Introduction to Banking System in India.ppt

Bank – Banking – Banking System in India – Origin of Bank-Classification of Banks –Types of Customers RBI Functions- Commercial Banks – Functions

1. Dr.S.BulomineRegi.,M.Com.,M.Phil.,SET.,Ph.D
inCommerce.,MBA.,SET.,Ph.DinManagement.,
PGDBA.,M.Sc(Psy).,M.A(Pub.Admin).,M.A
WomenStudies.,M.ATourismandTravelStudies.,
PGDGC.,
Assistant Professor of Commerce,
St. Mary’s College (Autonomous),
Thoothukudi.
E-mail id: [email protected]

2. Outline
Bank–Banking–BankingSysteminIndia–
OriginofBank-ClassificationofBanks–Types
ofCustomersRBIFunctions-Commercial
Banks–Functions

3. BANK, BANKER
AND
BANKING

4. BANK
The word “Bank” is derived from
French Word Bancus A Bench
German Word Back Joint Stock Fund
Italian Word Banco Desk/Bench

5. Meaning of Bank
Bankisaninstitution,whichreceivesfunds
fromthepublicandgivesloansandadvancesto
thosewhoneedthem.
DefinitionofBank
R.S.Sayerdefinesbankas,“Abankis
aninstitutionwhosedebts(deposits)arewidely
acceptedinsettlementofotherpeople’sdebtstoeach
other.”

6. BANKER
Apersonwhoisdoing
bankingbusinessiscalleda
banker.
Itisnoteasytodefinetheterm‘banker’
preciselybecauseabankerperformsmultifarious
functions.
(Cont..)

7. Banker
beamanofwisdom
notonlyactingasadepository
agentbutalsoasarepositoryor
financialagents.

8. Definition of the term Banker
Earlierviews
TheBillofExchangeAct,1882defines
“bankerincludesabodyofpersonswhether
incorporatedornotwhocarryonthebusiness
ofbanking.”
Sec.3ofNegotiableInstrumentsActstates
that“thetermbankerincludesapersonor
corporationoracompanyactingasabanker.”

9. Experts’Views
Macleod’sView:
AccordingtoMacleod,“Theessential
businessofabankertobuymoneyanddebtsby
creatingotherdebts.Abankerisessentiallya
dealerindebtsorcredit.”
Dr.Hart’sView:
Dr.Hart’sinhisbook‘LawofBanking,that“
Abankerisonewhointheordinarycourseof
hisbusinesshonourschequesdrawnuponhim
bypersonsfromandforwhomhereceives
moneyoncurrentaccounts.” (Cont..)

10. Sir John Paget’s View:
According to Sir John Paget, “ no person
or body corporate or otherwise can be a banker
who does not
1.Take deposits accounts
2.Take current accounts
3.Issue and pay cheques, and
4.Collect chequescrossed and uncrossed, for
his customers.”

11. Banking Company
Sec5(b)ofBankingRegulation
Act,1949‘bankingcompany’means,
“acompanywhichtransactsthe
businessofbankinginIndia.”

12. Banking
Sec5(b)ofBankingRegulationAct,1949
‘banking’means,“accepting,forthepurpose
oflendingorinvestment,ofdepositsofmoney
fromthepublic,repayableondemandor
otherwise,andwithdrawalbycheque,draft,
orderorotherwise.”

14. STAGES IN HISTORY OF BANKING IN INDIA
HistoryofBankinghasbeendividedinto
Stageslike:
Pre-independencestage
PostIndependencestage
NationalisationofBanks
IntroductionofFinancialSectorReforms
ITrevolutioninBanks

15. History of Banking in India
Phase-I(EarlyPhasesfrom1786-1969of
IndianBanks)
Phase-II(1949NationalisationofIndianBanks
andupto1991priortoIndianBankingSector
Reforms)
Phase-III(NewPhaseofIndianBankingSystem
withtheadventofIndianFinancialandBanking
SectorReformsafter1991)

17. In the mid of 19 centuryEast India Company
IMPERIAL BANK OF INDIA
(1920)
Bank of Bengal
(1809)
Bank of Bombay
(1840)
Bank of Madras
(1843)

18. Later in
1865 Allahabad Bank
1894 Punjab National Bank
1906-1913 Bank of India, Central Bank of
India, Bank of Baroda, Canara
Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of
Mysore
1935 RESERVE BANK OF INDIA

19. During First Phase
•Thegrowthofbankswasveryslow.
•Banksexperiencedperiodicfailuresbetween
1913-1948.
•1100Banks(Approx.)mostlysmall.
•TostreamlinethattheGovernmentofIndia
cameupwithTHEBANKING COMPANIES
ACT,1949.

