INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY .pptx

bsc clin med

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY J W KURIA

2. DEFINATION OF TERMS HUMAN ANATOMY-Its a science that deals with the structure of the human body. Its derived from greek word ‘ anatome ’ meaning to cut up Dissection is a technique of cutting up. Anatomy describe the theatre in which the action takes place while physiology describes the action. There are approximately 206 bones 650 muscles and 79 organs.

3. History of anatomy Greek period (B.C)400_Hippocrates I is known as father of medicine and is one of the founders of Anatomy.Hirophilus _(B.C)300 is the father of anatomy he was a greek physician and was the first to dissect the human body,distigushed cerebellum from cerebrum,nerve to tendon,arteries from veins ,motor from sensory nerves described and named parts of the eye meninges e.t.c Romans period (A.D)130-200 prince of physician practiced medicine at rome 14 th Century Mundinus 1276-1326 he restored anatomy 15 th Century Leonardo davinci of Italy (1452-1519) he is the originatotor of cross-sectional anatomy. 16 th Century Vesalius (1514-1564) he is the reformer of anatomy

4. ct 17 th Century William Harvey (1578-1657) he was an English physician he discovered circulation of blood and published books of embryology. 18 th Century William Hunter (1718-1783) London anatomist and obstetrician he introduced embalming. 19 th Century Dissection by medical students was made compulsory in Edinburg 1826 and Maryland 1833 formalin was used as fixative in 1890.Xray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895.the anatomist of that century were Ashley cooper (1768-1841) cavier (1769-1832) Meckel (1724-1824) Henery Gray of grays Anatomy (1827-1861). 20 th Century invention of electron microscope ,u/ s,echo,ctscan,mri,tissue culture was developed gamate intrafallopian transfer started. 21 st Century In utero treatment,human genome was prepared.

5. CT In 1895 the German anatomical society approved a list of about 500 terms and laid down 6 rules Each part shall have only one name Each term shall be in Latin Each term shall be as short and simple as possible Related terms shall be similar i.e. femoral artery femoral vein Adjectives shall be aligned in opposite i.e. major ,minor The terms shall be Marely memory signs.

6. A. Anatomical position B. supine C .Prone D Lithotomy

7. Terms used in relation to trunk Ventral/anterior – infront of the trunk Dorsal/posterior medial—close to median plane Lateral—away from median plane Proximal/cranial/superior—close to head end of the trunk Distal/caudal/inferior—close to lower end of the trunk Ipslateral —on the same side of the body as another structure. Contralateral—on the opposite side of the body as another structure Invagination—projecting inside Evagination _ projecting outwards

8. Terms used in relation to upper limb Ventral/anterior /frontal aspect Dorsal /posterior/back aspect Medial border –along little finger Lateral border –along the thumb Proximal –close to the root of the limb Distal –away Palmar surface –front of the palm Dorsal surface Flexor – infront of upper limb Extensor-back of the upper limb

9. Terms used in relation to lower limb Anterior aspect-front Posterior aspect-back of the limb Medial border along the big toe Lateral border –along the little toe Flexor back of the lower limb Extensor-front of the lower limb Proximal is close to the root of the limb

10. Terms used in embryology Vental -toward the belly Dorsal toward theback Cranial /rostral-toward the head Caudal-toward the tail

11. Terms used in relation to body movements Gliding-flat surface move back and forth and from side to side .The angle between articular bones do not change significantly. Angular- angle between articulating bones increase or decrease i.e. flexion decrease. Adduction-movement of bone toward midline Rotation- bone revolve along its own longitudinal axis.medial rotation anterior surface of the bone of the limb is turned toward the midline. Special movements i.e pronation/supination at radial ulnar joint and protraction retaction at TMJ.

