introduction of plant biotechnology .pptx

Slide Presentation: Introduction to Plant Biotechnology

Slide 1: Introduction to Biotechnology

Definition of biotechnology
Importance and relevance of biotechnology in various fields
Slide 2: Historical Development of Biotechnology

Key milestones in the development of biotechnology
Contributions of notable scientists and researchers
Evolution of biotechnological techniques and methodologies
Slide 3: Branches of Biotechnology

Overview of different branches of biotechnology
Genetic engineering and its role in plant biotechnology
Other branches such as agricultural biotechnology and medical biotechnology
Slide 4: Applications of Biotechnology

Introduction to various applications of biotechnology
Agricultural applications: crop improvement, pest control, and disease resistance
Medical applications: drug development, gene therapy, and diagnostics
Slide 5: Biotechnology in Ethiopia

Overview of the biotechnology landscape in Ethiopia
Government initiatives and policies supporting biotechnology
Examples of successful biotechnology projects in Ethiopia

1. Plant biotechnology A bdirahman abdilahi kosar Applications of Biotechnology 4 Historical development of biotechnology 2 Definition of biotechnology 1 Branches of biotechnology 3 5 Biotechnology in Ethiopia

2. Biotechnology is product of interaction between the sciences of biology and technology . it is branch of sciences in which living things are used to make new product. it is the use of living organisms or process to make products useful for mankind. term of biotechnology coined by a Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky in 1917 . Modern Biotechnology started in California during 1970"s Biotechnology

3. Some selected definitions of biotechnology CLASSIC: The word "biotechnology" was first used in 1917 to describe processes using living organisms to make a product or run a process , such as industrial fermentative. ( Robert Bud, The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology ) LAYMAN: Biotechnology began when humans began to plant their own crops, domesticate animals, ferment juice into wine, make cheese, and leaven bread

4. Some selected definitions of biotechnology GENENTECH : Biotechnology is the process of harnessing 'nature's own’ biochemical tools to make possible new products and processes and provide solutions to society's ills (G. Kirk Raab, Former President and CEO of Genentech) WEBSTER’S : The aspect of technology concerned with the application of living organisms to meet the needs of man. WALL STREET: Biotechnology is the application of genetic engineering and DNA technology to produce therapeutic and medical diagnostic products and processes

5. Biotech companies have one thing in common – the use of genetic engineering and manipulation of organisms at a molecular level. Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms Biotechnology defined by FAO ‘Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

6. What is plant biotechnology Plant Biotechnology is a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism , manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics It chiefly involves the introduction of foreign genes into economically important plant species, resulting in crop improvement and the production of novel products in plants.

7. What is plant biotechnology Today, biotechnology is being used as a tool to give plants new traits that benefit agricultural production , the environment, and human nutrition and health Biotechnology provides farmers with tools that can make production cheaper and more manageable. For example, some biotechnology crops can be engineered to tolerate specific herbicides, which make weed control simpler and more efficient. 

8. What is plant biotechnology The application of biotechnology in agriculture has resulted in benefits to farmers, producers, and consumers . Plant biotechnology enables farmers worldwide to boost the profitability, productivity and sustainability of their farms. Today plant biotechnology encompasses two major areas plant tissues culture plant genetic engineering

9. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary in nature, involving input from E ngineering agricultural A gricultural bioechnology F ood technology engineering food processing and preservation methods, M icrobiology C omputer sceince Biochemistry I mmunology R ecombinant DNA tech G enetic engineering I ndustrial biotechnology Bioinformatics Bioprocess Eng  maintaining overall health. bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. chemical processes and reactions  chemical Eng and biology to design

10. W hat are stages of Biotechnology Ancient of Biotechnology early history as related to food and shelter, including domestication Modern Biotechnology manipulates genetic information in organism and genetic engineering C lassic Biotechnology built on ancient biotechnology • fermentation promoted food production • medicine

11. Ancient of Biotchnology History of domestication and agriculture Ancient biotechnology refers to the early practices and applications of biotechnology by ancient civilizations Followed by domestication of plants and animals (artificial selection) → People settled, sedentary lifestyles evolved (~10,000 yrs. ago) Cultivation of wheat, barley and rye (seed collections) Sheep and goats → milk, cheese, button and meat Grinding stones for food preparation New technology → Origins of Biotechnology → Agrarian Societies

12. Ancient of Biotchnology Fermented foods and beverages Long history of fermented foods since people began to settle (9000 BC) ( fervere –to boil) • Often discovered by accident! • Improved flavor and texture • Deliberate contamination with bacteria or fungi (molds) example Wine Beer sauerkrau Bread Yogurt Sour Cream cheese

13. Ancient of Biotchnology Earlier, hunting was a common practice for food gathering, and eating raw meat was ordinary. It took time to understand the importance of fire, clean water, shelter, and definitely agriculture. Yeast is considered as one of the oldest microbes which were exploited to benefit humans for making bread, vinegar, alcohols like whiskey, wine, or beer. examples of biotechnology was the mule which was the result of crossbreeding a male donkey and a female horse

14. Classic of Biotchnology Classical biotechnology represents the historical practices and knowledge that laid the foundation for modern biotechnology. G. J. Mendel discovered the basis for the transfer of genetic information in his experiment on pea plants. And published his results in 1865 as the ‘ Laws of Inheritance’ . By the time R. Brown was successful in discovering the nucleus in cells and F. Miescher (1868) reported nuclein which consisted of nucleic acid. Fleming discovered antibiotics when he noticed that one microorganism kills the other and he succeeded in discovering penicillin which could be used against many infectious diseases

15. Classic of Biotchnology Chemical transformations to produce therapeutic products Microbial synthesis of other commercially valuable products Amino acids to improve food taste, quality or preservation • Enzymes and Vitamins, Pigments examples of classical biotechnology application Fermentation Traditional Medicines Cheese and Yogurt Production Bread Making:

16. Modern Biotchnology Structure, organization and reproduction Synthesis of organic compounds Cell extracts for fermentation (enzymes versus whole cells) Resurrection of Gregor Mendel’s findings → 1866 → 1900s Theory of Inheritance (ratios dependent on traits of parents Theory of Transmission factors Chromosomes = inheritance factorsW.H . Sutton – 1902 – Drosophila melanogaster C ell biology Biochemistry G enetics W.H. Sutton – 1902 T.H. Morgan

17. Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology Biopharmaceutical production: Advancements in drug development Stem cell research and regenerative medicine  Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Techniques like marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection Gene Editing biofuels production: Advancing renewable energy sources Modern Biotechnology

18. study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genetics create novel applications and devices at the nanoscale for various biological and medical purposes. Nanobiotechnology parts of organisms can be used to clean up pollution in soil, water or air. Bioremediation Modern biotechnology 4 3 5 2 6 1  a powerful technology used to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously.  DNA microarrays Introducing foreign genes into an organism. transgenesis DNA profiling in identifying In DNA samples at crime or parentage Forensic

19. H istory of biotechnology 1750 Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils Janssen invents the microscope The Sumerians brew beer Proteins are discovered Leeuwenhoek discovers cells (bacteria, red blood cells) The first enzymes are isolated 1833 1850 500 bc 1590 1675 1750 bc

20. 1855 The Eschirium coli bacterium is discovered 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species 1864 Louis Pasteur shows all living things are produced by other living things 1865 The age of genetics begins 1902 Walter Sutton coins the term ‘gene’ - proposed that chromosomes carry genes 1973 Recombinant DNA technology begins 1953 The double helix is unravelled 1910 Chromosomal theory of inheritance proved 1928 Fleming discovers antibiotic properties of certain molds 1975 DNA sequencing discovered

21. H istory of Biotechnology 1993 1996 1997 2001 1998 1978 1978 1989 1990 1990 The Human Genome Project begins First use of gene therapy Kary Mullis discovers PCR First product of R DNA technology introduced FDA announces that transgenic food is safe First artificial chromosome Human embryonic stem cells grown First mammal cloned from adult cells Human genome project complete Genentech use genetic engineering to produce human insulin in E.coli - 1980 IPO of $89

22. bioremediation wastewater treatment, and the development of sustainable technologies for waste management. Environmental Biotechnology production of biofuels, biodegradable plastics, enzymes, and chemicals using microorganisms Industrial Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical production, Gene therapy, molecular diagnostic, tissue engineering, Drug Discovery and Development:  Medical biotechnology Genetic Modification of Crops, Crop Improvement, Disease and Pest Control, Crop Protection and Artificial insemination Agricultural Biotechnology Branches and components of Biotechnology