20. THE BANKING COMPANIES
ACT, 1949
BANKING REGULATION ACT,1949
(as per amending Act of 1965-Act No. 23
of 1965)

21. RBIwasvestedwithextensivepowersfor
thesupervisionofbankinginIndiaasthe
CentralBankingAuthority.

22. (1949 Nationalisationof IndianBanks
and upto1991 prior to Indian Banking
Sector Reforms)

23. After Independence,
Imperial Bank
State Bank India Act,
1955
State Bank of India

24. 1949----Banking Regulation Act
1955 ----Nationalisationof SBI
1959----Nationalisationof SBI subsidiaries
(7 Banks)
1961----Insurance cover extended to deposits
1969----Nationalisationof 14 major Banks
1971----Credit Guarantee Corporation
1975----Regional Rural Banks
1980----Six Banks with deposits over 200 crores
were nationalised

25. LEARN BY YOURSELF
•List out the 7 SBI subisidary banks.
•What are the 14 major banks nationalised in the
year 1969?
•List out the banks nationalised in the year 1980.

26. (New Phase of Indian Banking System
with the advent of Indian Financial
and Banking Sector Reforms after
1991)

27. In 1991
GovernmentopenedthegateofLiberalisationof
bankingpracticesasperthereportofabanking
committeesetupunderthechairmanshipof
Mr.M.Narasimham
(Narasimham Committee for the development and
growth of the Indian Banking System)

28. In 1993
•TheGovernmentmergedNewBankofIndia
withPunjabNationalBank.
•Itwastheonlymergerbetweennationalised
banksandresultedinthereductionofthe
numberofnationalisedbanksfrom20(14+6=
20)to19.

29. Till now
Bankingindustryhaschangedtremendously
withretailbankingshiftingtouniversal
banking.
Thecountryisfloodedwithforeignbanks.
ATM,PhoneBanking,InternetBankingetc.,
wasintroduced.
Theentirebankingsystembecamemore
convenientandswift.
ThefinancialsystemofIndiashownagreatdeal
duringthisphase.

31. Banking System in India
RBI
SCHEDULED
BANKS
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
COMMERCIAL
BANKS
NON-
SCHEDULED
BANKS

32. COOPERATIVE
BANK
DISTRICT
CENTRAL
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
STATE
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
CENTRAL
COOPERATIVE
BANKS

33. COMMERCIAL
BANKS
INDIAN
BANKS
FOREIGN
BANKS

34. INDIAN BANKS
PUBLIC
SECTOR
PRIVATE
SECTOR

35. PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
SBI & ITS
SUBSIDARIES
OTHER
NATIONALISED
BANKS
REGIONAL
RURAL BANKS

36. SCHEDULE BANK
•RegisteredintheSecondScheduleofRBIAct,
1935.
•Bankspaid-upcapitalandreservesofan
aggregatevalueofnotlessthanRs.5Lakhs

37. NON-SCHEDULE BANK
•Bankingcompanyasdefinedinclause(c)of
Section5oftheBankingRegulationAct,1949,
whichisnotascheduledbank.
•BankwithreservecapitaloflessthanRs.5lakh
•ThesebanksarenotgovernedaccordingtoRBI
Act.
•Theydon’treceiveanybenefitsfromRBI

38. COOPERATIVE BANKS
•Cooperativebanksareregisteredunder
CooperativeSocietiesAct.
•ThesebanksaregovernedbytheBanking
RegulationsAct,1949andBankingLaws
(CooperativeSocieties)Act,1955.
•Peoplewhocometogethertojointlyservetheir
commoninterestoftenfromacooperative
societyundertheCooperativeSocietiesAct.

39. •WhenaCooperativeSocietyengagesitselfin
bankingbusinessitiscalledaCooperative
Bank.
•Itgivescreditfacilitiestosmallfarmers,salaried
employees,small-scaleindustries,etc.
•CooperativeBanksareavailableinruralaswell
asurbanareas.

