Internetof things complete notes by BHU

Internet of things

1. CS-353-
Internet of things
"Anything that can be connected, will be connected"

2. Content
1.Introduction
2.Benefits of IoT
3.Application and use of IoT
4.IoT challenges
5.What needs to be done?
6.Top IoT technologies and trends
7.Future of IoT
8.Q&A
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3. Genesis of IoT
•IoT Genesis:
•TheInternetofThings(IoT)hasnotbeenaroundthatlong.
•Itwasonlyin1999thattheterm‘internetofthings’was
coinedbyKevinAshton.
•Ashtonusedthephraseasthetitleofhispresentationfora
newsensorprojecthewasworkingonanditstuckfromthere.
•Whilethephrasecameaboutin1999,theconceptof
connecteddevicesdatesbackto1832.
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4. •Whenthefirstelectromagnetictelegraphwas
designed,allowingdirectcommunication
betweentwomachinesthroughthetransferof
electricalsignals.
•However,thetrueInternetofThingshistory
beganwiththeinventionoftheInternetin
thelate1960s.
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5. The world’s first IoT device
•The world’s first IoT device was invented in the early 1980s at the
Carnegie Melon University.
•A group of students from the university created a way to get
their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its
contents through a network in order to save them the trek if the
machine was out of Coke.
•They installed micro-switches into the machine to report on
how many Coke cans were available and if they were cold.
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6. The 1990s
•In 1990, John Romkeyconnected a toasterto the internet for the first time.
•A year later, a group of students at the University of Cambridge used a web
camera to report on coffee.
•They came up with the idea to use the first web camera prototype to monitor
the amount of coffee available in their computer labs coffee pot.
•They did this by programming the web camera to take photos three times a
minute of the coffee pot.
•The photos were then sent to local computers so everyone could see if there
was coffee available.
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7. Paving the way for the future of IoT
•The Internet of Things was a common topic used by the media at the beginning of the 21
st
Century
with several major developments paving the way for the future of IoT.
•LG Electronics introduced the world’s first refrigerator connected to the internet in 2000.
•Allowing consumers to do their food shopping online and make video calls.
•This invention was followed by a small rabbit-shaped robot in 2005 that could report the latest
news, weather forecasts and stock market changes.
•While the first International Conference on Internet of Things was held in 2008 in Switzerland.
•Today there are more than 27 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things, with experts
expecting this number to rise to over 100 billion devices by 2030.
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8. Summary
•The Internet of Things definition: “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are
linked through wired and wireless networks”
•There are a number of similar concepts but Internet of Things isby far the most popular termto
describe this phenomenon
•The termInternet of Things was invented in 1999, initially to promote RFID technology
•The popularity of the termIoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011and reachedmass market in
early 2014
•M2M or the Industrial internet are not opposing conceptsto the Internet of Things. Rather,
they are sub-segments.
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9. Internet of Things definition
•
•Internet of Things =“Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through
wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the
Internet.“
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10. Introduction –what is IoT?
•TheInternetofthings(IoT)isasystemofinterrelatedcomputingdevices,
mechanicalanddigitalmachines,objects,animalsorpeoplethatare
providedwithuniqueidentifiers(UIDs)andtheabilitytotransferdata
overanetworkwithoutrequiringhuman-to-humanorhuman-to-computer
interaction-IoTAgenda
•AthingintheIoTcanbeapersonwithaheartmonitorimplant,afarm
animalwithabiochiptransponder,anautomobilethathasbuilt-insensors
toalertthedriverwhentirepressureisloworanyothernaturalorman-
madeobjectthatcanbeassignedanIPaddressandisabletotransferdata
overanetwork.
•IoTisasensornetworkofbillionsofsmartdevicesthatconnectpeople,
systemsandotherapplicationstocollectandsharedata.
