Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx

INTENSIVE SYSTEM
• Birds are completely confined in the houses either on floor (ground or slatted floor) or in the cages.
• Most efficient system for the commercial or modern poultry production in huge numbers
A.) DEEP LITTER SYSTEM
• Birds are housed on floor by placing over suitable litter material.
• Characteristics of ideal litter materials – Light in weight
Medium particle size
Highly adsorbent
Rapid drying
Soft and compressible
Low thermal conductivity
Less expensive and easily available
• Commonly available litter materials – paddy husk, saw dust, wood shavings, peanut hulls, sugarcane bagasse, crushed corn cobs, processed papers.
• Thickness of litter – 5cm (2”) in summer and 7.5 cm (3”) in winter finally at the time of disposal 10-12 cm (4”-5”)
Moisture content of litter Consequences
20-25% Optimum moisture
30% (wet) Ammonia production, decrease in productivity, increased risk of infectious diseases, keratoconjunctivitis
• Proper stirring of litter i.e. raking should be done on every alternate day.

Reasons for wet litter condition  necessary action to be taken
1. Wet & humid weather  proper ventilation
2. Excess moisture in faeces due to increased water intake due to excess salt in feed  nutritional management
 To avoid wet litter 1kg lime or ½ kg super phosphate per square meter should be applied.
 Sparkling of wood ash & super phosphate in the ratio of 4:1 @ 5 kg/ 10 square meter area prevents emission of ammonia
B.) SLATTED FLOOR SYSTEM
• Slatted floor, iron rods or wood reapers are used as floor, usually 2-3 feet above the ground level to facilitate fall of droppings through slats.
• Wooden reapers or iron rods of 2” diameter can be used on lengthwise of the house with interspaces of 1” between rods.
SLAT CUM LITTER SYSTEM
 Part of the floor is covered with slats and rest of the floor is covered with litter
 2/3rd of floor is slats and 1/3rd area is left for litter
 Feeders and waterers are arranged in both slat and litter area
 Mostly preferred for broiler breeders
 In case of breeder flock, nest boxes are usually kept on litter area
CAGE SYSTEM
 This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages.
 Very efficient for LAYERS.
 Feeders and waterers are attached to cages from outside except nipple waterers, for which pipeline is installed through or above cages.
 Auto-operated feeding trolleys and egg collection belts can also be used in this rearing system.
 The droppings are either collected in trays underneath cages or on belts or on the floor or deep pit under cages, depending on type of cages.
Based on no. of BIRDS
• Single
• Multiple
• Colony
Based on th

1. Prepared by Dr. Harshini Alapati (M.V.Sc Poultry science) Contractual Teaching Faculty Dept of LFC Veterinary College, Hassan KVAFSU, Karnataka HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR INTENSIVE REARING OF POULTRY

2. Birds are completely confined in the houses either on floor (ground or slatted floor) or in the cages. Most efficient system for the commercial or modern poultry production in huge number s. III. INTENSIVE SYSTEM Before planning poultry farm Consider ---selection of site Orientation of houses Layout of operations Design and construction of sheds

3. Away from human residences Facilities of transport and communication Nearness to the market Availability of raw material-for-housing and feeding Marketing channel and scope of sale Facilities of electricity and water supply Future expansion SELECTION OF SITE

4. ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS Best use of land as the minimum area of land is required for intensive farming Cost of initial investment is very high. Scientific operations like prophylaxis, balanced feeding, breeding and culling can be easily carried out All the nutrients should be supplied through feed Production performance will be higher as the energy is saved due to restriction of movements Natural behaviour of birds will be compromised. Record keeping is possible and economic return can be calculated accurately. Welfare of birds is affected due to increased stocking density Detection and isolation of sick birds can be made easily. Biosecurity measures can be adopted. Chance of spreading diseases is more.

5. Birds are housed on floor by placing over suitable litter material. Characteristics of ideal litter material – DEEP LITTER SYSTEM Light in weight Medium particle size Highly adsorbent Rapid drying Soft and compressible Low thermal conductivity Less expensive and easily available Biodegradable

6. Commonly available litter materials – paddy husk, saw dust, wood shavings, peanut hulls, sugarcane bagasse, crushed corn cobs, processed papers.

