Introduction of Piping Design & analysis

Introduction of Piping Design & analysis

1. Statistical Analysis Population: The entire group of apparently identical components or elements under study Sample: The small portion of population selected for study. Random Variables: Characteristic to be studied . • Frequency distribution • Central tendencies 1. Mean 2. Mode 3. Median

2. Distribution curves Normal curve Standard normal curve Random variable is ‘x’ Random variable is ‘z’ Mean is any value Mean is equal to zero Standard deviation is any value . Standard deviation is always equal to ‘1’. Area under curve represent population Area under curve is equal to ‘1’.

3. Frequency Distribution Arithmetic Mean ( μ ) : Measures of central tendency (central position of data ) OR Median Mode ᵡ 1 ...= Observations N = No. of Observations f= Frequency of occurrence

4. What is Mean, Median and Mode

5. Standard Deviation ( ): Variance, OR OR

6. Normal and Standard normal Distribution Curve

7. Normal Distribution

8. Measure of Dispersion

9. Design Tolerances and Natural Tolerances Design Tolerance : Set by designer Natural Tolerances ( ): Spread under normal distribution curve Conditions: 1. Design Tolerance Greater than Natural Tolerance 2. Design Tolerance Equal to Natural Tolerance 3. Design Tolerance Less than Natural Tolerance

10. Factor of safety, Margin of safety & Reliability Factor of safety: The ratio of material strength (ultimate, yield or endurance) to the working or allowable stress. Margin of safety: The difference between strength and stress . Reliability: The probability that a component, system or a device will perform without failure for specified period of time under specified operating conditions. Reliability based design: It takes margin of safety into consideration to avoid the probability of failure. The resultant curve is normal distribution curve