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11. Introduction –cont’d
•IoTisaconceptofconnectinganydevicewithanonandoffswitchtothe
Internet(and/ortoeachother).Thisincludeseverythingfromcellphones,
coffeemakers,washingmachines,headphones,lamps,wearabledevicesand
almostanythingelseyoucanthinkof.
•Thisalsoappliestocomponentsofmachines,forexampleajetengineofan
airplaneorthedrillofanoilrig–Forbes.
•TheIoTisagiantnetworkofconnected"things"(whichalsoincludes
people).Therelationshipwillbebetweenpeople-people,people-things,and
things-things.
•ThedominantconsumerIoTdevice,worldwide,isthesmartTV.
•Between25-35%centofconsumersworldwideownatelevisionthatcan
connecttotheInternet,accordingtoaDeloitteresearch.However,other
areasoftheIoTmarketaregrowingrapidly.
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12. Why IOT?
•OrganizationsinavarietyofindustriesareusingIoTtooperatemore
efficiently,betterunderstandcustomerstodeliverenhanced
customerservice,improvedecision-makingandincreasethevalueof
thebusiness.
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13. IoT ecoystem
•AnIoTecosystemconsistsofweb-enabledsmartdevicesthatuse
embeddedprocessors,sensorsandcommunicationhardwareto
collect,sendandactondatatheyacquirefromtheirenvironments.
•IoTdevicessharethesensordatatheycollectbyconnectingtoanIoT
gatewayorotheredgedevicewheredataiseithersenttothecloud
tobeanalyzedoranalyzedlocally.
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16. Internet of Everything-Fundamental
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17. Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends -
GARTNER
1)TrendNo.1:ArtificialIntelligence(AI):“DataisthefuelthatpowerstheIoT
andtheorganization’sabilitytoderivemeaningfromitwilldefinetheirlong
termsuccess.”
2)TrendNo.2:Social,LegalandEthicalIoT:Theseincludeownershipofdata
andthedeductionsmadefromit,algorithmicbias,privacyandcompliance
withregulationssuchastheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation.
“SuccessfuldeploymentofanIoTsolutiondemandsthatit’snotjust
technicallyeffectivebutalsosociallyacceptable.”
3)TrendNo.3:InfonomicsandDataBroking:Thetheoryofinfonomicstakes
monetizationofdatafurtherbyseeingitasastrategicbusinessassettobe
recordedinthecompanyaccounts.By2023,thebuyingandsellingofIoT
datawillbecomeanessentialpartofmanyIoTsystems.
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18. Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends –
GARTNER (cont’d)
4)TrendNo.4:TheShiftfromIntelligentEdgetoIntelligentMesh:Theshift
fromcentralizedandcloudtoedgearchitecturesiswellunderwayinthe
IoTspace.Thesemesharchitectureswillenablemoreflexible,intelligent
andresponsiveIoTsystems—althoughoftenatthecostofadditional
complexities.
5)TrendNo.5:IoTGovernance:AstheIoTcontinuestoexpand,theneedfor
agovernanceframeworkthatensuresappropriatebehaviourinthe
creation,storage,useanddeletionofinformationrelatedtoIoTprojects
willbecomeincreasinglyimportant.
6)TrendNo.6:SensorInnovation:Thesensormarketwillevolvecontinuously
through2023.Newsensorswillenableawiderrangeofsituationsand
eventstobedetected.
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19. Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends –
GARTNER (cont’d)
7)TrendNo.7:TrustedHardwareandOperatingSystem:‘..by2023,we
expecttoseethedeploymentofhardwareandsoftwarecombinations
thattogethercreatemoretrustworthyandsecureIoTsystems…’.
8)Trend8:NovelIoTUserExperiences:Userexperiencedrivenby4factors:
newsensors,newalgorithms,newexperiencearchitecturesandcontext,
andsociallyawareexperiences.
9)TrendNo.9:SiliconChipInnovation:By2023,it’sexpectedthatnew
special-purposechipswillreducethepowerconsumptionrequiredtorun
IoTdevices.
10)TrendNo.10:NewWirelessNetworkingTechnologiesforIoT:IoT
networkinginvolvesbalancingasetofcompetingrequirements.In
particulartheyshouldexplore5G,theforthcominggenerationoflow
earthorbitsatellites,andbackscatternetworks.
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20. Benefits of IoT
IoT offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:
1.Monitor their overall business processes;
2.Improve the customer experience;
3.Save time and money;
4.Enhance employee productivity;
5.Integrate and adapt business models;
6.Make better business decisions; and
7.Generate more revenue.
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21. Consumer and enterprise IoT applications
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Source:
https://internetof
thingsagenda.tec
htarget.com/defi
nition/Internet-
of-Things-IoT

