INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEEK 5.pptx

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1. Week 5 SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

2. OBJECTIVES: WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

3. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Introducing Common Application Types Just as the only thing that limits the kinds of procedural computer application types is the imagination of the programmer, AI applications could appear in any venue for just about any purpose, most of which no one has thought of yet. In fact, the flexibility that AI offers means that some AI applications may appear in places other than those for which the programmer originally defined them.

4. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Using AI in typical applications You might find AI in places where it’s hard to imagine using an AI. For example, your smart thermostat for controlling home temperature could contain an AI if the thermostat is complex enough . The use of AI, even in these particularly special applications, really does make sense when the AI is used for things that AI does best, such as tracking preferred temperatures over time to automatically create a temperature schedule.

5. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Realizing AI‘s wide range of fields Applications define specific kinds of uses for AI. You can also find AI used more generically in specific fields of expertise.

6. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Considering the Chinese Room argument In 1980, John Searle write an article entitled “Minds, Brains, and Programs” that was published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences . The emphasis of this article is a refutation of the Turing test, in which a computer can fool a human into thinking that the computer is a human (rather than a computer) using a series of questions .

7. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Seeing How AI Makes Applications Friendlier There are a number of different ways in which to view the question of application friendliness addressed by AI. At its most basic level, an AI can provide anticipation of user input. For example, when the user has typed just a few letters of a particular word, the AI guesses the remaining characters.

8. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Performing Corrections Automatically Humans constantly correct everything. It isn’t a matter of everything being wrong. Rather, it’s a matter of making everything slightly better (or at least trying to make it better). Even when humans manage to achieve just the right level of rightness at a particular moment, a new experience brings that level of rightness into question because now the person has additional data by which to judge the whole question of what constitutes right in a particular situation.

9. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Considering the kinds of corrections When most people think about AI and correction, they think about the spell checker or grammar checker. A person makes a mistake (or at least the AI thinks so) and the AI corrects this mistake so that the typed document is as accurate as possible. Of course, humans make lots of mistakes, so having an AI to correct them is a good idea.

10. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Seeing the benefits of automatic corrections When an AI sees a need for a correction, it can either ask the human for permission to make the correction or make the change automatically. For example, when someone uses speech recognition to type a document and makes an error in grammar, the AI should ask permission before making a change because the human may have actually meant the word or the AI may have misunderstood what the human meant.

11. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Understanding why automated corrections don’t work As related in the “Considering the Chinese Room argument” section, earlier in this chapter, an AI can’t actually understand anything. Without understanding, it no capability to compensate for the unforeseen circumstance. In this case, the unforeseen circumstance relates to an unscripted event, one in which the AI can’t accumulate additional data or rely on other mechanical means to solve.

12. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Making Suggestions A suggestion is different from a command. Even though some humans seem to miss the point entirely, a suggestion is simply an idea put forth as a potential solution to a problem. Making a suggestion implies that other solutions could exist and that accepting a suggestion doesn’t mean automatically implementing it.

13. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Getting suggestions based on past actions The most common way that an AI uses to create a suggestion is by collecting past actions as events and then using those past actions as a dataset for making new suggestions. For example, someone purchases a Half-Baked Widget every month for three months. It makes sense to suggest buying another one at the beginning of the fourth month.

14. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Getting suggestions based on groups Another common way to make suggestions relies on group membership. In this case, group membership need not be formal. A group could consist of a loose association of people who have some minor need or activity in common. For example, a lumberjack, a store owner, and a dietician could all buy mystery books. Even though they have nothing else in common, not even location, the fact that all three like mysteries makes them part of a group.

15. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Obtaining the wrong suggestions Anyone who has spent time shopping online knows that websites often provide suggestions based on various criteria, such as previous purchases. Unfortunately, these suggestions are often wrong because the underlying AI lacks understanding. When someone makes a once-in-a-lifetime purchase of a Super-Wide Widget, a human would likely know that the purchase is indeed once in a lifetime because it’s extremely unlikely that anyone will need two.

16. WEEK 5: SEEING AI USES IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Considering AI-based Errors An outright error occurs when the result of a process, given specific inputs, isn’t correct in any form. The answer doesn’t provide a suitable response to a query. It isn’t hard to find examples of AI-based errors.