40. COOPERATIVE
BANK
DISTRICT
CENTRAL
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
STATE
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
CENTRAL
COOPERATIVE
BANKS

41. CENTRAL COOPERATIVE BANK
Federations of
Primary Credit
Societies in a
District
Membership of
Primary Societies
only
Membership of
Societies as well as
individual

42. FUNDS OF THE BANKS
FUNDS OF
THE
BANKS
SHARE
CAPITAL
DEPOSITS
LOAN AND
OVERDRAFT
FROM STATE
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
JOINT
STOCKS

43. •Thesebanksprovidefinancetomember
societieswithinthelimitsofborrowingcapacity
ofsocieties.
•Thesebanksalsoconductallthebusinessata
JointStockBank

44. STATE COOPERATIVE BANK
•State Cooperative Banks also known as Apex
banks.
•Its funds are obtained from their
•Own Share Capital
•Deposits
•Loans and
•Overdraft from RBI
•50-90% of working capital of SCB are
contributed by the RBI

45. DISTRICT CENTRAL
COOPERATIVE BANK
•TheDistrictCentralcooperativeBanksare
federationsofprimarycreditsocietiesina
specificarea,normallyaDistrict.
•UsuallylocatedinDistrictHeadquarters,
•SomeprominenttownoftheDistrict.
•Thesebankshaveafewprivateindividualsas
shareholders,whoprovidebothfinanceand
management.

46. SOURCE OF FUND
SOURCE OF
FUND
SHARE
CAPITAL
DEPOSITS
FROM THE
PUBLIC
LOANS FROM
STATE
COOPERATIVE
BANKS
RESERVES

47. INDIAN BANKS
•IndianBanksarethosebanks,whichare
incorporatedinIndia.

48. COMMERCIAL BANKS
•Commercialbanksareestablishedwithan
objectivetohelpbusinessmen.
•Thesebankscollectmoneyfromgeneralpublic
andgiveshorttermloanstobusinessmenby
wayofcashcredits,overdrafts,etc.
•Forthepurposeofassessmentofperformance
ofbanks,theRBIcategorisethemasPublic
SectorBanks,OldPrivateSectorBanks,New
PrivateSectorBanksandForeignBanks

49. LEARN BY YOURSELF
List out the banks in
Public Sector Banks,
Old Private Sector Banks,
New Private Sector Banks, and
Foreign Banks
( Year of Establishment, Year of
Nationalisationand Owner(Started by),
Headquaters)

50. Learn By Yourself
Name of the
Bank
Year of
Establishment
Year of
Nationalisation
Owner Headquarters

51. Public Sector Banks
PublicSectorBanksarebanks,inwhichthe
governmenthasmajorholding.
Theycanbefurthersubdividedinto
SBI and its associate banks,
other nationalisedbanks and
regional rural banks.
Publicsectorbankscomprise19nationalised
banksandSBIandits7associatebanks.

52. Regional Rural Banks
Toliquidateruralindebtednessbystagesandto
dispenseinstitutionalcreditfacilitiestoframers
andartisansinruralareas.
ThegovernmentofIndiapromulgated26
th
September1975,theregionalruralbanks
ordinance1975,toset-upRegionalRuralBanks
throughoutthecountry.
RRBinIndiapenetratedeverycornerofthe
countryandextendedahelpinghandinthe
growthprocessofthecountry.

53. •SBIhas30RegionalRuralBanksinIndiaknown
asRRBs.
•TheruralbanksofSBIarespreadin13states
extendingfromKashmirtoKarnatakaand
HimachalPradeshtoNorthEast.
•ApartfromSBI,thereareotherfewbanks,
whichfunctionsforthedevelopmentofthe
ruralareasinIndia

54. •RRBsprovideinstitutionalcredittothe
weakersectionsofthesociety
attheconcessionalrateofinterest,
mobiliseruralsavingsand
channeliseforsupportingtheproductive
activitiesintheruralareas.

55. Private Sector Banks
•Afterthenationalisationof14largerbanksin
1969.
•Nobankswereallowedtobeset-upinthe
privatesector.
•GlobalTrustbankwasthefirstprivatebank
afterliberlisation;itwaslateramalgamated
withOrientalBankofCommerce(OBC).