22. The smart world of the future –using Iot
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Source:
https://www.forb
es.com/sites/jaco
bmorgan/2014/0
5/13/simple-
explanation-
internet-things-
that-anyone-can-
understand/#ef2
433f1d091

23. Sample: Consumer IoT Products & Services
1.Helmet Concussion Sensor
2.Medical Alert Watch
3.Smart Fitness Clothing and SmartRunning Shoes
4.One-Button Product Purchases: “Order at the click of a button!” Amazon
has taken that phrase literally and produced physical branded buttons
called Amazon Dash that link to products in your home.
•Say you run out of laundry powder.
•You can press your Dash button for Surf Excel Matic liquid and Amazon will
reorder your Surf Excel Matic liquid product for you.
•No need to sign onto the Web, fumble with payment methods, or retype
credit card numbers.
1.GardenSensors
2.Smart Televisions
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24. Helmet concussion sensor
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https://www.amazon.com/
Shockbox-LM2004-EXT-
MultiSport-Helmet-
Sensor/dp/B00DVHA1LM?i
mprToken=NXcTrCppNfgrAo
2MA1K7ig&slotNum=2&Su
bscriptionId=AKIAIO22DD3
AFUSKXUKQ&tag=makeusw
-
20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2
025&creative=165953&cre
ativeASIN=B00DVHA1LM

25. Amazon DASH
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https://www.
amazon.com
/b?ie=UTF8&
node=17729
534011

26. Kinsathermometer
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Monitoring
your
temperature
and can call
your doctor as
necessary

27. Connected car story
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Source:
https://www.businessinsider.com/connect
ed-car-statistics-manufacturers-2015-
2?IR=T
Theconnectedcarisequippedwith
internetconnectionsandsoftwarethat
allowpeopletostreammusic,lookup
movietimes,bealertedoftrafficand
weatherconditions,andevenpower
driving-assistanceservicessuchasself-
parking.

