introduction of life science lesson 1,2, and 3

introduction of life science

1. introduction to
life science
unit 1
submitted by: submitted to:
group 3
abm11-st.alexis
sir karl louie olave

2. lesson 1lesson 1
development of biology
as a life science
apreight xiaoxi carmela de villa
don jasper magtibay
jazzly laurice sophia katigbak

3. biology
It is derived from the Greek
words “bio" which means life
and “logia” which means
study.
Biology is the branch of natural
science that studies the living
components of the environment.

4. Everything the naked eye cannot see
Areas of biology that cover the microscopic are
cellular biology, physiology, botany, and genetics
Microscopic Scale
macroscopic Scale
Everything the naked eye can see
Areas of biology that cover the macroscopic
are ecology, evolution, paleontology, and
eugenics

5. Biology branches into
multiple sub-disciplines
like cytology,
biochemistry, anatomy,
astrobiology, genetics,
zoology, physiology,
botany, etc.

6. historical periods
Biology, as a scientific field, has
evolved over various historical
periods, each marked by significant
developments and advancements.
01
The development of biology is an
ongoing process, with new
discoveries and innovations
continually expanding our
understanding of the living world.
02

7. occurred during Prehistoric Times
there was an uncritical accumulation of
information just to serve practical
necessities
knowledge gained was not recorded and
the scientific method of inquiry was not
yet developed and used.
PRIMITIVE PERIOD

8. the development of biology was limited by
the lack of advanced scientific tools and
knowledge
their knowledge was often based on empirical
observation and folklore, rather than
systematic scientific inquiry
it was only in more recent history that
biology developed into a formal scientific
discipline

9. late BC to 1200 AD
began with the rise of the Ancient
Greek and Roman civilizations and was
marked by a conscious effort and
curiosity about natural phenomena,
particularly the living components of the
environment.
CLASSICAL PERIOD

10. Hippocrates states that
human diseases are caused
by factors in the
environment and that our
body can cure itself.
He was dubbed as the
Father of Medicine.

11. Galen initiated
anatomical and
physiological studies
on different animals
Aristotle refined the
methods of observing
the natural
environment
Theophrastus
pioneered on the
study of plants

12. a period of poor advancement in science
biology was influenced by religion and philosophy
key aspects include scholasticism, the study of
ancient texts, monastic gardens, manuscripts, early
medical texts, and technological advances like three-
field crop rotation and adaption of gunpower.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

13. an episode in human history that resulted into strife / wars,
and thus, the quest for knowledge fell into a period of lapse
century of chaos and confusion
dark ages

14. 14th to 16th Century
rebirth
a semblance of social order was
restored this period was marked by a
renewed interest in the study of living
organisms particularly the structure of
the human body as pioneered by
artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo

15. The invention and use of the printing press by Johannes
Guttenberg proved very impactful particularly in the
speedy dissemination of information.

16. This technology enabled publishing such as
the book about human anatomy entitled The
Structure of the Human Body written by
Andreas Vesalius.

17. William Harvey also described
blood circulation in man, firmly
establishing the science of
Physiology (study of how the
human body works).

18. This period marked a transition
to more systematic biological
study, drawing from classical
knowledge and laying the
foundation for further
advancements in the field.
The integration of diverse
sources of information played a
crucial role in advancing biological
understanding.

19. MODERN PERIOD
17th century
characterized by a rapidly expanding body of
knowledge and the integration of various sub-
disciplines, leading to a deeper understanding of
life on Earth

20. ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
signaled the beginning of the
Modern Period
invented the microscope
led to the discovery of the cell as
the basic unit of life

21. theodore schwann
matthias schleiden
a botanist who declared that
the cell is the basic building
block of all plant matter
a zoologist who declared that
animals developed from cells
that divide into new cells

22. introduced the term“cell”
established the Cell Theory
published Micrographia, a book
filled with drawings and
descriptions of the organisms
he viewed under the recently
invented microscope
robert hooke

23. 3 principles of cell
theory
All living organisms are composed of
one or more cells
A cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
1.
2.
3.

24. Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani proved
Biogenesis Theory on the origin of life.

25. carollus linnaeus
known as the Father of
Taxonomy
established the binomial
system of nomenclature
(the biological system of
naming the organisms)

26. binomial system of
nomenclature

27. The highest level of
classification.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
The next level of
classification and is more
specific than the kingdom.
The rank below the
phylum and above the
order in taxonomy.
More specific rank
than class.

28. This includes various
generalizations that share a few
similarities.
Family
Genus
It is a group of organisms
that shares many
structural similarities.
• Species
The most fundamental
unit of the taxonomic
hierarchy. It refers to a
group of organisms that
are similar in shape, form,
and reproductive features.

29. Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Natural Selection Theory
By the 19th Century, the process of evolution was first explained by Jean
Baptiste de Lamarck through his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics and was later on revised and corrected by Charles Darwin
through his Natural Selection Theory.

30. Father of Modern
Microbiology
was able to prove the
existence of
microorganisms
Louis Pasteur

31. Claude Bernard
French physiologist
Johannes Muller
German physiologist
established the field of comparative
physiology
Bernard's Animal
Homeostasis Study

32. founded
comparative
embryology
Karl von Baer
pioneered the study
of heredity and
variation and became
known as the Father
of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
formulated the
Mutation Theory
of Evolution
Hugo de Vries

33. explained the roles of
hormones and modernized
endocrinology
Ernest Henry Starling
discovery with Dr. William Bayliss
The 20th Century saw many of the ideas and discoveries in the past centuries
becoming consolidated, refined, and further developed.

34. stated that organisms are
a product of their genetic
composition and
environment, thereby
modernizing the principles
of ecology
Ernst Haeckel

35. James Watson
American biologist
Francis Crick
American biophysicist
was able to establish the three-
dimensional structure of the genetic
material - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
which modernized the science of molecular
biology

36. lesson 2lesson 2
definition of life and the
characteristics of living
organisms
kiel marco leyesa
larah vhele panopio

37. A process that may be
defined as the coupled
cycling of biomolecules
in aqueous solution,
driven by radiant
energy, and exhibiting
complexity.
life

38. life
At its most basic
level, life consists of
atoms and
molecules, elements,
and compounds that
chemically combine
and recombine
repetitively in a
water-based
medium;
1.
2. This repetitive
process is driven by
an external source-
the Sun which is
considered as the
ultimate energy
source on Earth; and
3. From the time that
the first life form
emerged approximately
3.5 billion years ago,
life has devised means
to elevate its level of
organization for it
continuously exists and
evolves.

39. 5 kingdom classification
of living things
1
2
3
4
5
Protist- the single-celled
eukaryotes
Fungi- fungus and related
organisms
Plantae- all living or extinct
plants
Animalia- all animal species
Monera- contains unicellular organisms
with a prokaryotic cell organization

40. characteristics of living
organisms:
Organization
Metabolism
Development
Adaptation
Irritability
Reproduction
Homeostasis

41. organization
The presence of different structures that
perform interrelated functions.
The components of the cell and how they are
arranged within it.
It can be unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular OrganismUnicellular Organism
composed of one cell
with an internal
organization
examples:fungi,
bacteria, yeast,
archaea
Multi-cellular LifeMulti-cellular Life
FormsForms
composed of millions
of cells that are
further organized

43. Metabolism
The totality of the chemical processes that
occur in a living organism
Synonymous to life itself
Two cyanical phases: anabolism and catabolism
AnabolismAnabolism
example: photosynthesis
an energy-requiring
building-up or synthesis
process
CatabolismCatabolism
an energy-releasing
breaking-down or
degradation process
example: digestion

44. Development-
-Adaptation
Irritability-
Also referred to as life cycle,
it is an orderly process that
increases an organism's level
of complexity and
functionality
Characteristic of an organism
that enables it to live and
continuously survive in the
current environmental
conditions
An organism's response to
changes in its environment
Changes are called as stimuli
May either be abiotic or biotic

45. Reproduction
The process wherein an organism
forms another organism that
belongs to its own kind/species
It has two forms: Asexual
Reproduction and Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
mode of reproduction that
involves only one parent
examples: fragmentation,
regeneration, binary fission
reproduction that involves two
parents.
union of specialized sex cells
called as gametes (male gamete
is called as sperm while female
gamete is called egg) from a
male and female parent
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

46. Homeostasis
As a self-regulating process by
which a living organism can
maintain internal stability while
adjusting to changing external
conditions.
It includes the regulation of
body temperature, and the
balance between acidity and
alkalinity.

