INTRODUCTION on hardware and software.pptx

slides on hardware and software

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AGENDA INTRODUCTION HARDWARE TYPES OF HARDWARE SOFTWARE TYPES OF SOFTWARE

3. INTRODUCTION A COMPUTER is an electronic device that accept data and process data arithmetically and logically, produce information. It is divided into two main categories Hardware Software

4. Neumann Architecture

5. HARDWARE Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications and other devices. Computer hardware includes CPU, RAM, Motherboard, graphic cards, sound card. It includes not only the computer but also cables, connectors, power supply units, and peripheral devices such as keyboards, mouse, audio speakers and printers.

6. The term  hardware  distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device from  software which consists of written, machine-readable instructions or  programs  that tell physical components what to do and when to execute the instructions . Hardware and software are complementary .   Hardware can be categorized as being either internal or  external.

7. INTERNAL HARDWARE Internal hardware is also called components. Internal components collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program or operating system. CPU Motherboard RAM ROM

8. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT It is brain of computer. I ts   clock speed  determines the computer's performance and efficiency in processing data. Most of calculations take place here Two components of CPU are: Arithmetic logic unit Control unit

9. Motherboard It is the main circuit board of microcomputer, It contains the CPU, Memory, expansion slots and all the controllers required to control standard hardware device

10. Memory

11. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM) Random access memory (RAM) is the hardware in a computing device that provides temporary storage for the operating system ( OS ), software programs and any other data. RAM is often referred to as a computer's main memory. It is also referred to as primary memory.

12. Cont.. RAM is faster to read and write than secondary storage.

13. Cont.. The term random access or direct access as it applies to RAM is based on the facts that any storage location can be accessed directly via its memory address and that access can be random. RAM is physically small and stored in microchips which plug into slots in computer’s motherboard.

14. Cont.. RAM are volatile.   They lose data if the power is turned off . Random access memory can hold only a limited amount of data, much less than secondary storage such as an SSD or HDD

15. If RAM fills up and additional data is needed, the system must free up space in RAM for the new data. This process might involve moving data temporarily to secondary storage, often by  swapping or paging. RAM is a computer's short-term memory, where the data that the processor is currently using is stored

16. Types of RAM RAM comes in two primary forms : DRAM SRAM DRAM  DRAM is typically used for a computer's main memory,  needs continuous power to retain stored data. DRAM is cheaper than SRAM and offers a higher density, but it produces more heat, consumes more power and is not as fast as SRAM .

17. SRAM SRAM will hold its data permanently in the presence of power, while data in DRAM decays in seconds and thus must be periodically  refreshed SRAM is faster than DRAM but it is more expensive in terms of silicon area and cost. SRAM is typically used for the cache and internal registers of a  CPU while DRAM is used for a computer's main memory.

18. Difference between SRAM & DRAM

19. READ ONLY MEMORY ROM is a non-volatile memory. Information stored in ROM is permanent. Information and programs stored on it, we can only read and cannot modified. Information and programs are stored on ROM in binary format. It is used in the start-up process of the computer.

20. ROM

21. RAM vs. RO M

22. INPUT DEVICES Ad closed by  An input device is a hardware device that transfers data to a computer system and allows us to control it . Computer input devices serve as an interface between the outside world and the computer for proper communication.

23. Characteristics of INPUT device Input device allow information to be entered into the computer system in different formats, like audio, image, text, etc. Input device translate the information provided by the user into machine readable form. It is a part of the hardware of computer and can be connected through wire or wireless. To use the computer, Input device is necessary to enter data and input device is easy to use.

24. Different Types of Input Devices KEYBOARD MOUSE JOYSTICK LIGHTPEN

25. KEYBOARD For entering data into a  computer the keyboard is the most common and commonly used input device. It contains various keys for entering letters, numbers, and characters .. It is generally available in two different sizes 101/102 keys and for Windows and the Internet, it is also available with 104 keys or 108 keys. It is connected to a computer system with the help of a USB or a Bluetooth device

26. keys Numeric Keys:  These keys are used to enter numeric data and move the cursor. It is typically made up of 17 keys. Keyboard Shortcuts:  These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and the number keys (09). Control Keys:  The pointer and the screen are controlled by these keys. It comes with four directional arrow keys. Control keys include Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete, Control(Ctrl), and Escape. Special Keys:  Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, and Print Screen are some of the special function keys on the keyboard. Function Keys:  The 12 keys from F1 to F12 are on the topmost row of the keyboard.