28. Smart farming: Use of IoT to improve agriculture
•InIoT-basedsmartfarming,asystemisbuiltformonitoringthecropfieldwiththe
helpofsensors(light,humidity,temperature,soilmoisture,etc.)andautomating
theirrigationsystem.
•Thefarmerscanmonitorthefieldconditionsfromanywhere.
•Thisishighlyefficientcomparedtothetraditional/conventionalapproach.
•Intermsofenvironmentalissues,IoT-basedsmartfarmingprovidesgreatbenefits
including:betterandefficientwaterusage,andoptimizationofinputsand
treatments.
•Therefore,smartfarmingbasedonIoTtechnologiesenablesgrowersandfarmersto
reducewasteandenhanceproductivity.
•SomeoftheIoTapplicationsinthisareaare:
i.Precisionfarming
ii.Agriculturaldrones
iii.Livestockmonitoring
iv.Smartgreenhouses
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29. Industrial IoT (IIoT)
•IndustrialIoT(IIoT)focussesontheuseofcyber-physicalsystemsto
monitorthephysicalfactoryprocessesandmakedata-based
automateddecisions.
•WhilethephysicalsystemsaremadetheintelligentusingIoT,the
real-timecommunication,andcooperationbothwitheachotherand
withhumansisestablishedviathewirelessweb
•IIoTbringsintheconceptof‘aconnectedfactoryleadstoasmart
factory’.
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30. IIoTin Manufacturing
1.Digital/connectedfactory:IoTenabledmachinerycantransmit
operationalinformationtothepartnerslikeoriginalequipment
manufacturersandtofieldengineers.
2.Facilitymanagement:TheuseofIoTsensorsinmanufacturing
equipmentenablescondition-basedmaintenancealerts.
3.Productionflowmonitoring:IoTinmanufacturingcanenablethe
monitoringofproductionlinesstartingfromtherefiningprocess
downtothepackagingoffinalproducts.
4.Inventorymanagement:IoTapplicationspermitthemonitoringof
eventsacrossasupplychain.
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31. IIoTin manufacturing (cont’d)
5.PlantSafetyandSecurity:IoTcombinedbigdataanalysiscanimprove
theoverallworkers’safetyandsecurityintheplant..
6.QualityControl:IoTsensorscollectaggregateproductdataandother
third-partysyndicateddatafromvariousstagesofaproductcycle.
7.PackagingOptimization:ByusingIoTsensorsinproductsand/or
packaging,manufacturerscangaininsightsintotheusagepatterns
andhandlingofproductfrommultiplecustomers.
8.LogisticsandSupplyChainOptimization:TheIndustrialIoT(IIoT)can
provideaccesstoreal-timesupplychaininformationbytracking
materials,equipment,andproductsastheymovethroughthesupply
chain.
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32. IOT CHALLENGES
Security,privacyanddatasharingissues
•BecauseIoTdevicesarecloselyconnected,allahackerhastodoisexploitone
vulnerabilitytomanipulateallthedata,renderingitunusable.
•Andmanufacturersthatdon'tupdatetheirdevicesregularly--oratall--leavethem
vulnerabletocybercriminals.
•However,hackersaren'ttheonlythreattotheinternetofthings;privacyisanother
majorconcernforIoTusers.
•Forinstance,companiesthatmakeanddistributeconsumerIoTdevicescoulduse
thosedevicestoobtainandsellusers'personaldata.
•ChallengeswithIIoT:
i.Securityofdata–sameasabove
ii.Reliabilityandstability–ofIIoTsensors
iii.ConnectivityofallthesystemsinIIoTsetup–nomaintenanceenvisioned?
iv.Blendinglegacysystems–IIoTisnewinthemarket
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33. What NEEDS TO be done?
1.Consumer education
2.Product reviews and comparisons
3.Vulnerability disclosure and vulnerability markets
4.Self-certification and voluntary codes of practice
5.Trust marks and labels like Internet Society’s Online Trust Alliance (OTA) IoT Trust
Framework
6.Government initiatives
7.Mandated security requirements
8.Mandated certification
9.Liability reform
10.Etc.
11.No intervention!?
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34. The future of IoT
•Bain&CompanyexpectsannualIoTrevenueofhardwareandsoftwaretoexceed$550
billionby2023.
•McKinsey&CompanyestimatesIoTwillhavean$11.1trillionimpactby2025.
•IHSMarkitbelievesthenumberofconnectedIoTdeviceswillincrease12%annuallyto
reach125billionin2030.
