Introduction of Microbiology (2).pdf

Branches of microbiology
history of microbiology
explain the account on bacteria

1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1.Introduction of Microbiology
2.Branches of Microbiology
3.History of Microbiology
4.Application & Scope of Microbiology
Prepared By:
Mr. Vishal Sakhare
Assistant Professor
SBSPM’s B.Pharmacy College Ambajogai
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2. Unit. I 1.Introduction Of Microbiology
A microbe, or microorganism, is a microscopic organism that comprises either a
single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multi cellular, relatively complex
organisms.
The microbiology is a specialized branch of biology which deals with the study
of living organisms of microscopic size which include Bacteria, Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa and Viruses.
The term microbiology was introduced by French Chemist
i.e. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
The Louis Pasteur demonstrated fermentation was caused by growth of Bacteria
and Yeast.
The father of Microbiology is a Louis Pasteur.
Microbiology is derived from three words
Micro: Small
Bios: Life
Logos: Study
i.e. the study of small life living Organism
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3. Medical Microbiology:
It deals with study of causative agents of disease/Infection and their Diagnosis,
Prevention and Treatment is known as medical microbiology.
Medical microbiology, also known as clinical microbiology, isa sub discipline of
microbiology dealing with the study of microorganisms (parasites, fungi, bacteria,
viruses, and prions) capable of infecting and causing diseases in humans.
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4. These Microorganism may be seen only by Magnifying their images with the
microscope.
Microorganism are present every where on earth including Human, Animal,
Plants, Soil, Water, Food and the Atmosphere.
Microorganisms can multiply in these habits by utilizing different nutrients.
These microorganisms may be beneficial or harmful to human life.
The microorganisms have a diameter of less than 0.1mm and they are not
visible to our eyes.
The word microbe has been derived from Frenchand was introduced in 1878 by
French surgeon C.E. Sedillot.
Charles-Emmanuel Sedillot (18 September 1804 –29 January 1883)
was a French military physician and surgeon.
Microorganisms are very diverse: they include:
Bacteria, Fungi , Algae, Protozoa, Microscopic plants (green algae), Animals
such as rotifers and planarians. Some microbiologists also include viruses.
Most microorganisms are unicellular, but this is not universal, since some
multicellular organisms are microscopic.
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5. Branches of Microbiology
There are two branches of Microbiology such asPure Microbiology and
Applied Microbiology.
Pure Branches
1.Bacteriology:
In Bacteriology, It is the study of morphology, ecology, genetics, and
biochemistry ofbacteria.
Bacteria is unicellular free living small organism which are visible
under light microscope.
The bacteria occur in soil, water, food , air, and all natural
environments.
They grown on Artificial laboratory media and can multiply by
Binary Fission.
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6. 2.Mycology:
In Mycology, The study of genetic,biochemical properties,
taxonomy, Benefits, toxicity or infection offungi.A person who is
specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
These are simple, oval cells or long tubular septate hyphae.
They are Aerobic and Faculatively Anaerobic. They are cultivated in
laboratory and reproduce by Asexual or Sexual Process.
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7. 3.Virology:
It is branch of Pure microbiology, which is study about viruses.
The viruses are non cellular, small microorganism (20nm to 300nm)
These are visible under the Electron Microscope.
It is 10 to 100 Times smaller than Bacteria.
4.Phycology: In Phycology or algalogy, it is the study of algae.
Algae are unicellular or multicellular Aerobic Eukaryotic
microorganism which are mainly Aquatic Environments .
They contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic reproduction occurs
by Asexual or Sexual process.
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8. 5. Parasitology:
This branch of microbiology, which is study about parasites, their
hosts, and the relationship between them.
6. Rickettsiae:
They are Gram negative bacilli and these are transmitted to human
primarily by Arthropods such as Ticks and Lice.
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9. 8. Actiniomycetes:
These are gram positive bacteria with fungal Morphology.
These are non motile, Non capsulated, and filamentous that break into
bacillary and coccid elementary forming aerial mycelium and substrate
mycelium.
8. Protozoology:
Protozoology which is the study about protozoa, the “animal-
like”protists.
It is a unicellular eukaryotic microorganism. They are generally 2 to
200um in size and complex life cycles.
They reproduce by Asexual or Sexual method Process.
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10. Applied Branches of Microbiology
1.Medical microbiology
This branch of microbiology studies about pathogenic microbes, their
role in human illness, epidemiology, etc. OR
It deals with study of causative agent of infectious disease in human
beings.
It deals with Etiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis,
Treatment, Epidemiology, and Control of infection.
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11. 2. Pharmaceutical microbiology
This branch is deals with study about those microbes are responsible
for the production of Antibiotics, Enzymes, Vitamins, Vaccines, and
other Pharmaceutical products.
It also includes method of sterilization and disinfection,
microbiological testing of pharmaceutical and testing of sterile
product.
Ex. Amoxicillin Antibiotics, BCG Vaccine etc.