27. MOUSE The mouse is the most used pointing device. While clicking and dragging, the mouse moves a little cursor across the screen. . It was invented in 1963 by Douglas C. Engelbart .  A mouse is used to move the cursor on the screen in the desired direction. A mouse allows users to choose files, folders, or multiple files or text or, all at once. A mouse can be used to open a file, folder, etc. You must first move your pointer to a file, folder, and then double-click on it to open

28. Generally, the mouse is of four types Trackball Mouse Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse Wireless Mouse

29. JOYSTICK A pointing device used to move the cursor around the screen is the joystick. Both the bottom and top ends of the stick have a spherical ball affixed to them. A socket contains the lower spherical ball.   It’s utilized to regulate the cursor’s position across a display screen. It’s utilized in computer games to move the characters and symbols around. It commonly features one or more push buttons, the condition of which can be controlled by the computer as well.

30. LIGHT PEN A light pen is a pointing device that has the appearance of a pen. It can be used to draw on the monitor screen or to pick a menu item. In a small tube, a photocell and an optical system are housed. The photocell sensor element determines the screen location and sends a signal to the CPU when the tip of a light pen is moved across a monitor screen while the pen button is pressed.

31. Characteristics of Light Pen When drawing graphics, a light pen comes in very handy. Objects on the display screen are selected with a light pen.

32. SCANNER A scanner is a type of input device that works in the same way as a photocopier. It’s used when there’s data on paper that needs to be transferred to the computer’s hard disc for further processing. The scanner collects images from the source and translates them to a digital version that can be saved on the hard disks. These graphics can be changed before they are printed.

33. Types of scanner Generally, the scanner is of four types:  Flatbed Scanner Handheld Scanner Sheetfed Scanner Drum Scanner

34. Optical Character Recognition OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition . OCR is a computer reading technique that reads numbers, characters, and symbols. OCR is a technique for recognizing text in documents that have been scanned into digital form. Optical character recognition (OCR) refers to a device that reads printed text. Character by character, OCR scans the text, converts it to a machine-readable code, and saves it into the memory of the system. OCR also functions as a scanner, scanning documents, photos, images, and handwritten text and storing the information in memory, which may then be compared to previously stored data.

35. Cont.. OCR stands for "Optical Character Recognition." It is a technology that recognizes text within a digital image. It is commonly used to recognize text in scanned documents and images. OCR software can be used to convert a physical paper document, or an image into an accessible electronic version with text

36. Barcode Reader A bar code reader is a device that reads bar-coded data. To label things, number books, and so on, bar-coded data is often utilized. It could be a standalone scanner or a component of one. A barcode reader is a device that reads barcodes and extracts data from them. The code bar is used to read the bar code printed on any goods. By impacting light beams on barcode lines, a barcode reader identifies existing data in barcodes.

37. Web Camera A  webcam is an input device since it records a video image of the scene in front of it. It can either be incorporated inside the computer (for example, a laptop) or connected via USB. A webcam is a small digital video camera that is connected to a computer. Because it can capture pictures and record video, it’s also known as a web camera.

38. Graphic Tablets A graphics tablet, also known as a digitizing tablet, is a computer input device that allows users to draw drawings and graphics by hand, much like they would with a pencil and paper. A graphics tablet is a flat surface on which the user can draw a picture with the help of an attached stylus, which is a pen-like drawing device.

39. CHARACTERSTIC The graphics tablet is a pressure-sensitive tablet that is controlled by a pen. Drawing, writing, inserting, etc. can be done with the pen. It provides more precision and the ability to monitor (than a touchscreen).

40. Touchscreen A touchscreen is a type of input device that allows users to interact with a digital display by directly touching the screen’s surface. It enables the user to perform various actions, such as selecting options, typing on a virtual keyboard, drawing, or manipulating objects, by physically touching the screen.

41. OUTPUT DEVICES An output device is a hardware component of a computer system that displays information to users. Monitor, Printer, Speakers Headphones, Projector, GPS and Plotter are some output devices of computer. An output device is a computer hardware device that retrieves and presents the result of the inserted input data from the computer system and further translates that data into human-understandable language.

42. EXAMPLES Monitor Printer Speakers Headphones Projector GPS Plotter

43. MONITOR The most general example of an output device is a monitor. It is also known as a Visual Display Unit (VDU) and the major function of a monitor is to display the processed data like images, videos, text, audio, etc. A monitor arranges the microscopic dots known as pixels in a rectangular pattern to make images. The number of pixels present determines the sharpness of an image.

44. PRINTER Printers are another common example of Output devices. Printers primarily operate by producing a copy, typically a hard copy or Xerox copy, of the information transmitted by the computer. The printer receives electronic data from the computers and produces a hard copy of the processed data. Printers are divided into two categories which are Impact Printer and Non-Impact printer

45. EXAMPLES Dot matrix printer Daisy wheel printer Line printer Chain printer Laser printer Inkjet printer .

46. PROJECTOR The projector is an output device that receives images from a computer and allows users to project their output onto a large area, such as a screen or a wall .

