Intelligence and two factor theory

Intelligence: Two Factor Theory

1. I ntelligence Samta Upadhyay Research Scholar NET-JRF Banaras Hindu University Faculty of Education (K)

2. Haggerty believed intelligence is the ability to deal with novelty. Intelligence is the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge (intelligence 1993 American heritage collage) INTELLIGENCE

3. “बुद्धि तर्क करने की योग्यता है” बर्ट वुडवथ ? के अनुसार – “बुद्धि कार्य करने की एक विधि है। ” “ Intelligence is a way of acting .” टरमन के अनुसार (१९१६) – “ बुद्धि , अमूर्त चिंतन की योग्यता है ” बिकंघम के अनुसार – ” सीखने की शक्ति ही बुद्धि है ।” “ Intelligence is the ability to learn .” “नवीन परिस्थितियों से चेतन अनुकूलन ही बुद्धि है” रास स्टर्न- नयी परिस्थितियों में समायोजन की योग्यता गाल्टन- बुद्धि विभेद एवं चयन की शक्ति है

4. Thurstone (1938) viewed intelligence as consisting of seven primary mental abilities; verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, number, spatial visualization, memory, reasoning and perceptual speed . To coordinate all the views, one may rely on the definition given by DAVID WECHSLER(1977); The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully , and deal effectively with the environment . Its mean for Wechsler intelligence is an effective , rational & goal directed behaviour.

5. सीखने की योग्यता (Ability of learn) अमूत चिंतन की योग्यता ( Ability of think abstractly) समस्या का समाधान करने की योग्यता ( Ability to solve problems) वातावरण से समायोजन की योग्यता ( Ability to adjust to one’s environment) इन परिभाषाओ के अनुसार बुद्धि में के वल एक तरह की क्षमता नही, बल्कि इसमें अनेक तरह की क्षमताये सम्मिलित होती है।

6. Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory: Theory:  The English psychologist, Charles Spearman (1863-1945), in 1904 proposed his theory of intelligence called two-factor theory.  According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of two factors, namely  the general ability known as G-factor and  specific Abilities known as S-factors.

7. The performance by the individual is determined by the G-factor and the S-factors .  The total intelligence of the individual is the sum total of the G-factor and the S-factors .  The performance of a particular task depends on the ‘G’ factor or general ability and the particular ‘S’ factor or specific ability.

8. Spearman also noted most people are best in one or two particular areas and so he included specific factor “S” that allow a person to excel on particular task . For example student who has trouble in math's may excel in Bio . The combination of “G” and “S” factors provides the specific intelligence level of an individual. I.Q=M,A/C.A * 100

9. C haracteristics of ‘ G’ Factor : eristics of ‘G’ Factor:  It is universal inborn ability.  It is general mental energy.  It is constant.  The amount of ‘g’ differs from individual to individual .  It is used in every activity of life.  Greater the ‘g’ in an individual, greater is his success in life.

10.  It is learned and acquired in the environment .  It varies from activity to activity in the same individual.  Individuals differ in the amount of ‘S’ ability. Characteristics of ‘S’ Factor:

11.  ‘G’ factor represents Native Intelligence thus when we respond to any situation or perform an intellectual task, our general mental ability or ‘G’ factor is mainly responsible for it and our specific ability in that particular task is responsible for the rest .  There are a large number of specific abilities such as ability to draw inferences, ability to complete sentences, ability to code message etc .

12.  Different individuals differed both in their ‘G’ as well as ‘S’ factors.  For e.g. an individual’s performance in literature is partly due to his general intelligence and partly due some specific aptitude for his language , i.e. G+S1 .  In mathematics his performance may be the result of G+S2. In drawing, it may be due to G+S3 and in social sciences; it may be due to G+S4 and so on.  Thus the factor ‘G’ is present in all specific activities .

13.  1. The theory gives a better insight to the teacher about the nature of intelligence .  2. The general ability differs from individual to individual .  3. The specific abilities also differ from individual to individual .  4. ‘S’ factor varies in degrees. Therefore, it can be modified by learning or habitual training Educational Implications and relevance of Spearman’s Two –Factor Theory

14. 5 . A child requires different amounts of ‘ G’ and ‘S’ factors for achieving success in different Subjects . 6 . We require a high quality of ‘G’ factor for our success in life . 7 . Both ‘G’ and ‘S’ have a high correlation. 8 . This theory could be used to guide, construction of a set of ability test