47. lesson 3lesson 3
theories on the origin of
life and living organisms
ezra zyrille shaney rodriguez
denise masangcay

48. Theory of Special
Creation
It believes that all living organisms
were created on the same day;
they were created in the present
form; and their bodies and organs
are fully developed to live
This theory claims that all life forms
were created by God

49. Panspermia
Hypothesis
proposed by Hermann Richter
also known as the Theory of
Cosmozoic or Spore Theory
proposed that life developed from
other parts of the universe

50. spontaneous
generation/abiogenesis
theory
states that living organisms arise
from nonliving factors in the
environment
Aristotle was one of the first
thinkers to explain the transition
from nonliving to living things.

51. objections

52. Francesco Redi’s
Experiment
Francesco Redi was able to demonstrate
that flies did not actually from putrid
materials but from maggots.

53. Lazzaro Spollanzani’s
Experiment
Lazzaro Spollanzani came up with a method
of killing spoilage microorganisms in nutrient
broth by placing it in a sealed container and
subjecting it to boiling temperature.

54. Louis Pasteur’s Experiment
Louis Pasteur was able to devise an
experiment that proved that nutrient broth
does not produce microorganisms by itself
and that it only acts as a medium, thereby
causing spoilage.

55. Biogenesis Theory
proposed by Francesco Redi,
Lazzaro Spollanzani, and Louis
Pasteur
came from the words “bio” which
means life and“genesis" which
means beginning
states that living organisms come
only from pre-existing life forms
and never from nonliving entities

56. it believes that life on Earth
originated through a series of
combinations of chemical
substances
It occurs in environments where
there is no sunlight
chemosynthesis theory

57. proposed by Alexander Oparin and
John Haldane who hypothesized
that the conditions on primitive
Earth led to the synthesis of the
molecules and processes that
constitute to life
Alexander Oparin
John Haldane

58. Stanley Miller and Harold
Urey conducted experiments
and provided results to prove
the validity of the Oparin-
Haldane Hypothesis
Stanley Miller
Harold Urey

59. chemosynthesis
phases

60. first phase
consists of random molecules in the atmosphere of
the Earth (methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia,
water) dissolving in the hydrosphere forming simple
organic molecules due to ultraviolet light and solar
radiation
these organic molecules were the
hydrocarbons (framework of amino
acids and sugar molecules)

61. the amino acids and sugars
further reacted, producing
macromolecules (proteins and
carbohydrates)
these macromolecules became
organized into structures of
definite shapes, unity, and
properties
coacervates- aggregate
molecules
SECOND phase

62. THIRD phase
involved the synthesis of nucleic acids
macromolecules that began to control
cell reproduction and direct the
chemical reactions undergone by the
coacervates
increased the complex organization of
the primitive structures and signaled
the birth of the very first group of cells

63. saw evolutionary development at
work
the first group of cells that thrived
were chemosynthetic-the use of
energy released by inorganic
chemical reactions to produce food
FOURTH phase

64. last phase
marked by the appearance of
autotrophic bacteria increasing in
population and accumulating oxygen
concentration in the atmosphere until
the environment becomes organic
life continued to flourish because of
reproduction
FIFTH phase

65. molecular proofs that
support Chemosynthesis
theory:
DNA and RNA are the genetic basis
of all life forms on Earth.
ATP is the universal energy
currency of all living organisms,
suggesting a common origin of
metabolism.

66. Difficulties:
The described transition from chaos
to organization
The appearance of enzymes

67. “Biology is a subject that connects us to the
natural world and teaches us our place in it”