56. •HousingDevelopmentFinanceCorporation
Limited(HDFC)becamethefirsttoreceivean
“inprinciple”approvalfromtheRBItosetupa
bankintheprivatesector.
•Today,morethan30privatebanksexistingin
India.

57. Foreign Banks
•Foreignbanksarethosebanks,whichare
incorporatedinaforeigncountry.
•Theyhaveset-uptheirbranchesinIndia.
•NowforeignbanksinIndiaarepermittedtoset-
uplocalsubsidiaries.
•ThepolicyconveysthatForeignBanksinIndia
maynotacquireIndianOnes(exceptforweak
banksidentifiedbytheRBI,onitsterms)
•Indiansubsidiarieswillnotbeabletoopen
branchesfreely.

59. TYPES OF BANK
•SAVINGS BANK
•COMMERCIAL BANKS
•INDUSTRIAL BANKS ORDEVELOPMENT
BANKS
•LAND DEVELOPMENT BANKS OR
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
•INDIGENOUS BANKS

60. •CENTRAL/FEDERAL/ NATIONAL BANKS
•COOPERATIVE BANKS
•EXCHANGE BANK

61. SAVINGS BANK
•SavingBanksareestablishedtocreatesaving
habitamongthepeople.
•Thesebanksarehelpfulforsalariedpeopleand
lowincomegroups.
•Thedepositscollectedfromcustomersare
investedinbonds,securitiesetc.

62. COMMERCIAL BANKS
•Commercial banks are established with an
objective to help businessman.
•These banks collect money from general public.
•It give short-term loans to businessmen by way
of cash-credits, over drafts etc.
•It provide various services like
•collecting cheques,
•bill of exchange,
•remittance money from one place to
another place.

63. INDUSTRIAL BANKS/ DEVELOPMENT
BANKS
•Thesebankscollectcashbyissuingsharesand
debentures.
•Itprovidelong-termloanstoindustries.
•Themainobjectiveofthesebanksistoprovide
•long-termloansforexpansionand
•modernisationofindustries.

64. LAND DEVELOPMENT BANKS /
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
•Landmortgageoflanddevelopmentbanksare
alsoknownasAgriculturalBanks.
•Theseareformedtofinanceagriculturalsector.
•Italsohelpinlanddevelopment.

65. INDIGENOUS BANKS
•Itmeans‘MoneyLenders’.
•Theycollectdepositsfromgeneralpublicand
grantloanstotheneedypersonsoutoftheir
ownfundsaswellasfromdeposits.
•Theseindigenousbanksarepopularinvillages
andsmalltowns.
•Itperformcombinedfunctionsoftradingand
bankingactivities.

66. CENTRAL/FEDERAL/ NATIONAL BANKS
•Every country of the world has a Central bank.
In India, RBI
In USA, Federal Reserve
In UK, Bank of England
•These central banks are the bankers of the other
banks.

67. •Itprovidespecialisedfunctionsi.e.
Issueofpapercurrency
Workingasbankersofgovernment,
Supervisingandcontrollingforeign
exchange.
•ACentralBankisanon-profitmaking
institution.
•Itdoesnotdealwiththepublic,itdealswith
otherbanks.

68. COOPERATIVE BANKS
•CooperativeBanksareregisteredunderthe
CooperativeSocietiesAct,1912.
•Itgivecreditfacilitiestosmallframers,salaried
employees,small-scaleindustriesetc.
•Thesebanksareavailableinruralaswellas
urbanareas.

69. EXCHANGE BANK
•Thesebanksaremainlyconcernedwith
financingforeigntrade.
•HongKongBank,BankofTokyo,Bankof
AmericaaretheexamplesofForeignBanks
workinginIndia.

71. •Issue of Bank Notes
•Banker to the Government
•Custodian of the Cash Reserves of Commercial
Banks
•Custodian of country’s forex reserves
•Lender of last resort
•Controller of credit

72. Issue of Bank Notes
•ThemostimportantfunctionofRBIisthe
issuanceofcurrencynotesandcoins,exceptthe
onerupeenoteandcoinwhichareissuedby
theMinistryofFinance.Allothernotesbear
thesignatureoftheRBIGovernor.However,the
agencyofdistributionofallnotesandcoins
issuedbytheGovernmentofIndiaisthe
ReserveBankofIndia.

