Insulin by Dr. Anurag Yadav

biological Insulin, synthesis, factors affecting synthesis, primary structure of insulin, different insulin preparations, mechanism of action of Insulin and pathway, physiological & biochemical effect of Insulin, Disorders related with insulin production, treatment strategy, Drugs Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus

1. Presenter : Dr Anurag Yadav Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

2. Is a polypeptide hormone produce by β -cells of langerhans of pancreas. It has profound influence on metabolism of Carbohydrates, fat & proteins. It is considered as the anabolic hormone. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

3. It was the first hormone to be isolated, purified & synthesized. First hormone to be sequenced First hormone to be produced by recombinant DNA technology. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

4. Structure Human Insulin contain 51 aminoacids , arranged in TWO Polypeptide chains. Chain A = 21 AA Chain B = 30 AA Two Interchain Disulfide bridge = A7-B7 & A20-B19. Intrachain Disulfide link in chain A = 6-11. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

5. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

6. Gene for protein synthesis is located on Chr 11 Produced from β -cell of Langerhans of pancreas. Synthesis involve two precursors Preproinsulin = 108AA Proinsulin = 86 AA Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

7. These are sequentially degraded to form the active hormone Insulin and Connecting peptide (C-Peptide) C-peptide has no biological activity, however its estimation in plasma serves as the useful index for endogenous production of insulin. In β -cells, Insulin combines with Zinc to form a complex & stored in granules. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

8. About 40-50Units secreted daily by Human pancreas. Normal value is = 20-30 μ U/mL Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

9. Stimulating the secretion Glucose Aminoacids GI Hormone ( secretin , gastrin , pancreozymin ) Parasympatheic stimulation Incretin hormone Inhibiting secretion Epinephrine Alp-ha adrenergic stimulaion Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

10. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

11. The insulin signaling pathway provide an excellent example for Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

12. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

13. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

14. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

15. Half life is 4-5mins. A protease enzyme, namely insulinase degrades Insulin (mainly found in liver and kidney) Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

16. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

17. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

18. Disorders Diabetes mellitus Type I DM Type II DM Type 1.5 DM Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

19. Resistance Insulin resistance  ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. Measuring insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (Gold std) Modified insulin suppression test HOMA (homeostatic model assessment), QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

20. Analysis for the Diagnosis & Monitoring of the Diabetes status Blood Glucose (Fasting & PPBS) OGTC (Oral Glucose tolerance test) Glycated Hb (HbA1c) Urine Glucose Sr - Insulin, C-Peptide . Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

21. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

22. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

23. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC

24. Dept Of Biochemistry, FMMC