introduction, of microbiology, for DPT..

introduction of micro DPT

1. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY SHOAIB ALI

2. Bacteria Protozoa Algae Fungi Viruses Microbiology Microbiology (Greek, mikros—small; bios-life) is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa.

3. What is Microbiology? micron = small biologia = studying life How small is “small”? Study of too small organisms to be not seen with the naked eye (< 0.1 mm)

4. Introduction to Microbiology Microbiology: In the broadest sense, microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms . These organisms include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Microbiologists are concerned with characteristics and functions such as morphology, cytology, physiology, genetics, and molecular biology.

5. When you hear the word bacteria, what comes to your mind? Not all bacteria cause disease Most bacterial species cannot cause disease Many species play beneficial roles Production of antibiotics and foodstuffs Decompose organic waste Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

6. History of Microbiology Discovering organisms First microbes were observed in 1673 Robert Hooke- In 1665 reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells devised the compound microscope and illumination system https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- (1673-1723) He is considered the father of bacteriology Made simple microscopes and began observing with them ( 1674) Discovered bacteria (he called them animalcules ).

7. Golden A ge of Microbiology 1857- 1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial medicine Germ Theory of Disease Germ theory states that specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases.

8. Prokaryote & Eukaryotes Prokaryote is a unicellular organism , that lacks a membrane -bound organelles such as nucleus , mitochondria , etc The word prokaryote comes from the Greek (pro) "before" and ( karyo ) refers to nucleus Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes . The word Eukaryotes comes from the Greek ( eu , "well" or "true") and ( karyon ) refers to nucleus Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus , and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts .

9. Prokariyotic cell Eukariyotic cell Organisms Bacteria Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Plants, Animals Size 0.2–2.0 µm >5 µm Nucleus Nuclear membrane absent, Nucleolus absent Nucleus bounded by nuclear membrane, Nucleolus present Cell wall Peptidoglycan present Peptidoglycan absent Plasma membrane Sterols absent, Cytoplasmic streaming absent Sterols present, Cytoplasmic streaming present Membrane-enclosed organelles Absent Present Ribosome 70 S 80 S Basic structural and functional unit of life: Cell

10. I NTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY   The study of bacteria and their relation to medicine and to other areas. The main function of all diagnostic bacteriology laboratories is the detection and identification of microorganisms in a variety of samples of human, animal, food, industrial, or environmental origin. Also drug susceptibility testing of the isolates to allow correct treatment decisions is of major importance

11. Bacteria A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus. Size: 0.2–2.0 µm Important Characteristics: Prokaryotic ,Unicellular Simple internal structure Grow on artificial laboratory media Reproduction asexual (mostly simple cell division) Practical significance: Some cause diseases Some perform role in natural cycling of elements and increase soil fertility Manufacture of valuable compounds in Industry

12. The discipline of bacteriology evolved from the need of physicians to test and apply the germ theory of disease and from economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine. The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology were derived from the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases. During this period, great emphasis was placed on applying Koch's postulates to test proposed cause-and-effect relationships between bacteria and specific diseases.

13. The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals 2. The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same disease must occur 4. The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host Koch’s Postulates

14. In developed countries, 90 percent of documented infections in hospitalized patients are caused by bacteria. These cases probably reflect only a small percentage of the actual number of bacterial infections occurring in the general population, and usually represent the most severe cases. The World Health Organization has estimated that each year, 3 million people die of tuberculosis, 0.5 million die of pertussis, and 25,000 die of typhoid. Diarrheal diseases, many of which are bacterial, are the second leading cause of death in the world (after cardiovascular diseases), killing 5 million people annually.

15. Diagnosis of Microbial Infections