INTRODUCTION TO Biotechnology

WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY
DR. GHIZAL FATIMA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY,
ERA UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

2. WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•BIOTECHNOLOGY ISTECHNOLOGY BASEDON
BIOLOGY,ESPECIALLY WHEN USED IN
AGRICULTURE, FOOD SCIENCE, AND
MEDICINE.THEUN CONVENTION ON
BIOLOGICALDIVERSITYHASCOMEUPWITH
ONE OF MANY DEFINITIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY :"BIOTECHNOLOGY MEANS
ANY TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONTHAT
USES BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, LIVING
ORGANISMS,ORDERIVATIVESTHEREOF,TO
MAKE OR MODIFY PRODUCTS OR
PROCESSES FORSPECIFICUSE."

3. •BIOTECHNOLOGY ISALSO COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH LANDMARK
BREAKTHROUGHS INNEWMEDICALTHERAPIES
TOTREATDIABETES,HEPATITISB,HEPATITISC,
CANCERS, ARTHRITIS,HAEMOPHILIA,BONE
FRACTURES, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS,
CARDIOVASCULAR AS WELL AS
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICDEVICESTHANCAN
BEUSEDTODEFINETHEPATIENTPOPULATION.
•HERCEPTIN,ISTHEFIRSTDRUGAPPROVEDFOR
USEWITHAMATCHINGDIAGNOSTICTESTAND
ISUSEDTOTREATBREASTCANCERINWOMEN
WHOSECANCERCELLSEXPRESSTHEPROTEIN
HER2.

4. •THETERM"BIOTECHNOLOGY" REFERS
TOTHEUSEOFLIVINGORGANISMS OR
THEIRPRODUCTS TOMODIFYHUMAN
HEALTHANDTHEHUMANENVIRONMENT.
•PREHISTORIC BIOTECHNOLOGISTS DID
THISASTHEYUSEDYEASTCELLSTO
RAISEBREADDOUGHANDTOFERMENT
ALCOHOLICBEVERAGES,ANDBACTERIAL
CELLSTOMAKECHEESESANDYOGURTS
ANDASTHEYBREDTHEIRSTRONG,
PRODUCTIVE ANIMALSTOMAKEEVEN
STRONGER ANDMORE PRODUCTIVE

5. •THROUGHOUT HUMAN HISTORY,WE
HAVELEARNEDAGREATDEALABOUT
THEDIFFERENTORGANISMS THATOUR
ANCESTORSUSEDSOEFFECTIVELY.
•THE MARKED INCREASE INOUR
UNDERSTANDING OFTHESEORGANISMS
ANDTHEIRCELLPRODUCTS GAINSUS
THEABILITYTOCONTROL THEMANY
FUNCTIONS OFVARIOUSCELLSAND
ORGANISMS.

6. •USINGTHETECHNIQUES OFGENESPLICING
ANDRECOMBINANT DNATECHNOLOGY,WECAN
NOW ACTUALLY COMBINE THEGENETIC
ELEMENTSOFTWOORMORELIVINGCELLS.
•FUNCTIONINGLENGTHSOFDNACANBETAKEN
FROMONEORGANISMANDPLACEDINTOTHE
CELLSOFANOTHERORGANISM.ASARESULT,
FOREXAMPLE,WECANCAUSEBACTERIAL
CELLSTOPRODUCEHUMANMOLECULES.COWS
CANPRODUCE MOREMILKFORTHESAME
AMOUNTOFFEED.ANDWECANSYNTHESIZE
THERAPEUTIC MOLECULES THATHAVENEVER
BEFOREEXISTED.

7. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
•TRANSGENIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
MIXING GENETIC MATERIAL FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES (SPECIES)
•REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
TECHNIQUES USED TO CLONE CERTAIN SPECIES (MAMMALS)
•REPROGRAMMING OF CELLS
REPROGRAMMING DIFFERENTIATED CELLS OR USING STEM CELLS TO
BECOME NEEDED TISSUES IN PATIENTS WITH DISEASES OR PHYSICAL
HARM
•FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
USE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND ELECTROPHORESIS TO
DISTINGUISH ONE PERSON FROM ANOTHER

8. •WHICHTWOMAINTECHNIQUESAREUSEDIN
BIOTECHNOLOGY WHY?
•THE THREE
IMPORTANTTECHNIQUESOFBIOTECHNOLO
GYARE:
•(1) RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
(GENETIC ENGINEERING)
•(2) PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND
•(3) TRANSGENIC (GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS).

9. •WHAT ARE THE COMMON TECHNIQUES USED IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•TISSUE CULTURE IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED
TECHNIQUES IN ANY BIOLOGICAL OR BIOMEDICAL
RESEARCH LAB. ...
•PCR
•GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
•WESTERN BLOT
•ELISA
•MOLECULAR (GENE) CLONING
•FLOW CYTOMETRY
•MASS SPECTROMETRY

10. GENETIC ENGINEERING
•THE TECHNIQUE OF REMOVING, MODIFYING
OR ADDING GENES TO A DNA MOLECULE TO
CHANGE THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS, IS
KNOWN MORE SPECIFICALLY AS
RECOMBINANT DNA (RDNA) TECHNOLOGY.
•THE PRODUCT OF R-DNA TECHNOLOGY IS
KNOWN AS A GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISM, OR GMO.
•EXAMPLE: GENE FOR HUMAN INSULIN
INSERTED INTO E.COLI→ BACTERIA THAT
MAKE HUMAN INSULIN (A
Tools of Biotechnology

11. THE 7 IMPORTANT MOLECULAR
TOOLS OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
•EACHDNASTRANDCONTAINSTHOUSANDS OF
GENES.
•GENE CLONING ISTHE PROCESS OF
REPLICATINGASPECIFICSETOFGENESFROMA
STRANDOFDNA.
•GENETICENGINEERING ISTHEPROCESS OF
USINGGENECLONINGANDOTHERGENETIC
MANIPULATIONSTOACHIEVEISOLATESPECIFIC
GENESANDUSEITFORRESEARCHANDOTHER
PURPOSES.

12. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
(PCR)

13. •POLYMERASE CHAINREACTION(PCR)ISTHE
PROCESS OFREPLICATINGMULTIPLECOPIES
OFTHEGENESOFINTEREST.
•THEDISCOVERY OFTHERMOSTABLE DNA
POLYMERASES, SUCHASTAQPOLYMERASE,
HASMADEITPOSSIBLETOMANIPULATEDNA
REPLICATIONINTHELABORATORY.ITAMPLIFIES
THEQUANTITIESOFDNASEGMENTS.
•PRIMERSAREUSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEGENEOF
INTERESTANDREPLICATETHEM.THESECOPIES
CANTHENBESEPARATEDANDPURIFIEDUSING
GELELECTROPHORESIS .

14. RESTRICTION ENZYMES
(MOLECULAR SCISSOR)
Thediscoveryofenzymes
known as restriction
endonucleases has been
essentialtoproteinengineering.
Basedonthenucleotide
sequence,theseenzymescut
DNAatspecificlocations.
DNAcutwitharestriction
enzymeproducesmanysmaller
fragments,ofvaryingsizes.
Thesecanbeseparatedusing
gel electrophoresisor
chromatography.

15. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Gel electrophoresis is a
techniqueusedtoseparateDNA
fragments (or other
macromolecules,suchasRNAand
proteins)basedontheirsizeand
charge.Electrophoresis involves
running acurrentthrough
agelcontainingthemoleculesof
interest.
Used in forensic science, conservational biology, and medicine

16. DNA LIGASE
•DNALIGASECANCREATECOVALENT BONDS
BETWEENNUCLEOTIDECHAINS.THISISDONE
TOCREATERECOMBINANT STRANDS,ORCLOSE
ACIRCULARSTRANDTHATHASBEENCUTBY
RESTRICTION ENZYMES.THEENZYMES DNA
POLYMERASE IANDPOLYNUCLEOTIDE KINASE
AREALSOIMPORTANTFORFILLINGINGAPSOR
PHOSPHORYLATING THE 5′ ENDS,
RESPECTIVELY.

17. •MEDICALBIOTECHNOLOGY ISDEFINED
AS THE APPLICATION
OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR
PRODUCING MEDICALPRODUCTS THAT
CANBEUSEDFORTHEDIAGNOSIS,
PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT OF
DISEASES.THEBEST-KNOWNPRODUCTS
OFMEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ARE
ANTIBIOTICSTHATAREUSEDTOTREAT
BACTERIALINFECTIONS.

18. •HOWBIOTECHNOLOGY ISUSEDINMEDICINE?
•THE PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF THIS
TECHNOLOGY AREIN
•MEDICINE(PRODUCTION OFVACCINESAND
ANTIBIOTICS)AND
•AGRICULTURE (GENETIC MODIFICATION OF
CROPS,SUCHASTOINCREASEYIELDS).
•BIOTECHNOLOGY ALSOHASMANYINDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS,SUCHASFERMENTATION, THE
TREATMENT OFOILSPILLS,AND THE
PRODUCTION OFBIOFUELS.

19. •WHATISBIOTECHNOLOGY USEDFOR?
•BIOTECHNOLOGY, THEUSEOFBIOLOGY
TOSOLVEPROBLEMSANDMAKEUSEFUL
PRODUCTS.THEMOSTPROMINENTAREA
OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IS THE
PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC
PROTEINSANDOTHERDRUGSTHROUGH
GENETICENGINEERING.

20. •HOWISBIOTECHNOLOGY USEDTODAY?
•SPECIFICALLY,
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY USES
ENZYMES ANDMICRO-ORGANISMS TO
MAKE BIO-BASED PRODUCTS IN
SECTORS SUCHASCHEMICALS,FOOD
INGREDIENTS, DETERGENTS, PAPER,
TEXTILESANDBIOFUELS....SINCETHAT
TIME,INDUSTRIALBIOTECHNOLOGY HAS
PRODUCED ENZYMESFORUSEINOUR
DAILYLIVES

21. •WHYISBIOTECHNOLOGY USEFUL?
•BIOTECHNOLOGY HASHELPEDIMPROVE
FOOD QUALITY, QUANTITY AND
PROCESSING. IT ALSO HAS
APPLICATIONS INMANUFACTURING,
WHERESIMPLECELLSANDPROTEINS
CANBEMANIPULATED TOPRODUCE
CHEMICALS.BUTBIOTECHNOLOGY IS
MOSTIMPORTANTFORITSIMPLICATIONS
INHEALTHANDMEDICINE.

22. •WHY ISMEDICAL/BIOTECHNOLOGY
IMPORTANT?
•BIOTECHNOLOGY ISCOMMONLY USEDTO
IMPROVEMEDICINES
•SUCHASUNDERSTANDING THEGENETIC
COMPOSITIONOFTHEHUMANSPECIES,
•FOUNDATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
HEREDITARY DISEASESMANIPULATION
AND
•REPAIRINGOFDAMAGED GENESTO
CUREDISEASES.

23. •WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•FARMERS BENEFIT FROM
AGRICULTURALBIOTECHNOLOGY SEEDS.
•DECADES OF DOCUMENTED EVIDENCE
DEMONSTRATES THAT
AGRICULTURALBIOTECHNOLOGY ISASAFEAND
BENEFICIALTECHNOLOGY THATCONTRIBUTES
TOBOTHENVIRONMENTAL ANDECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY.
•FARMERSCHOOSEBIOTECHCROPSBECAUSE
THEY INCREASE YIELD AND LOWER
PRODUCTION COSTS.

24. •WHAT ARE THE BRANCHES OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•BASED ON APPLICATION, THE FIVE
MAINBRANCHESARE:
(1)ANIMALBIOTECHNOLOGY
(2)MEDICALBIOTECHNOLOGY
(3)INDUSTRIALBIOTECHNOLOGY
(4)ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
(5)PLANTBIOTECHNOLOGY .

25. •WHAT ISTHE MAIN GOAL OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•THEGOALOFBIOTECHNOLOGY ISTO
PRODUCE DRUGS BYUSINGLIVING
ORGANISMSSUCHASBACTERIALCELLS,
YEAST,MAMMALIAN CELLS,ETC.,THAT
AREPLACEDINCULTURETOPRODUCE
SUBSTANCES WITHPHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY,SUCH ASMONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIESFORTHETREATMENT OF
TUMORS.
•

26. •WHAT ISTHE USE OF STUDYING
BIOTECHNOLOGY?
•THESTUDYOFTHEUSEOFLIVINGORGANISMS
ANDSYSTEMS FORTHEDEVELOPMENT OF
PRODUCTS THATPROMISE TOIMPROVE
DIFFERENTLIFEFORMS.
•BIOTECHNOLOGY IMPACTS INDUSTRIES AS
DIVERSE AS FOOD PROCESSING,
PHARMACEUTICALS, AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION, COSMETICS AND REARING
ANIMALS.

27. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
•BETTER CROPS
•IMPROVED ANIMAL HEALTH
2. MEDICAL AND HEALTH CARE
APPLICATIONS
•NEW TESTS
•NEW VACCINES
•NEW MEDICINES FOR BETTER TREATMENT
3. CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS
•BETTER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
•IMPROVED CONSUMER PRODUCTS

28. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1A. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS: IMPROVE
CROPS
IMPROVE CROP YIELDS BY INTRODUCING GENES THAT
CONFER RESISTANCE TO INSECTS, TOLERANCE
TO HERBICIDES AND RESISTANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESSES (DROUGHT, HEAT, COLD).
CREATE DISEASE-AND INSECT-RESISTANT TREES TO
HELP MEET DEMAND FOR WOOD PRODUCTS.

29. 1B. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS:
IMPROVE ANIMAL HEALTH
BETTER DETECTION OF DISEASE
MORE NUTRITIOUS FEED
NEW AND MORE EFFECTIVE VACCINES
IMPROVED TREATMENTS FOR DISEASES
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY

30. 2. MEDICAL AND HEALTH CARE
APPLICATIONS
NEW DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
EXAMPLE: NEW GENERATION OF HOME PREGNANCY
AND STREP TESTS
MANY NEW TREATMENTS FOR DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
EXAMPLES: DIABETES, STROKE, ANEMIA, CYSTIC FIBROSIS,
GROWTH DEFICIENCY, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, HEMOPHILIA,
HEPATITIS, GENITAL WARTS, TRANSPLANT REJECTION, LEUKEMIA
AND OTHER CANCERS
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY

31. 3. CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS (INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
PRODUCE ENZYMES USED IN LAUNDRY DETERGENTS
USE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS THAT
BREAK DOWN INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DEVELOP BIO-BASED, BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
IMPROVE MANUFACTURING THAT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF WASTE
PRODUCTS
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY

32. IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
•GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS) ARE
CONSUMED BY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE (ESPECIALLY
AMERICANS) EVERY DAY.
•ALMOST 56% OF ALL SOYBEAN PLANTINGS WORLDWIDE ARE
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED (MUCH HIGHER IN THE US)

33. SCOPE OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY

34. SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
•THERE HAS BEEN INCREASED ACTIVITY AND RESEARCH
BETWEEN DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL AREAS WITH
COMMON RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND GOALS
•PLANT SCIENCE
•ANIMAL SCIENCE
•ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
•HEALTH/AGRI-MEDICINE

35. RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY ARE
HELPING US PREPARE FOR AND MEET
SOCIETY’S MOST PRESSING CHALLENGES .
HEAL THE WORLD
•BIOTECH IS HELPING TO HEAL THE WORLD BY HARNESSING
NATURE'S OWN TOOLBOX AND USING OUR OWN GENETIC MAKEUP
TO HEAL:
•REDUCING RATES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE;
•SAVING MILLIONS OF CHILDREN'S LIVES;
•CHANGING THE ODDS OF SERIOUS, LIFE -THREATENING
CONDITIONS AFFECTING MILLIONS AROUND THE WORLD;
•TAILORING TREATMENTS TO INDIVIDUALS TO MINIMIZE HEALTH
RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS;
•CREATING MORE PRECISE TOOLS FOR DISEASE DETECTION; AND
•COMBATING SERIOUS ILLNESSES AND EVERYDAY THREATS
CONFRONTING THE DEVELOPING WORLD.

36. FEED THE WORLD
•BIOTECH IMPROVES CROP INSECT RESISTANCE, ENHANCES CROP
HERBICIDE TOLERANCE AND FACILITATES THE USE OF MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE FARMING PRACTICES. BIOTECH IS
HELPING TO FEED THE WORLD BY:
•GENERATING HIGHER CROP YIELDS WITH FEWER INPUTS;
•LOWERING VOLUMES OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS REQUIRED BY
CROPS-LIMITING THE RUN-OFF OF THESE PRODUCTS INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT;
•USING BIOTECH CROPS THAT NEED FEWER APPLICATIONS OF
PESTICIDES AND THAT ALLOW FARMERS TO REDUCE TILLING
FARMLAND;
•DEVELOPING CROPS WITH ENHANCED NUTRITION PROFILES THAT
SOLVE VITAMIN AND NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES;
•PRODUCING FOODS FREE OF ALLERGENS AND TOXINS SUCH AS
MYCOTOXIN;
•IMPROVING FOOD AND CROP OIL CONTENT TO HELP IMPROVE
CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH.

37. THANK YOU