Interference of Light.pptx. Explains Interference by Experiments and New Quantum Theory.

Interference experiment validates the presence of charge in an off-centre position in the nucleus of the photons.
New Quantum Theory explains and calculates the intensity of light in the fringe of dark and bright bands at every 30 degree phase angle difference.
The results of both the New Quantum Theory and the Experiment match.

1. INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT FOR OVER 200 YEARS THE WORLD DID NOT NOTICE THE PRESENCE OF A TINY NUCLEUS OF MASS AND CHARGE HIDDEN IN THE PHOTONS, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING A PATTERN OF BRIGHT AND DARK BANDS IN THE INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT. NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER

2. Thomas Young in 1801 performed his iconic Double Slit Experiment and proved the Wave nature of light. T his well-known experiment produces a fringe of bright and dark bands. However, the scientific reason of production of fringe of bright and dark bands by the photons on Interference could not be answered in the two centuries. The New Quantum Theory [1], [2], [3] was developed in 2012 and provides a comprehensive explanation for all the mysterious quantum phenomena based on the presence of a Nucleus of Mass and Charge hidden in the Photons. Ground-breaking experiments conducted by the author in the laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist, National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi have led to the confirmation of the discoveries of the mass and the charge by the experiments and validate New Quantum Theory developed by the author.

3. NEW QUANTUM THEORY The sun is the nucleus of the solar system and has > 99.86% mass of the solar system but occupies only about 10 -20 times the volume of the solar system. An atom has a nucleus with > 99.9% mass of the atom and has a structure similar to the solar system. Based on the analogy with atoms and the sun, the author developed New Quantum Theory [1] in 2012 , now validated with the experiments conducted in CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The New Quantum Theory states: ‘ A photon has a nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in an off-centre position. A quantum particle has one or more nuclei of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in the off-centre positions.’ A ll the quantum phenomena serve as evidence supporting the validity of the New Quantum Theory.

4. DISCOVERY OF THE SMALLEST PARTICLE The New Quantum Theory discovers the smallest particle in the world: A Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the P hotons [1],[2] .    Discovery of a nucleus in the photons, by the experiments, is the discovery of the smallest particle in the world. The size of a nucleus is estimated to be approx. 10 -20 times the size of the photon. Presently, electrons and leptons are considered to be the smallest particles. T he sizes of electrons/leptons and photons may be similar; therefore, the tiny nucleus of a photon is the smallest particle ever discovered. Nucleus of mass and charge in the Photons must be a Fundamental Particle. Discovery of a Nucleus of Mass as well as Charge in an off-centre position in the P hotons is the rarest of the rare discoveries. 

5. A PHOTON WITH ITS OFF-CENTRE NUCLEUS The big sphere shows a nearly spherical photon, and the small red sphere shows a tiny nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge inside the photon, near the centre of the photon. The nucleus is not in the centre of the photon but located in an off-centre position. Drawings are Not to Scale

6. PROOF OF CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS The variation in the intensities of light from the bright band to the dark band in an experiment of Interference is possible only if the photons are not uniform particles but have some mystery hidden inside. However, since 1801, no one else tried to explore the mystery hidden in the photons, except the author. To prove the presence of a charge in the photons, an experiment [3] was performed using a Michelson Interferometer to produce a fringe of bright and dark bands by the author in the Laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist at National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi. The following setup was used: 1. Monochromatic Laser: He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW , Make: Melles Griot, USA 2. Michelson Interferometer: Make: Sandvik, India 3. Camera to view the fringe and connected to a Laptop.

7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Monochromatic Laser He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW , Make: Melles Griot, USA 2. Michelson Interferometer Make: Sandvik, India 3. Camera connected to Laptop

8. INTERFERENCE FRINGE Software in the laptop analyzing the intensities Bright and dark bands of light in the bright and dark bands.

9. ANALYSIS OF THE FRINGE The experiment produced an interference fringe of the bright and dark bands visible on the screen of the Laptop. An image of the fringe with the brightest band was saved on the Laptop. A software processed and analysed the data of the fringe. The next slide shows the fringe produced in the experiment. The following procedure was used for measuring the intensities of light in the interference pattern after every 30 phase difference: The brightest point in the brightest band due to the Constructive Interference is marked by the software and its brightness recorded. The brightest point in the next bright band is spotted and its brightness recorded. The distance between the brightest point in the brightest band and the brightest point in the next bright band is divided into 12 equal parts, and t he brightness of all these points is recorded. The software on the Laptop displayed the graph of the brightness of all these 12 points (equivalent to 30 phase differences between the interfering photons from the Constructive Interference).