47. GPS GPS or Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio-based satellite navigation system that consists of a network of multiple satellites. GPS uses radio signals to pinpoint a specific location. The user sends a radio signal to the satellites, which collect data such as time, location, speed, and other variables and deliver it to the reception computer for analysis .

48. Plotter A plotter is a type of output device that is used to produce high-quality graphics, drawings, or large-format images. Plotters are commonly used in engineering, architecture, design, and other industries that require accurate and detailed graphical representations

49. Software In a computer system the software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tell a computer what to do . Software refers to a collection of instructions, programs, data, and documentation that performs various tasks on a computer system or electronic device. It is intangible and consists of code written in programming languages that control the behaviour of hardware components. Software can be categorized into different types based on its functionality, such as operating systems, application software, utility software, and system software.

50. Types of software

51. System software System software is a software that manages and controls computer’s hardware and provides basic services to higher level software. Operating system is most important type of software as they provide foundation framework for all other software. It acts as an intermediary between user and computer hardware allowing user to interact with hardware and use various applications and programs.

52. Operating Systems (OS) : The most crucial piece of system software, the operating system manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and supports software applications. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, and Android. Device Drivers : These software components enable communication between the operating system and specific hardware devices, such as printers, graphics cards, or network adapters. Firmware : This is software that is embedded into hardware devices, providing low-level control over their functionalities. Firmware is typically stored in non-volatile memory and is responsible for initializing hardware components during the boot process. .

53. Utility Programs : These are programs that perform specific tasks related to system management, maintenance, and optimization. Examples include disk defragmenters, antivirus software, backup tools, and system diagnostic utilities. Language Translators : Compilers and interpreters are system software that translates high-level programming languages into machine code that the computer's hardware can understand and execute. Examples include compilers for languages like C, C++, Java, and Python.

54. Operating system An operating system is a program that manages computer hardware .It also provide basis for application program and act as an intermediary between computer user and the computer hardware. A computer system can be divided roughly into four components the hardware , the operating system, the application programs and the users .

55. The hardware consist of Central Processing unit, the memory, and input output device they s-provides the basic computing resources for the system. The application programs such as word processors/ spreadsheets/ compilers, and Web browsers-define the ways in which these resources are used to solve users' computing problems. The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the various application programs for the various users

56. Cont..

57. We can also view a computer system as consisting of hardware/ software/ and data. The operating system provides the means for proper use of these resources in the operation of the computer system. An operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.

58. Functions of operating system RESOURCE ALLOCATOR: A computer system has many resources that may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/0 devices, and so on. The operating system acts as the manager of these resources. T he operating system must decide how to allocate them to specific programs and users so that it can operate the computer system efficiently and fairly.

59. Procedure Oriented Programming COBOL, FORTRAN & C are known as procedure oriented programming. In POP problem is viewed as sequence of things like reading, calculating etc A number of functions are written to accomplish these task.

60. Emphasis is on doing things(algorithms). Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions. Most of the functions share global data. Data move openly around the system from function to function. Functions transform data from one form to another. Employs top down down approach in program design

61. OOP Emphasis is on data rather than procedure. Programs are divided into objects Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in data structure. Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions. Objects may communicate with each other through functions. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary. Follows bottom up approach.

62. Introduction to C++ C++ is one of the most popular programming languages. It used to create high-performance applications like YouTube, Google, MySql,Spotify . C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustup , an extension to C language. C++ invented in 1979 but its first version released to public at 1983. C++ is an object-oriented programming language

63. Elements of OOPs Object Classes Encapsulation Data Abstraction Inheritance Polymorphism Dynamic Binding Message Passing

64. Features of OOPs

65. Objects Oops uses objects as its fundamental building blocks. Objects are the basic run time entities Object is associated with data and function which define meaningful operations in that object. Object is a real world entity Object is an instance of a particular class. Object take up space in memory and have associated address.

66. Object

67. Object

68. Class

69. Classes It is similar to structure in C C lasses is a user defined data type. It holds own data members and member function. Classes can be accessed and used only by instance of that class. It is basically blueprint for object.

70. Encapsulation The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit called class and keeps them safe from external interference and misuse. It helps in hiding implementational details. Access specifiers like private, public ,protected are used to control visibility of class members.

71. Abstraction It is most essential feature of OOPs. Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding details. It enables code reuse by avoiding code duplication. It enhances software security by making only necessary information available to the users.

72. Inheritance The capability of a class to derive properties and characterstic from another class is called inheritance. Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is called Sub Class or Derived Class. Super Class : The class whose properties are inherited by a sub-class is called Base Class or Superclass. Inheritance support the concept of “Reusability ”.

73. Example

74. Difference between C& C++ C C is a POP Top down Approach is used in programming In C, no concept of Polymorphism Operator overloading is not possible. 5. C++ 1 C++ is an OOP 2 Bottom up approach is used here. 3 In C++ concept of Polymorphism is important. 4. Operator overloading is not possible