•Gartnerassessesthat20.8billionconnectedthingswillbeinuseby2020,withtotalspend
onIoTdevicesandservicestoreach$3.7trillionin2021.
•By2023,theaverageCIOwillberesponsibleformorethanthreetimesasmanyendpoints
asthisyear–Gartner
•GarterforecaststhatworldwideIoTSecuritySpendingwillbe3.11billionby2021largely
drivenbyregulatorycompliance.
•GreatimprovementsinthesecurityofIoTdevicesdrivenbymanufacturers’owninitiatives
aswellusers’demandforbettersecuredevices.
•Globalmanufacturerswilluseanalyticsdatarecordedfromconnecteddevicestoanalyze
processesandidentifyoptimizationpossibilities,accordingtoIDCandSAP.
•BusinessInsiderforecaststhatby2020,75percentofnewcarswillcomewithbuilt-inIoT
connectivity.
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35. Internet of Things (IoT) Gateways
•Gatewayprovidesbridgebetweendifferentcommunication
technologieswhichmeanswecansaythataGatewayactsasa
mediumtoopenupconnectionbetweencloudandcontroller(sensors
/devices)inInternetofThings(IoT).
•Bythehelpofgateways,itispossibletoestablishdevicetodevice
ordevicetocloudcommunication.
•Agatewaycanbeatypicalhardwaredeviceorsoftwareprogram.
•ItenablesaconnectionbetweensensornetworkandInternetalong
withenablingIoTcommunication,
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36. •italsoperformsmanyothertaskssuchasthisIoTgatewayperformsprotocoltranslation,
aggregatingalldata,localprocessingandfilteringofdatabeforesendingittocloud,locally
storingdataandautonomouslycontrollingdevicesbasedonsomeinputteddata,providing
additionaldevicesecurity.
•ThebelowfigureshowshowIoTGatewaysestablishcommunicationbetweensensorsand
cloud(DataSystem):
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37. IoT Gateway
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38. •AsIoTdevicesworkwithlowpowerconsumptionBatterypower)inother
wordstheyareenergyconstrainedsoiftheywilldirectlycommunicateto
cloud/internetitwon’tbeeffectiveintermsofpower.
•So,theycommunicatewithGatewayfirstusingshortrangewireless
transmissionmodes/networklikeZigBee,Bluetooth,etcastheyconsumeless
powerortheycanalsobeconnectedusinglongrangelikeCellularandWiFi
etc.
•ThenGatewaylinksthemtoInternet/cloudbyconvertingdataintoastandard
protocollikeMQTT.
•Usingethernet,WiFi/cellularorsatelliteconnection.
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39. •AndinmostlyGatewayisMainspoweredunlikesensornodes
whicharebatterypowered.
•InpracticetherearemultipleGatewaydevices.
•Let’sthinkaboutasimpleIoTgateway,thenoursmartphone
comesintopictureasitcanalsoworkasabasicIoTgatewaywhen
weusemultipleradiotechnologieslikeWiFi,Bluetooth,Cellular
networkofsmartphonetoworkonanyIoTprojectinsendingand
receivingdataatthattimethisalsoactsasabasicIoTGateway.
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40. Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :
•Establishing communication bridge
•Provides additional security.
•Performs data aggregation.
•Pre processing and filtering of data.
•Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.
•Data computing at edge level.
•Ability to manage entire device.
•Device diagnostics.
•Adding more functional capability.
•Verifying protocols.
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41. Working of IoT Gateway :
•Receivesdatafromsensornetwork.
•PerformsPreprocessing,filteringandcleaningonunfiltereddata.
•Transportsintostandardprotocolsforcommunication.
•Sendsdatatocloud.
•IoTGatewaysarekeyelementofIoTinfrastructureasGateways
establishconnectionforcommunicationandalsoperformsothertaskas
describedabove.
•So,IoTGatewayisoneofmostessentialthingwhenwestartthink
aboutanIoTecosystem.
•
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42. IoT Wearable Technology
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1.43%believethatwearablesdeviceswillreplace
smartphonesinfuture
2.30%committowearatleast5wearablesby2020
forvariouspurpose
3.57%believewearableswillsubmergedependency
onfriends/family
4.52%peoplewouldlovetowatchTVinwearables
screen

