Introduction of anatomy presentation reference book: BD Chaurasia

Introductilectyon of Anatomy
First lecture Reference: BD Chaurasia
Medical science lecture 1

1. Introduction of Anatomy

2. Definition: Anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure of the plants and animals. Human anatomy is the study of the structure of different parts and organs of the human body and also the inter-relation of various structures that constitute these parts and organs.

3. Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy: also called macroscopic anatomy. Study of those structures of the body that can be distinguished with the naked eye without the help of any visual aid. H istology: called as microscopic anatomy. It is the study of the finer details of the body structures with the help of microscope.

4. Branches of anatomy Embryology: called as developmental anatomy. It is the study of human development before birth.

5. Anatomical position the body is regarded as standing erect, eyes looking forwards to the horizon, the upper limbs hanging by the sides with the palms of the hands directed forwards and the feet are together with toes pointing forwards. Purpose: terms of refernce to the human body are standardized to refer to a universally accepted anatomical position.

6. Anatomical position

7. Planes of the body Purpose: to facilitate the description of the relations various imaginary planes have been proposed. It refers to the human body as a whole, a specific region of the body or an individual organ. Body should be in the anatomical position Median plane Sagittal plane Coronal plane T ransverse plane

8. Median plane a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lenghtwise along the midline into externally symmetrical sections. Also called midsagittal plane. Edges of this plane on front and back of the body are known as anterior and posterior median lines, respectively.

9. Sagittal plane Any plane parallel to the midsagittal plane It seperates the body into asymmetrical right and left sections

10. Coronal plane Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal or frontal plane

11. Transverse plane if the body is divided horizontally into upper and lower sections we get a transverse or horizontal plane. It is at right angles to the midsagittal , sagittal and coronal planes.

12. Anatomic terminology The language of the anatomy To provide effective communication among the anatomists all over the world, anatomical terms are standardized. E.g cardium =heart myo =muscle So, myocardium=muscles of heart

13. Descriptive terms Two types: terms of position terms of movement

14. Terms of position The terms used to describe the position or relationship of a structure. These are relative as they describe the relation of a structure in relationship to other structures of the body.

15. Terms of position Term Definition Anterior Toward or at the front of the body Posterior Toward or at the back of the body Medial Toward the midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body Superior Toward the top of the head Inferior Toward the sole of the feet Plantar A special term referring to the sole(bottom) of the foot

16. Terms of position Terms Definition Superficial Nearer to the surface of the body Deep Away from the surface of the body Internal Nearer to the interior of the body External Away from the interior of the body Proximal Toward the attached end(root) of a structure distal Away from the attached end(root) of a structure palmar A special term referring to the anterior surface of the hand

17. Some exceptions In the head, neck and trunk alternative terms are used. Anterior ventral Posterior dorsal Superior cranial or cephalic Inferior caudal(toward the tail) Ventral-dorsal Cranial-caudal

18. Terms of movement Movements at the joint Flexion: a bending movement in which angle between two bones is decreased Extension: a straightening position in which the angle between two bones is increased. opposite to flexion Abduction: moving the limb away from the median plane of the body Adduction: reverse of abduction. It is the movement of the limb toward the median plane of the body

19. Exception in hand and foot Median line of hand passes through middle finger Median line of foot passes through second toe ABDUCTION IN HAND AND FOOT: Spreading of fingers and toes ADDUCTION IN HAND AND FOOT: bringing together of fingers and toes

20. Terms of movement Rotation: movement of a body part along its own long axis. Medial rotation: when the anterior surface moves medially Lateral rotation: when the anterior surface moves laterally

21. Terms of movement Circumduction: combination movement. In this movement a part is moved successively through flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.

22. Terms of movement Pronation and supination : movements limited to the forearm and hand In anatomical position forearm and hand are supinated Pronation: when the dorsum of the hand is turned forward without rotation of upper arm. Supination: turning the hand back to the anatomical position so that the palm face forwards Supinated hand: palm faces ceiling In pronated hand: palm faces downwards

23. Terms of movement Inversion and eversion: movement limited to foot Inversion: is the movement that turns the sole of the foot inward or medially (as in standing on the lateral border of the foot) Eversion: turning the sole outward or laterally as happens when a person tries to stand on the medial border of his foot..

24. Terms of movement Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion: limited to foot

25. Protraction: forward movement Retraction : backward movement

26. Opposition and reposition During opposition thumb is brought to touch and to oppose a finger pad of the extended fingers. Reposition is the reverse movement that returns the thumb to anatomical position

27. Terms of laterality Bilateral Unilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral