Introduction to Biochemistry lecture notes

Introduction to Biochemistry

1. Ogunsina Olabode PhD, B.Pharm, MPSN,CPAN
Lecturer,
Department of Biological Sciences
Biochemistry
Crawford University
Introduction to Biochemistry

3. Introduction

What is the Biochemistry?

History and development

How to study Biochemistry?

4. Study of the Structure, Composition, and
Chemical Reactions of Molecules in Living
Systems
BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY

5. 1. Biochemistry

Definition: The chemistry of life

The science concerned with the chemical
basis of life.

The science concerned with the various
molecules that occur in living cells and
organisms and with their chemical reaction.

Biochemistry is defined as the branch of
science that deals with the study of chemical
reactions which take place inside a living
organism.

6. Biochemistry

Aim: to describe and explain, in
molecular terms, all chemical
processes of living cells

Structure-function

Metabolism and Regulation

How life began？

7. Biochemistry

Significance: be essential to all life
sciences as the common knowledge

Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology

Physiology and Immunology

Pharmacology and Pharmacy

Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology

Zoology and Botany

8. 2. History and development of Biochemistry
1903, Neuberg (German):
“Biochemistry”
“Chemistry of Life”

9. Two notable breakthroughs
(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as
catalysts
(2) Identification of Nucleic acids as
information molecules
Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins
DNA RNA Protein

10. In 1937， Krebs for the discovery of the
Citric Acid Cycle-won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1953
In 1953，Watson & Crick for the discovery
of the “DNA Double Helix” -won the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
Some historic events

11. In 1955，Sanger for the determination of
insulin sequence- won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1956

In 1980， Sanger & Gilbert for Sequencing of
DNA-won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
1980

In 1993, Kary B. Mullis for invention of PCR
method -won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
1993

12. HGP from 1990, completed in 2003

13. 3.What dose the Biochemistry
discuss?

Structure and function of cellular
components

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids and other biomolecules

Metabolism and Regulation

Gene expression and modulation
DNA RNA Protein

14. 
Building block

Simple sugar

Amino acid

Nucleotide

Fatty acid

Macromolecule

Polysaccharide

Protein (peptide)

RNA or DNA

Lipid
Anabolic
Catabolic

15. 4. Cells

Basic building blocks of life

Smallest living unit of an organism

A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular)
or it may be one of billions of cells that
make up the organism (multicellular).

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond
to their environment

Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

A typical cell size is 10µm; a typical cell mass is
1 nanogram.)

16. Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before;
karyon-nucleus) include various
bacteria
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true; karyon-
nucleus) include most other cells
(plants, fungi, & animals)
have a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles

17. •Cell membrane & cell wall
•Nucleoid region contains the DNA
•Contain ribosomes (no membrane)
• Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm with organelles

19. Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles
•Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary
Providing a barrier and containing transport
and signaling systems.
•Cytoplasm
Enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid
portion called cytosol and it houses the
membranous organelles.
•Nucleus – Cell’s information center
Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and
the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA
replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a
site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

20. •Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"
appearance) which are in the process of
synthesizing proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes.
•Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex responsible for
protein synthesis
•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules

21. •Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme
A membrane bound organelle that is
responsible for degrading proteins and
membranes in the cell.
•Golgi apparatus -process and package the
macromolecules.
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles
carry materials from the RER to the Golgi
apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks
while the proteins are "processed" to a
mature form.
• Mitochondria- the power generators
Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule):
Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds
called cristae. Functions in energy production through
metabolism. Contains its own DNA.

22. 5. Biomolecules
Just like cells are building blocks of tissues,
biomolecules are building blocks of cells.
Animal and plant cells contain approximately
10,000 kinds of biomolecules.
Water constitutes 50-95% of cells content by
weight.
Ions like Na
+
, K
+
and Ca
2+
may account for
another 1%.
Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are
organic (C, H, N, O, P, S).
Organic compounds are compounds composed
primarily of a Carbon skeleton.
https://www.careers360.com/chemistry/biomolecules-chapter-pge

23. Types of biomolecules
Small molecules:
Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol,
Vitamin
Hormone, neurotransmitter
Carbohydrate, sugar
Monomers:
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides
Polymers:
Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins
Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA
Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose)

24. Structural hierarchy in the molecular organization of cells

25. 
Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
1. You are expected
to learn the
structure and
functions of these
organic compounds:
How much biochemistry do you need to
know for this course?
2. You will be expected to learn the basic
biochemical processes of major cell functions,
such as respiration, protein synthesis and so on.

27. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are
 a group of organic compounds that are made up
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are essential for life.
 

They are one of the three main nutrients found in food and drinks,
along with proteins and fats.

Types:
 The three main types of carbohydrates are sugars, starches,
and fiber.
 

Function:
 The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose,
which is the primary source of energy for the body's cells, tissues,
and organs.
 
https://www.careers360.com/chemistry/biomolecules-chapter-pge

28. 
Storage:
 The body stores
carbohydrates as glycogen in
the liver and muscles.
 

Structure:
 Carbohydrates can
be simple sugars
(monosaccharides) or made
up of multiple sugar units
(polysaccharides).
 

29. Proteins
Proteins are polymers of numbers of amino acids joined
together by peptide bonds.

Proteins are found in all living organisms.

In human beings, proteins are the main components of
muscles, hairs, nails, tendons, arteries, and connective
tissue.

They have high nutritional values and are involved in the
various chemical processes that occur in living organisms.

There are 20 different amino acids are present in natural
proteins.

Proteins with similar functions have similar amino acid
sequences and compositions.

30. Proteins
Proteins are polymers of numbers of amino acids joined
together by peptide bonds.

Proteins are found in all living organisms.

In human beings, proteins are the main components of
muscles, hairs, nails, tendons, arteries, and connective
tissue.

They have high nutritional values and are involved in the
various chemical processes that occur in living organisms.

There are 20 different amino acids are present in natural
proteins.

Proteins with similar functions have similar amino acid
sequences and compositions.

31. Lipid

Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble
in organic solvents & insoluble in polar solvents such as
water.

Perform a variety of functions in our body.

They're part of cell membranes and help control what
goes in and out of your cells.

They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing
vitamins and making hormones.

Having too much of some lipids is harmful.

32. Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids can be defined as large biomolecules that
are made up of a chain of nucleotides.

A nucleotide is a biomolecule that has both a sugar as well
as a phosphate group and contains a nitrogenous bases.

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are responsible for storing
genetic information.

DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides.

DNA carries long-term genetic data while RNA helps the
formation of different types of protein in the body.

33. Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids can be defined as large biomolecules
that are made up of a chain of nucleotides.

A nucleotide is a biomolecule that has both a sugar
as well as a phosphate group and contains a
nitrogenous bases.

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are responsible for
storing genetic information.

DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides.

DNA carries long-term genetic data while RNA
helps the formation of different types of protein
in the body.

34. Carbohydrate
Diet
Protein
Fat
Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Polypeptides
Oligopeptides
Dipeptide
Amino Acid
Triglycerides
Glycerol
Diglycerol
Monoglyceride
Pancreas is hero…!

35. Thank You
5
th
November, 2024
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