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12. 3. Industrial microbiology
It deals with study of industrially useful microorganisms is used in the
production of Alcoholic Beverages, Vitamins, Amino acids, Enzymes,
Antibiotics and other drug.
In Industrial microbiology, we study the exploitation of microbes for
use in industrial processes. For example, we study about industrial
fermentation and wastewater treatment.
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13. 4. Microbial biotechnology
It is the scientific manipulation of living organisms at the molecular
and genetic level to produce useful products such as Antibiotics,
Enzymes, and Amino Acids.
Microbial biotechnology isthe application of biotechnology principles
and techniques to the study and utilization of microorganisms and
their products. It involves the use of bacteria, fungi, and other
microorganisms to perform various tasks that are beneficial to human
health, industry, and the environment.
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14. 5. Food microbiology
It deals with the interaction of microorganism and food in relation to
food bioprocessing , food spoilage, food borne disease, their
prevention and include the study of flora of foods.
In Food microbiology, we studymicroorganism causing food spoilage
and food borne illness.
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15. 6. Soil microbiology
It is the study of microbial flora and interaction among soil
microorganism .
It also include the biogeochemical role of soil microorganism .
In Soil microbiology, we study those microorganisms that are found
in soil.
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16. 7. Agricultural microbiology
The study of microorganisms that interact with plants and soils.
It is study of relationship of microorganism and crop with an emphasis
on the control of plant diseases and improvement of yields.
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17. 8. Aquatic microbiology
It is the study of microorganism and their activities in fresh and
marine water including Lakes, Rivers, Bays, Estuaries and Seas.
It also includes water purification microbiological examination and
biological degradation of waste.
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18. 9. Air microbiology
It deals with the role of Aerospora in contamination and spoilage of
food and dissemination of plant and animal disease through air.
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19. 10. Epidemiology
It is concerned with Monitoring, Control and Spread of disease in
communities .
Epidemiologyis the study and analysis of the distribution (who,
when, and where), patterns anddeterminants of health and disease
conditions in a definedpopulation.
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20. History of Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (24-10-1632 to 26-08-1723)
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek was the greatest Microscopist.
He was the first person to actually see the living microorganism.
He was the first person to observe and accurately describe human RBCs
as well as little agent of disease.
He also describe and sketched of different shapes of bacteria.
He mainly assembles 250 Microscopes .
Father of microbiology” Father of bacteriology and Protozoology
(protistology), from Holland .
Developed microscope in 1673 and observed microorganisms, which he
called animalcules and made one of the most important contributions to
biology. Revealed accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.
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21. 2. Zacharis Jansen (1590 and 1632)
Zacharias JansenorSacharias Jansen
In 1609 he is associated with the invention and discovered principle
of the firstOptical telescope and/or the first trulycompound
microscope .
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22. 3. Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602–27 November 1680)
He was the first professor to firstly apply this invention of microscope
to medicine.
He examined blood of patient suffering from Plague and through a
microscope. Saw countless masses of small worms in visible to the
naked eyes.
The worms like structure to be causative agent of Plague.
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23. 4. Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
He is an English scientist and he used a simple lens that magnified
objects.
He examined the slices of cork from the bark of the Oak tree.
The credit for developing a compound microscope with multiple
lenses and describing the words of microbes goes to Robert Hooke.
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24. 5. Robert Koch (1843-1901).
Robert Koch known as ‘Father of Bacteriology’ & ‘Father of Medical
Microbiology ’ ‘Father of Medical Microbiology because he carried
out the various researches and discoveries related to medicine.
He got Nobel prize in year 1905 for the discovery of tubercle bacilli
Introduced solid media for culture of bacteria and use of agar,
Methods of isolation of bacteria in pure culture.
Described hanging drop method for motility of organism.
Discovered bacteria like anthrax, cholera and tubercle bacilli
Introduced staining techniques by using aniline dyes.
Koch’s postulates and Koch’s phenomenon was given by him
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25. 6. Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Joseph Lister is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery.
English surgeon is known for his notable contribution to the antiseptic
treatment for the prevention and cure of wound infections.
Lister concluded that wound infections too were due to
microorganisms.
He observed that postoperative infections were greatly reduced by
using disinfectants such as diluted carbolic acid during surgery to
sterilize the instruments and to clean the wounds.
He instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves
and wash their hands before and after operations with 5% carbolic
acid solutions.
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26. 7. Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 –26 January 1823)
Edward Jenner known as ‘ Father of Immunology’.
Developed the first vaccine of world, the small pox vaccine.
Used cowpox virus (Variolae vaccinae) to immunize children against
smallpox from which the term ‘vaccine’ was derived
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27. 8. Paul Ehrlich (14-03-1854 To 20-08-1915)
He was aNobel Prize winning German physician and scientist who
worked in the fields ofHematology immunology and Antimicrobial
chemotherapy.
He discovered the concept of Chemotherapy.
He also classify stains and staining methods of RBCs.
He also awarded the Noble prize in 1908 in medicine for his studies
on Immunity.