10. VARIATION OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT FROM BRIGHTES BAND The Intensity of Light in the brightest band to the darkest band and further to next brightest band (0 to 360 phase difference at 30 interval) are measured and recorded by the software of the Laptop.

11. INTENSITIES OF LIGHT AT DIFFERENT PHASE ANGLE RECORDED BY THE LAPTOP S. No. Phase Angle Difference (Degree) Intensity of Light Remarks Net* Intensity of Light 1 229 Brightest Band 223 2 30 204   198 3 60 164   158 4 90 132   126 5 120 88   82 6 150 31   25 7 180 6 Darkest Band with Ambient Light 8 210 13   7 9 240 37   31 10 270 82   76 11 300 139   133 12 330 175   169 13 360 187 2 nd Brightest Band 181 Net Intensity of Light after deducting ambient light measured at the darkest band of light.

12. CONCLUSION OF INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT The continuous variation in the intensity of light from the brightest band to the next bright band in the fringe produced by the Interference of coherent light proves the following: A photon is nearly a spherical particle with a charge in an off-centre position, responsible for the variation in the intensities of light at different phase angles from 0 to 360 . The resultant intensity of the two coherent interfering photons is the sum of the intensity of the two photons, which depends on the difference in the phase angles of the two photons. Where the phase angles are the angular positions of the nuclei of the two rotating photon. 3. THE EXPERIMENT OF INTRFERENCE OF LIGHT PROVES: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED CHARGE IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION.

13. INTERFERENCE OF TWO PHOTONS Two coherent rotating photons can interfere only in a side-by-side position. The phase angle or phase of a photon indicates the angular position of the nucleus of concentrated mass and concentrated charge in the photon. The intensity of light, or the electromagnetic force of a photon, depends on the phase angle of its nucleus, which is the function of Cos θ where θ is the phase angle of the photon. The intensity of light of the two coherent photons in interference is the sum of the intensities of light produced by the two photons individually. If L lux is the maximum intensity of Photon 1 at a phase angle and Photon 2 with a phase angle θ interferes with Photon 1, the net intensity of light on interference will be: Resultant Intensity of Light: L Cos0 + L Cos θ = L + L Cos θ Lux

14. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 0 = L + L = 2L Lux

15. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 30 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 30 = L + 0.886 L = 1.886 L Lux

16. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 60 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 60 = L + 0.5 L = 1.5 L Lux

17. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 90 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 90 = L + 0 = L Lux

18. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 120 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 120 = L + (- 0.5) L = 0.5 L Lux

19. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 150 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 150 = L + (-0.866) L = 0.134 L Lux

20. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 180 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 180 = L + (- L) = 0 (DARK BAND)

21. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 210 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 210 = L + (-0.866) L = 0.134 L Lux

22. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 240 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 240 = L + (- 0.5) L = 0.5 L Lux

23. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 270 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 270 = L + 0 = L Lux

24. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 300 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 300 = L + 0.5 L = 1.5 L Lux

25. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 330 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 330 = L + 0.886 L = 1.886 L Lux

26. SUMMARY The presence of a Nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in a photon is responsible for the Interference phenomena. The intensity of light of a photon depends on the phase angle of the photon. Net intensity of light of the two interfering photons is the sum of the intensity of the two photons. The results of light intensity in an Interference Experiment match with results calculated by the New Quantum Theory. Interference Experiments validates the New Quantum Theory.

27. PROOF OF EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY, NEW DELHI

28. REFERENCE FOR THE DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND THEORY Book published on Amazon: EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF A NUCLEUS OF MASS AND CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS https://www.amazon.com/EXPERIMENTAL-PROOF-NUCLEUS-CHARGE-PHOTONS-ebook/dp/B0DNM5YGF1/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ND9XJAZFIENN&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.pSRQlHYaghRsWUojYRh5Xg.xA6FvCumqc0GVU5mBKAOFq3OziGI12zBGp1E3XG_A_U&dib_tag=se&keywords=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons&qid=1732605243&s=books&sprefix=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C309&sr=1-1 AUTHOR: NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL

29. PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS BY NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL 2. Agarwal, N.S. (2012) New Quantum Theory. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 3612-3617. Peer-reviewed by Prof. Gary Bowman of North Arizona University. 3. Agarwal, N.S. (2018) Discovery & Proofs of a Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the Photons/Quantum Particles. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 2170-2192. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.912137 . 4. Agarwal, N.S. (2016) Wave Particle Duality & Interference Explained.  Journal of Modern Physics ,  7 , 267-276. doi :  10.4236/jmp.2016.73026 . 5. Agarwal, N.S. (2016) New Quantum Theory Explains All the Mysterious Quantum Phenomena.  Journal of Modern Physics ,  7 , 2135-2154. doi :  10.4236/jmp.2016.715186 .

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