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SomeChallengeswhichwecanfacewhile
developingsuchproduct?
•Securitymightcausesomeproblemsby
manipulatingphysicalhardware.
•Batterylifecancausesomeproblemwhen
deviceismeasuringdatafrommany
sensors.

50. •What can be done with data that have been collected from wearable
gadgets?
•Data analytics (e.gcan give different set of advices such as change battery
of device in 15 days).
•Predictive analysis (e.gHealth Care).
•Event Triggers (e.gTurn the Geyser On when returning from workout).
•Given the way that a little gadget might be worn on a piece of the body not
ordinarily in see or effortlessly open, the conceivable outcomes for a
human-machine interface (HMI) are somewhat restricted —and
unquestionably do exclude a huge show or console
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.

51. •In numerous cases, physical catches in favor of a watch can be set to
various alternatives with catch blends and the present capacity
showed on the screen. This still doesn’t add up to a very rich user
interface. The technology uses Phone as a gateway to transmit the
data and the cloud services help to achieve different goals.
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52. Edge Computing
•Edgecomputingisadistributedcomputingparadigmthat
bringscomputationanddatastorageclosertothesourcesofdata.
Thisisexpectedtoimproveresponsetimesandsavebandwidth.
[
•"AcommonmisconceptionisthatedgeandIoTaresynonymous.
•Edgecomputingisatopology-andlocation-sensitiveformof
distributedcomputing,whileIoTisausecaseinstantiationofedge
computing.
•"Thetermreferstoanarchitectureratherthanaspecifictechnology.
•
]
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53. •Theoriginsofedgecomputinglieincontentdistributed
networksthatwerecreatedinthelate1990stoserveweband
videocontentfromedgeserversthatweredeployedcloseto
users.
•Intheearly2000s,thesenetworksevolvedtohostapplications
andapplicationcomponentsattheedgeservers,resultinginthe
firstcommercialedgecomputingservicesthathosted
applicationssuchasdealerlocators,shoppingcarts,real-time
dataaggregators,andadinsertionengines.
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54. •Onedefinitionofedgecomputingisanytypeofcomputer
programthatdeliverslowlatencynearertotherequests.
•KarimArabi,inanIEEEDAC2014Keynoteandsubsequentlyin
aninvitedtalkatMIT'sMTLSeminarin2015,definededge
computingbroadlyasallcomputingoutsidethecloudhappening
attheedgeofthenetwork,andmorespecificallyinapplications
wherereal-timeprocessingofdataisrequired.Inhis
definition,cloudcomputingoperatesonbigdatawhileedge
computingoperateson"instantdata"thatisreal-timedata
generatedbysensorsorusers.
•Thetermisoftenusedsynonymouslywithfogcomputing.
•AccordingtoTheStateoftheEdgereport,edgecomputing
concentratesonservers"inproximitytothelastmilenetwork.
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55. •"AlexReznik,ChairoftheETSIMECISGstandardscommittee
looselydefinestheterm:"anythingthat'snotatraditionaldatacenter
couldbethe'edge'tosomebody."
•Edgenodesusedforgamestreamingareknownasgamelets,which
areusuallyoneortwohopsawayfromtheclient.PerAnandand
Edwinsay"theedgenodeismostlyoneortwohopsawayfromthe
mobileclienttomeettheresponsetimeconstraintsforreal-time
games'inthecloudgamingcontext."
•Edgecomputingmayemployvirtualizationtechnologytomakeit
easiertodeployandrunawiderangeofapplicationsonedge
servers.
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56. •Privacy
•Security
•Scalability
•Relaiability
•Speed
•Efficiency
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57. IoT –Ecosystem(edge computing)
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58. : Evolution of health monitoring technologies into smaller and wearable devices (White, 2011), (The
History of the Electrocardiogram), (Digital Fingertip Pulse Oximeter), (Harvey C. Nathanson), (Eight
years of Fitbit news leading up to its planned IPO), (Hall,2019)Wearable health devices are already
capable of measuring multiple vitals through various
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59. •Thewearablehealthtechnologiesfieldisflourishing
duetotheemergenceofMEMStechnology,enablingthese
devicestoshrinktothesizeofyourstandard
wristwatch.Theyallowforcontinuoustrackingand
immediatefeedbackofthecustomer’shealth.Thecurrent
trajectoryoftheindustrywillresultinwearable
healthtechnologiesabletotrackmorephysiological
signals,thusimprovingthehealthofconsumersthrough
patientawareness.Isthisthetruefutureofthe
wearablehealthtechnologiesindustry?Aspossiblerisks
arerisingfromthesenewtechnologies,thebenefits
willoutweightheserisks.
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60. Infographics-WT
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62. References
1.https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com
2.https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-
can-understand/#ef2433f1d091
3.https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-11-07-gartner-identifies-top-10-strategic-iot-
technologies-and-trends
4.https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-03-21-gartner-says-worldwide-iot-security-
spending-will-reach-1-point-5-billion-in-2018
5.https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/internet-things-10-useful-products-must-try-2016/
6.“InternetofThingsResearchStudy”,http://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=1909050
[HewlettPackard(2015)]
7.https://security.radware.com/ddos-threats-attacks/threat-advisories-attack-reports/iot-devices-threat-
spreading/
8.https://www2.deloitte.com/ng/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-
consumer-survey.html
9.https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/8-uses-applications-and-benefits-of-industrial-iot-in-manufacturing
10.https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/202339/Industry%2040%20eBook.pdf
11.https://www.iotforall.com/iot-applications-in-agriculture/
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63. End
Thanks for listening
9/14/2024 IoT things presentation -Prof. P K Mishra 63