73. Banker to the Government
•Thebankingneedsofthegovernment,which
includesmaintaining&operatingthedeposit
accountsofthegovernment,collectingthe
receiptsoffunds,andmakingpaymentson
behalfoftheGovernmentofIndia.Italso
representstheIndianGovernment,asamember
oftheInternationalMonetaryFundandthe
WorldBank.

74. Custodian of Cash Reserves of
Commercial Banks
•Commercialbanksarerequiredtomaintain
thecashreservesataratedecidedbythe
RBIinitsmonetarypolicy.
CustodianofForeignExchangeReserve
RBIismaintainingareserveof
foreigncurrenciesthatenablestheRBI
todealwithanycrisissituation.

75. Lender of the Last Resort
•Oftenregardedasthebankerofbanks,theRBI
actsasaparenttoallcommercialbanksin
India.Thus,itbecomesthelenderofthelast
resortforallbankswhentheyareinacrisis
situation.RBIhelpsthembylendingmoney,
althoughathigherRoI,tosailthroughthetide
offinancialdifficulties.

76. Controller of Credit
•RBIcontrolsthecreditcreatedbythe
commercialbanksinIndia,inaccordancewith
theeconomicprioritiesofthegovernmentof
India.RBIusesquantitativeandqualitative
methodstocontrolandregulatetheflowof
moneyinthemarket.Theseareimplemented
byannouncingmonetarypoliciesatregular
intervals.Themonetarypolicyinvolvesthe
managementofinterestratesandmoney
supply.ThecentralbankofIndiatweaksthe
moneysupplytoachieveobjectivessuchas
liquidity,inflation,andconsumption.

79. Primary Functions
AcceptingDepositsandAdvancingofLoans
arethetwoprimaryfunctionsperformedby
commercialbanks.
1.AcceptingDeposits:
Oneofthemostessentialfunctionsof
commercialbanksisacceptingdeposits.
Commercialbanksacceptdepositsfromtheir
customersindifferentformsbasedonthe
requirementsofdifferentsectionsofsociety.
Themaintypesofdepositsinclude:

80. •Demand DepositsorCurrentAccount
Deposits:Thedepositswhicharerepayableon
demandbythebanksareknownasdemand
depositsorcurrentaccountdeposits.Ingeneral,
thesekindsofdepositsaremaintainedby
businessmentomaketransactionswiththese
deposits.Onecangettheamountdepositedas
demanddepositsbyachequewithoutany
restriction.Besides,commercialbanksdonot
payanyinteresttothedepositorsonthese
accounts;instead,theychargesomeamountasa
servicechargeforrunningtheseaccounts.

81. •FixedDepositsorTimeDeposits:Thedeposits
inwhichthedepositor,depositsmoneywiththe
bankforafixedtimeperiodareknownasfixed
depositsortimedeposits.Thesedepositsdonot
enjoyachequefacilityandcarryahighinterest
rate.

82. •SavingDeposits:Thedeposits,whichinclude
combinedfeaturesofdemanddepositsand
fixeddepositsareknownassavingdeposits.
Thedepositorshavethechequefacilityto
withdrawmoneyfromtheiraccounts,butthere
aresomerestrictionsonthenumberand
amountofwithdrawals.Therestrictionsare
imposedtodiscouragethefrequentuseof
savingdeposits.Besides,theinterestrateon
savingdepositsislessthantheinterestrateon
fixeddeposits.

83. Advancing of Loans
•Thebanksarenotallowedtokeeptheamount
depositedwiththem,idle.Therefore,
commercialbankshavetokeepsomeamountof
thetotaldepositsascashreservesandlendthe
restofthebalancetoneedyborrowersand
chargeinterestfromthem.Theinterestreceived
bycommercialbanksfromadvancingloansis
themainsourceoftheirincome.Someofthe
differenttypesofloansandadvancesmadeby
commercialbanksare:

84. •CashCredit:Theloangiventotheborrowers
againsttheircurrentassetslikestocks,bonds,
shares,etc.,isknownascashcredit.Forthis,a
creditlimitissanctionedtotheborrower,and
moneyiscreditedtothisaccount.Theborrower
cannowwithdrawanyamountatanytime
withinhiscreditlimit.Interestischargedfrom
theborrowerontheamountactuallywithdrawn
byhim.