7. Deep litter shed of native chicken

8. D eep litter housing of broilers

9. Thickness of litter – 5cm (2”) in summer and 7.5 cm (3”) in winter finally at the time of disposal 10-12 cm (4”-5”) Proper stirring of litter i.e. raking should be done on every alternate day.

10. Moisture content of litter consequences 20-25% Optimum moisture < 20% (Dry) Dusty  dehydration, respiratory distress >30% (wet) Ammonia production, decrease in productivity, increased risk of infectious diseases, keratoconjunctivitis

11. Reasons for wet litter condition Wet & humid weather  proper ventilation Excess moisture in faeces due to increased water intake due to excess salt in feed  nutritional management To avoid wet litter 1kg lime or ½ kg super phosphate per square meter should be applied. Sparkling of wood ash & super phosphate in the ratio of 4:1 @ 5 kg/ 10 square meter area prevents emission of ammonia

12. DEEP LITTER HOUSES OF POULTRY

13. Length – any extent depending on the number of birds reared Width – 22 to 25 feet ( > 25 feet – ridge ventilation) Environmentally controlled houses - 40 feet Height - @ eaves 8-10 feet; @ ridges  12-14 feet Foundation -1-1.5 feet below & 1-1.5 feet above the ground Floor – should be extended 1.5 feet outside the wall Side walls - 1 to 1.5 feet with < 35 cm thickness, rest of the side wall should be welded mire mesh (14- 20 G) Door – 1m width & 2m height Over hang – shouldn't be < 3feet preferably  3.5 – 5 feet. Lights – arranged @ 7-8 feet above floor level and hanged from ceiling Incandescent bulbs @ 10 feet interval, Fluorescent bulbs or IR @ 15 feet interval.

14. SPECIFICATIONS FOR OPEN SIDED HOUSES A - length of the house (no restriction nn ) B - width of the house (<25’) C - height of wall (8-10’ @ eaves , 12-14’ @ ridge) D - Overhang- 3-5’ E - height of floor from base 2’ ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Temperature – 22-30º C Relative humidity – 30-60% Ammonia -<25 ppm Litter moisture – 20%

15. ORIENTATION OF HOUSE N N E W S E W N S E W S TEMPERATE REGIONS TROPICAL REGIONS BOTH HIGH & LOW TEMP

16. Open sided commercial Broiler house

17. Open sided commercial Broiler house

18. ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS Litter provides cooling effect in summer and warmth in winter season Wastage of feed Built up litter provides Vit B12 and riboflavin Lesser housing density compared to cage system FCR is inferior than cage birds Low cost of investment Cannibalism and chances of vices Lesser incidence of broken eggs Small sized and unclean eggs Welfare of birds can be promoted to some extent Risk of communicable diseases through faeco-oral transmission Housing males and females furnishes fertility No chance of maintaining individual hen record Problem of broodiness

19. Slatted floor, iron rods or wood reapers are used as floor, usually 2-3 feet above the ground level to facilitate fall of droppings through slats. Wooden reapers or iron rods of 2” diameter can be used on lengthwise of the house with interspaces of 1” between rods. SLATTED FLOOR SYSTEM

20. SLATTED FLOOR SYSTEM

21. ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS Less floor space per bird is needed when compared to solid floor system Higher initial cost than conventional solid floors Bedding is eliminated Manure handling is avoided Less flexibility in the use of the building Increased sanitation, Soil borne infection is controlled Any spilled feed is lost through the slots Saving in labour More fly problem.

22. Part of the floor is covered with slats and rest of the floor is covered with litter 2/3 rd of floor is slats and 1/3 rd area is left for litter Feeders and waterers are arranged in both slat and litter area Mostly preferred for broiler breeders In case of breeder flock, nest boxes are usually kept on litter area SLAT CUM LITTER SYSTEM

23. SLAT CUM LITTER SYSTEM

24. ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS More eggs can be produced per unit of floor space than all solid floors. Housing investment is higher with the slat cum litter house than with the all-litter house. Fertility is better with the slat cum litter house than with the all-slat house Manure beneath the slats commonly results in fly problems.