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28. 9. Alexander Fleming (6-08-1881 To 11-03-1955)
He was a Scottish physician andmicrobiologist best known for
discovering the world's first broadly effectiveAntibiotic substance,
which he namedPenicillin.
He also shared Noble prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Ex. Penicillin Notatum
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29. 10. Richard Petri ( 31-05-1852 To 20-12-1921)
JuliusRichard Petri
He was a GermanMicrobiologist who is generally credited with
inventing the device known as thePetri Dish or Petri Plate .
He designated a special plate to hold solid culture media,
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30. Contribution of Louis Pasteur
The Louis Pasteur is the father of microbiology and it's French organic
chemist. The credit for providing foundation to bacteriology as science
goes to Louis Pasteur.
Various discoveries carried out by Louis Pasteur
1.Fermentation process.
2.Microorganism cause spoilage.
3.Demonstrated on fermentation process.
4.He also demonstrated that microorganisms are present in different
places and also present in different concentrations of microbes.
5.He also designated life as aerobic anaerobic and Facultative
anaerobic.
6.He also worked in the sterilization or open field sterilization and
method of sterilization.
7.He also developed the pasteurization process 50-60°C.
8.He also discovered the virulence power.
9.He also developed the rabies/Anthrax vaccine
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31. Pasteur's Gun Cotton Experiment
Louis Pasteur was the first scientist who demonstrated that air contains
Microorganism.
Firstly he passed a large quantity of air through the tube that contained a
plug of gun cotton to serve as a filter.
The cotton was then removed and dissolved in mixture of Alcohol and
ether.
The sediment is remain and the sediment is examined under microscope.
Lastly they found sediment contains not only organic matter but also
contains a large amount or large number of Microorganism.
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32. Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment
Pasteur's took boiled meat and infused it with several swan neck flasks.
The flasks opening were freely open to air but curved so that gravity
would cause any air borne dust particles to deposit in the lower part of
neck.
The flask is heated to sterilize the broth and incubate.
No growth occurred even through the contents of the flask were exposed
to air
Pasteur's pointed out that no growth took place because dust and germs
had been trapped on the walls of the neck but the neck were broken off so
that dust fail directly down into the flask microbial growth commenced
immediately.
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33. Pasteur's in Pasteurization Process
The Pasteur made an intensive study of beer and wine fermentation.
He found that wine spoilage was caused by the growth undesirable
contaminating microorganism.
The new experimentation of the Wine, Beer, Milk boiled or held at
50°Cto 60 °C and prevented the spoilage.
This gave rise a new process of preserving wine, fruit juices and milk.
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34. Principle of immunization demonstratedby Louis Pasteur
In 1880 Pasteur isolated the bacterium responsible for CHICKEN
CHOLERA .
They grow in pure culture but on the day of his demonstration he failed.
On the repeat experimentation chicken survived after injecting the
isolated bacterial culture and his result surprised him.
On subsequent experimentation he came to conclusion that on long
preservation or sub culturing, the Virulence power of pathogenic bacteria
was destroyed.
Such microbial culture does not cause infection but induces immunity
in the Host.
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35. Principle & Preparation of Rabies Vaccine by Louis Pasteur
Pasteur further introduced a vaccine for Anthrax and Rabies.
He knew that the causative agent of rabies attacked the brain and spinal
cord.
He took Spinal cord from rabbit which died from disease and the
suspended these cords in dry sterile air.
By this process the Rabies microorganism in the nervous tissue lost their
virulence and emulsion of the spinal cord was used as vaccine.
It was found to be effective in dogs.
Joseph meister was the first boy cured by this vaccine.
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36. Pasteur contributes in Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions.
Pasteur's also found that many other microorganisms including yeast
could grow either in presence or in the absence of oxygen.
He designated life in presence of oxygen as Aerobic.
In absence of oxygen is Anaerobic.
In presence or absence of oxygen as Facultative anaerobic.
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37. Application and scope of Microbiology
Production of Antibiotics.
Production of Enzymes, Vaccine, Alcoholic beverages and other
Pharmaceutical Products.
Diagnosis prevention and treatment of diseases.
Plant growth Promotion.
Sterile product preparation.
Sterilization.
Identification of Microorganisms.
Testing of raw material and finished product.
Microbiological assay of Antibiotics.
Evaluation of disinfectants.
Antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing .
Endotoxin testing.
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38. Future of Microbiology
Future challenges such as finding new ways to combat disease, reduce
pollution and feed the world’s population.
AIDS, hemorrhagic fevers and other infectious diseases.
Create new drugs, vaccines.
Use the techniques in molecular biology and DNA to solve the
problems.
Host-pathogen relationships.
Study the role of microorganisms as Sources of high-quality food and
other practical products such as enzymes for industrial application.
Degrade pollutants and toxic wastes.
Used as vectors to treat diseases and enhance agricultural productivity
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39. Microorganism
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CellularAcellular
Ex.Viruses
Nucleic acid
mainly packed in
protein shell
Prokaryotic
E.g. Bacteria
Actiniomycetes
Rickettsiae
Eukaryotic
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Plants
Animals

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