85. •DemandLoans:Theloansgivenbythebanks
whichtheycanrecallatanytimeondemandare
knownasdemandloans.Theentireamountof
thedemandloaniscreditedtotheborrower’s
account,andinterestischargedonthatamount.
•Short-termLoans:Personalloansgivento
borrowersagainstsomecollateralsecurityare
knownasshort-termloans.Theamounttaken
asaloaniscreditedtotheaccountofthe
borrower,andhecanwithdrawthatmoney
fromhisaccount.Interestischargedonthe
entiresumoftheloangranted.

86. Secondary Functions
OverdraftFacility:
Afacilitythatallowsthecustomertooverdraw
fromtheamountofhiscurrentaccountuptoan
agreedlimitisknownasanoverdraftfacility.In
general,anoverdraftfacilityisgivento
respectableandreliablecustomersforashort
period.Besides,thecustomershavetopay
interestontheamountoverdrawnbythem.

87. DiscountingBillsofExchange:
•Afacilityinwhichtheholderofabillof
exchange,beforeitsmaturitydatecangetthe
billdiscountedwiththebank.Thebankpays
theamounttotheholderafterdeductingsome
amountascommission.Now,onthedateof
maturity,thepartywhichhasacceptedthebill
paysbackthemoneytothebank.

88. Agency Functions
•Therearesomeagencyfunctionsperformedby
commercialbanksforwhichtheychargesome
commissionfromtheirclients.Someofthese
functionsare:
•TransferofFunds:Withthehelpofinstruments
likemailtransfers,demanddrafts,etc.,
commercialbanksprovidetheircustomerswith
thefacilityofeasyandeconomicalremittanceof
fundsfromoneplacetoanother.

89. •CollectionandPaymentofVariousItems:
Commercialbanksprovidetheircustomerswith
theserviceofcollectingbills,interest,
subscriptions,rents,andotherperiodical
receiptsontheirbehalf.Theyalsomake
paymentsforinsurancepremiums,taxes,etc.,
ontheircustomer’sstandinginstructions.

90. •PurchaseandSaleofForeignExchange:The
centralbankgivesauthoritytocommercial
bankstodealinforeignexchange.Commercial
banks,onthebehalfoftheircustomers,buyand
sellforeignexchangeandalsohelpsin
promotinginternationaltrade.

91. •Purchase and Sale of the
Securities:Commercialbanksonbehalfoftheir
customers,purchaseandsellgovernment
securitiesandstocksandsharesofprivate
companies.
•IncomeTaxConsultancy:Commercialbanks
provideadvicetotheircustomersrelatedto
incometax.Theyalsohelptheminthe
preparationoftheirincometaxreturns.

92. •Trustee and Executor:Commercial banks play
the role of a trustee and preserve the will of
their customers and as an executor, execute the
will after their death.
•Letters of Reference:Commercial banks
provide information about the economic
position of their customers to the traders and
vice-versa.

93. General Utility Functions
•LockerFacility:Commercialbanksprovide
theircustomerswiththefacilityoflockersor
safetyvaultssotheycankeeptheirvaluable
thingsinsafecustody.
•Traveller’sCheques:Toavoidtheriskoftaking
cashontheirjourney,commercialbanks
providetheircustomerswiththefacilityof
traveller’scheques.
•LetterofCredit:Sometimespeopleneedto
showtheircreditworthinessforvariousreasons.
Commercialbankscertifythecreditworthiness
oftheircustomerswheneverrequired.

94. •UnderwritingSecurities:Commercialbanks
alsoperformsthefunctionofunderwriting
securities.Andasthepublichasfullfaithinthe
bank’screditworthiness,theydonothesitatein
purchasingthesecuritieswhichare
underwrittenbybanks.
•CollectionofStatistics:Commercialbanks
advicetheircustomersonfinancialmattersby
collectingandpublishingstatisticsrelatedto
commerce,trade,andindustry.

95. References
•S.Gurusamy,BankingTheoryLaw&Practice,
VijiayNicoleImprintsPrivateLimited,Chennai.
•BankingTheory,LawandPracticebyGordon
andNatarajan,HimalayaPublishingHouse,
NewDelhi.
•BankingTheory,LawandPracticeby
S.M.Sundaram,SreeMeenakshiPublications,
Karaikudi.