23. develop materials and devices at the nanoscale for biomedical applications, drug delivery systems, and diagnostics. Nanobiotechnology use of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast, for various applications Microbial biotechnology combines biology, computer science, to analyze and interpret biological data.  Bioinformatics To develop and produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Branches and components of Biotechnology  use of marine organisms and their derivatives for various applications. Marine Biotechnology:

24. Branches and components of Biotechnology application of biotechnology in the production, processing, and preservation of food Food Biotechnology focuses on the manipulation and modification of whole organisms to achieve specific goals. Organismal biotechnology techniques and tools in forensic investigations and criminal justice. It involves DNA analysis, genetic profiling, and forensic identification Forensic Biotechnology focuses on the manipulation and application of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to develop new technologies, products, and therapies. Molecular Biotechnology

25. Application of biotechnology M edical biotechnology Diognostics T herapeutics V accines Agricultural biotechnology P lant agriculture F arm F ood processing E nviromental Biotechnology C leaning throug bioremedation P reventing Enviromental problem I ndustrial biotechnology E nergy production N ew material F F orensic biotechnology P aternaty test S cientic envistigation C rime investigation

26. Agriculture Biotech application Health’ Care Environments Industry GM planting mats and hybrids micropropagation Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides Animal environments Enzymes Fermentation based product and food Biotech instruments & equipment’s bioenergy & bio-fuels r-DNA products, vaccines , diagnostics, monoclonal Antibodies Stem cells Tissues specifics delivery methods Soil and water remediation Biosafety and GMOs

27. Application of biotechnology in food industry Food biotechnology is the application of technology to modify genes of animals, plants and micro organisms to create new species which have desired production, marketing or nutrition related properties. Biotechnology include wide range of diverse technology and they may applied in each of different in food and agriculture sectors Biotechnology in food processing plays an important role in food fermentation, food additive and processing aids and food safety biotechnology in food processing sector targets the selection and improvements of micro organisms with objective of improving process control, yields and efficiency as well as the quality, safety and consistency of bioprocessed products

28. Example Emulsifiers is predominantly used as an emulsifier in the food industry due to its emulsifying and stabilization properties. Using new molecular tools, emulsifiers are now synthesized from covalently coupled carbohydrates like starch, pectin, sugar and proteins from wheat, milk and soya bean . Peanut Allergy Testing: Many people have been found to display allergic reactions after eating peanuts. To combat this problem, it is essential to identify the cause of this allergy

29. example Effective Monitoring:   Scientists are developing versatile gastrointestinal models for detailed monitoring of digestibility, bioconversion and biodegradability of foods and drugs and contaminants from the point of safety and functionality. These models are now used for studying the digestive effect of nutraceutical foods Calcium Intake : One of the most important and innovative applications of biotechnology is to improve the calcium level in our foodstuff Researchers have shown that oligo-fructose, a naturally occurring, low-digestible oligosaccharide, increases calcium absorption by as much as twenty two per cent. Food from Microbes : While brewing and baking have existed for ages, we are now using genetically pure strains in the process. Studies show that nearly 1.5 million tons of bakers’ yeast {Saccharomyces cervisiae ) is produced throughout the world every year. Modern plants have also reduced the time required in the fermentation process from months to days.

30. Application of biotechnology in pharmaceutical industry Manufacturing of vaccines: Every pharmaceutical company aims at producing products that can help tackle severe health problems and benefit the society in a major way. Biotechnology has successfully found cure for numerous diseases including cardiovascular disorders, arthritis, Hepatitis B, bone fractures etc. The production costs of biotech based products are cheaper and this is a major reason why the pharma industry embraced this technology and has made it an indispensable part of its own self.

31. E xample G ene therapy The most common form of gene therapy involves using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene. Human serum Albumin: It is one of the most common blood proteins used in the treatment of shock injuries such as burns.  Engineered Enzymes: are used to treat a range of conditions from cardiac diseases to renal failure, and inherited enzyme deficiencies. Anti- haemophilic Factor  It is an important material purified from human blood, and used in the treatment of haemophilia . I nsulin It is an important hormone regulating glucose levels

32. Application Of Biotechnology In Agri Industry Many forms of  human-derived agriculture clearly fit the broad definition of "'utilizing a biotechnological system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. Applications of biotechnology to plants or animals to improve their food processing properties (e.g. development of the Flavr Savr tomato variety , genetically modified to reduce its ripening rate ) or to produce proteins from genetically modified (GM) microorganisms to improve plant or animal production (e.g. production of bovine somato tropin (BST),

