after fumigation with phosphine in Food Corporation of India grain storage warehouses at Peelamedu , Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Light trap no. Percent resistance (Mean ± SE) Before fumigation After fumigation Low concentration High concentration Low concentration High concentration (0.03 mg L-1) (0.25 mg L-1) (0.03 mg L-1) (0.25 mg L-1) Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Mean 91.49 ± 0.25 88.05 ± 0.39 85.32 ± 0.10 93.40 ± 0.09 89.57± 0.20 64.66 ± 0.30 67.79 ± 0.25 56.38 ± 0.21 60.04 ± 0.12 62.22± 0.22 99.43 ± 0.09 87.45± 0.07 100.00 ± 0.00 94.40 ± 0.18 95.32±0.09 75.84±1.76 82.99 ± 0.77 74.37 ± 0.08 85.39 ± 0.32 79.65±0.73 Mohan and Rajesh.,2016

23. Irradi a ton It is the practice of applying electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths and energy to a commodity for the purpose of pest control Sources of ionizing radiation are from radioisotopes such as cesium or cobalt Only a single radiation exposure of grains is sufficient for disinfestations Low dose applications (Le s s Than 1kG y ) has been fou n d us e ful for I ns e ct disinfestation of stored grain, pulses and products (Tilton et al. 1974 ) while strong inonizing radiation (at a dose of >0.6 kGy ) causes sterilization in stored grain insects.

24. Mean percentage survival of T. castaneum irradiated as larvae. (Tuncbilek et al ., 2003) Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of the red flour beetle

25. Pusa Cubicle Metal bins Silos Improved storage structures

26. Mechanical measures

27. Behavioral Control by Using Insect Pheromones Trogoderma pheromone 14- methyl 8 - hexadecenal is now used to capture and kill large numbers of Trogoderma granarium . wheat germ oil combined with sex pheromone is used to attract and trap Trogoderma larvae. Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), produces an aggregation pheromone several species of stored-product Pyralidae respond to the synthesized sex pheromone (Z, E) - 9, 12-tetradecadien -1 - 01 acetate.

28. Varieties of some crops resistant to stored grain pests

29. Other control measures Most popular and most effective Spinosad @ 1 ppm (1 mg a.i ./kg of grain) Surface sprays of bags as and when the insect-pests are visible are done with insecticides such as primiphos-methyl , DDVP, fenitrothion etc. Allay charging or spraying of allays between two grain stocks with DDVP @0.05% has been found effective Spraying dunnage materials and ceilings of empty godown with malathion50 EC 10 ml/l or DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml/l at 3 l spray solution per 100 sq m.

30. SCIENTIST WORK DONE JOURNAL/PLACE Karl J. Kramer.,2000 Transgenic avidin maize is resistant to storage insect pests. Grain Marketing Production Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, K. Pramod Kumar Reddy, B. U.,2002 Sorghum Resistance to the Rice Weevil,  Sitophilus oryzae  (L.): Antixenosis . IIMR,Hyderabad P.J. Collins 2006 Resistance to chemical treatments in insect pests of stored grain and its management. 9 th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection Pimentel, 2008 Resistance of stored-product insects to phosphine . University Federal de Vicosa , Brazil Shweta Singh, Sant Prakash,2013 Development of resistance in Tribolium castaneum , Herbst ( Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae ) towards deltamethrin in laboratory. Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra. Mohan and Rajesh.,2016 Use of light traps in a phosphine resistance management strategy for Tribolium castaneum in Indian grain storage wharehouses . TNAU

31. SCIENTIST WORK DONE JOURNAL/PLACE HC Sharma, Ashok S Alur , Ch Ravinder Reddy,2008 Management of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pests in Bulk Storage. ICRISAT Sreenivasa Reddy.,2010 Survey for the incidence of stored grain pests and studies on the relative resistance of malathion against sitophilus oryzae in maize. ANGRAU Ramesh babu ,2017 Status of insecticide resistance in lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica in Andhra prades . Evaluation of spinosad against delamethrin and malathion in resistance population of lesser grain borer. Rice research unit, Bapatla,A.P Joseph allotey , D. Loeto.,2017 Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in some insects from stored food products in botswana . Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana

32. Thank you