12. Upper limb Flexion- when two flexor surface are brought close to each other. Extension-when the extensor or dorsal surface are brought in as much approximation as possible. Abduction-limb taken away from the trunk. Circumduction-movement of distal end of apart of a limb in a circle. Medial rotation-when arm rotate medially bringing the fixed forearm across the chest. Supination-when the palm is facing forward or upward Pronate- Adduct digits.

13. Lower limb Flexion of thigh-when front of the thigh comes in to contact with front of abdomen . Extension of the thigh-when the person stand erect. flexion of the knee- when the back of the knee and back of the thigh come in opposition. Inversion –when medial border of the leg is raised from the ground Eversion Protraction-when lower jaw slides forward in its socket in the temporal bone of the skull.

14. Term used in describing bone features xxxx Line/lip/ridge/crest-linear elevation. Spine/ styloidprocess / cornu (horn)/ hamulus -sharp elevation Tubercle/tuberosity/ epicodyle /malleolus/trochanter-rounded or irregular elevation. Ramus-is broad arm or process projecting from the main part or body of the bone. Pit/impression/fovea/fossa/grove(sulcus)/notch( inscura )-it’s a depression. Foramen/canal/hiatus/aqueduct-opening Large cavity within the bone is called sinus cell or antrum Smooth articular area –facet/condyle/head/ capitulum /trochlear

15. Terms used in clinical anatomy ‘ itis ’ suffix –inflammation Ectomy -remove from body Otomy -open and close a hollow organ Ostomy -open leave it open i.e. colostomy Oma-tumour Puberty- secondarly sexual characteristics 12-15yrs girls,13-16yrs boys Symptoms –subjective complains Sign-objective findings Diagnosis-identity or determine nature of a disease

16. ct Prognosis-expected outcomes/ forcast Pyrexia-fever Lesion-injury ,circumscribe pathological changes. Inflammation-local reaction of the tissues to an injury its characterized by a.swelling b.pain c.reddening d.warm on touch e.loss of function. Oedema -swelling due to accumulation of fluid in ECM Thrombosis-intravascular coagulation Embolism –occlusion of a vessel by detached and circulating thrombus Haemorrge -bleeding which may be internal or external Ulcer-local breech/gap/erosion in surface continuity of skin or mucus membranexxxxxx

17. Sinus-blind track lined by epithelium Fistula-track open at both ends Necrosis-local death of tissues or organ due to irreversible damage to the nucleus Degeneration –retrogressive changes causing deterioration in the structural and functional qualities.at first its reversible. Gagrene –form of necrosis with putrifacation Infarction-death due to sudden blockage of arterial supply Atrophy-shrinking in the size of the cells,tissue organ or part due to loss of its nutriation Dystrophy-shrinkage due to defective nutriation Hypertrophy-increase in size without increase in number of cells. Hyperplasis Hypoplasia-incomplete development

18. Aplasia-failure to develop. Syndrome-a group of diverse symptoms and signs constituting together the picture of a disease. Paralysis-loss of motor power due to denervation or primary muscle disease. Hemipledgia -paralysis of one ½ of the body Parapredgia - paralysis of both lower limbs. Monopredgia -paralysis of any one limb Quadripledgia Anaesthesis -loss of touch sensibility. Analgesia-loss of pain sensation Thermoanaesthesia -temp Hyperaesthesia-ambnormally increased sensibility Coma-deep unconciouness Tumor-a circumscribed non inflammatory abnormal growth rising from the body tissues

19. Cancer-tumor from epithelium(ectoderm/endoderm) invasive Sarcomma -from mesoderm (connective tissue) Metastasis spread of a local disease to distant part of the body. Convalescence-recovery time Therapy –medical tx .

20. Arrangement of structure in the body from within outwards. Bone-form supporting frame work of the body. Muscles-attached to the bones Blood vessels nerves and lymphatics course in between the muscles along the fascial planes Thoracic and abdominal cavities contains several internal organs called visceral Whole body has three general covering deep fascia,superficial fascia and skin.

21. quiz List down the 206 bones of the body (10mks)