33. Gene technology can be used in agriculture and food production to. increase crop or animal resistance to pests while reducing the use of chemicals; increase crop or animal tolerance to chemicals that are used to kill harmful pests; create disease resistance in crops and animals; and improve the food yield per plant or animal; make plants and animals more suited to environmental conditions e.g. drier regions or salty water; improve the nutritional quality of the food produced by the plant or animal

34. Genetically modified  crops ("GM crops", or "biotech crops") are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified with genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Example FLOWERS There is some simply aesthetic application and an example of this is the use of gene recognition and transfer techniques to improve the color, smell, size and other features of flowers. BIOFUELS : The agricultural industry plays a big role in the biofuels industry, as long as the feedstock's for fermentation and cleansing of bio-oil, bio-diesel and bio-ethanol.

35. Current Biotech R&D in Ethiopia It is lagging behind on activities of “Modern Biotechnology” involving recombinant DNA technology; Most of the works revolve around “Conventional Biotechnology” Most of the activities focused on:- Plant tissue culture; Disease free planting materials production & dissemination; QTL mapping; PCR based genetic analysis; Recently, Enset Transformation (EIAR-IITA) CFT of BtCotton ( EBTi -EIAR)

36. Biotechnology education in Ethiopia Since 2004/05, the number of public higher education institutions has increased, from 8 to 44, distributed across all regions of the country; Currently a total 13 Higher Learning Institutes are offering biotechnology undergraduate training; MSc training:- a total of 11 Universities offers; Doctoral training:- a total of 5 Universities offers

37. Public biotech Research institutes  EBTi (Agri, Health, Industrial, Envir , Bioinformatics) National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center ( Holeta ; DZ, Melkassa , Jima) Institute of Biotechnology ( IoB )-AAU Armauer Hansen Research Institute ( AHRI (Health) Akililu Lama Institute of Path-biology (Health) Ethiopian National Human Rights Institution ( ENHRI (Health) National Veterinary Institute (NVI, Vet Vaccine), The Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity (EIB) National Animal Diagnostic & Investigation Center (NADIC) Sebeta National Artificial Insemination Center (NAIC) Regional Agricultural Research Institute-Tissue Culture Lab (Amhara, Oromia, South, Tigray)

38. Biotechnology has been identified as a key driver of growth for Ethiopia to fulfils its vision to becoming middle income by the year 2025 Ministerial Direction-finding Committee established with 6 Leading Experts of National Biotech Taskforce; Developed Biotechnology Road Map for the next 10 years Ethiopian Biotech Research & Development Roadmap Ethiopian Human Resource Development Roadmap. Ethiopian Agricultural Biotechnology Roadmap Ethiopian Health Biotechnology Roadmap Ethiopian Industrial Biotechnology Roadmap Ethiopian Environmental Biotechnology Roadmap. Recent Progress: National Capacity Building Initiatives for Biotechnology R&D

39. Continues The Government recently established the Ethiopian Biotechnology Council and Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute -EBTi (June 2016) The Council:- Chaired by HE DPM and 7 Ministers + 5 Institute heads + 3 Senior Researchers; It is mandated Issue policy on biotechnology R&D; Set national strategy & define major national priority programs for biotechnology R&D; Set directions for biotechnology R&D; Provide leadership to build and strengthen sustainable national capacity; Set directions for the establishment and proper management of the specialized research and service centers; EBTi Mandate:- Lead and Coordinate Biotech R & D; Formulate policies and strategies on biotechnology; Conduct Research on Agricultural biotech and others

40. continues As follow-up of these efforts and the Biotech Research & Development Plant has been developed :- National Biotech Curriculum Review & Development (BSc, MSc & PhD) National Biotech Research & Infrastructure Plan Biotechnology Regulatory Framework Guidelines Biotechnology Investment and Marketing Biotechnology Modules and Lab Protocols for High School Teacher

41. Main ingredient for biotech R&D Main ingredients/Pillars for biotechnology development • Biodiversity (Plant, Animal, Microbial) Skilled Manpower Biotech R&D Infrastructure Enabling Environments & Finance Project prepared for implementation National Biotech human capital development project Ethiopian Biotech National infrastructure development project Draft policy on Biotechnology

42. Current challenges Lack of Biotech infrastructure & manpower for modern Biotech; Lack of incentive to compete & maintain biotechnologist locally; Shortage of Biotech equipment's & supplies at local market; Absence of local private company interested to import biotech items; Lack of public awareness.

43. END