25. This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages. V ery efficient for LAYERS . Feeders and waterers are attached to cages from outside except nipple waterers, for which pipeline is installed through or above cages. Auto-operated feeding trolleys and egg collection belts can also be used in this rearing system. The droppings are either collected in trays underneath cages or on belts or on the floor or deep pit under cages, depending on type of cages. CAGE SYSTEM

26. TYPES OF CAGES

27. SINGLE CAGES COLONY CAGES

28. VERTICAL CAGES

29. CALIFORNIAN CAGES

30. CALIFORNIAN CAGES

31. DOUBLE DECK CALIFORNIAN CAGES TRIPLE DECK CALIFORNIAN CAGES

32. CHICK / BROODER CAGE LAYER CAGE

33. TYPE OF CAGE BROODER / CHICK GROWER LAYER LAYER LENGTH 60” 30” 15” 18” BREADTH 36” 18” 18” 15” HEIGHT (FRONT& BACK) 12” 15” 18”& 15” 18”& 15” No. of BIRDS 60 10 4 4 SLOPE - - 1/6 (Conventional) 1/5 (Reverse) MEASUREMENTS OF CAGES FOR DIFFERENT AGE GROUP CHICKEN

34. Type Age (in weeks) Deep-litter (ft 2 ) Cages (ft 2 ) Egg-type chicken 0 - 8 0.60 0.30 9 - 18 1.25 0.50 > 18 1.50 0.65 Meat-type chicken 0 - 3 0.50 - 4 - 6 1.00 - FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENTS

35. ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS Minimum floor space is needed No need of litter material High initial investment cost. More number of eggs per hen can be received. Clean eggs production Vices like egg eating, pecking is minimal. The incidence of blood spots in egg is more, Chances of broken eggs Less feed wastage Better feed efficiency can be achieved Handling of manure may be problem. Generally, flies become a greater nuisance. Protection from internal parasites especially faeco –oral transmission, culling and identification is easy Problem of cage layer fatigue in layers and breast blisters in broilers. Broodiness is minimal, Artificial Insemination (AI) can be adopted Welfare of birds is compromised.

36. OUTSIDE VIEW OF CALIFORNIAN CAGE LAYER SHED

37. The height of the shed is raised by 6-7 feet using concrete pillars. The distance between two pillars is 10 feet. Two feet wide concrete platforms are made over the pillars. When 3 ‘M’ type cages are arranged 4 platforms are needed. In case of 2 ‘M’ and 2 ‘L’ type cages are arranged 3 platforms are needed. When constructing platforms projecting angles or iron rods to be provided to fix the cages. The inter-platform distance is 6-7 feet depending upon the type of the cages used. The total height of the house is 20-25 feet and the width is 30-33 feet. This type of houses provides sufficient ventilation in tropical countries. ELEVATED CAGE LAYER HOUSE

38. Ventilation is the exchange of fresh air for foul or expired air Removal of stagnant air around the bird which is high in CO2, moisture, heat and other pollutants with fresh air from the atmosphere The object of ventilation is to change the air of a building to keep it within the limits of purity. VENTILATION Foul air or Expired air Higher temperature Lesser density Fresh & cool air Lesser temperature Higher density POSITIVE PRESSURE NEGATIVE PRESSURE

39. POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION Circulatory fans pulls the fresh air into the house Creates high pressure inside the house & pushes the foul or expired air outside NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION Circulatory fans pushes the foul or expired air outside the house Creates low pressure inside the house & pulls the fresh air into the house

40. ENVIRONMENTALLY CONTROLLED HOUSES Environmentally controlled house is a closed house in which ventilation, temperature, humidity and light are controlled with special devices as per the optimum requirements of birds Direction of long axis – east west Width of house – 40 to 50 ft Automatic feed & water distribution lines

41. Exhaust circulatory fans for environmentally controlled houses