Introduction to C Programming fjhjhjh.pptx

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1. Introduction to C Programming

2. Agenda Introduction to C Programming History of C Language Features and Applications of C Language Basic Structure of a C Program Compilation and Linking Process Constants, Variables, and Data Types Operators in C Precedence and Associativity of Operators

3. Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. General-purpose high-level language, influenced by BCPL. Known for its ease of learning and structured approach. Produces efficient programs capable of handling low-level operations. Highly portable and can be compiled on various computer systems. Key Characteristics of C Programming Introduction to C Programming Overview

4. The C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in 1972. It evolved from the earlier language BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), created by Martin Richards. C is classified as a middle-level language because it bridges the gap between low-level assembly languages and high-level programming languages. This middle-level nature allows C to efficiently handle system-level tasks such as operating system development while also supporting higher-level programming constructs. The versatility and efficiency of C have made it a foundational language in computer science, influencing many subsequent languages and becoming a core tool for system programming, compiler construction, and embedded systems. History of C Language Introduction

5. Features and Applications of C Language Overview C is versatile and can be used for system programming, game development, real-time systems, and embedded systems. C supports structured programming, allowing complex programs to be broken down into simpler, manageable modules. C programs are highly portable and can be compiled and run on various computer architectures with minimal changes. General-Purpose Language Structured Programming Portability C provides powerful functions for dynamic memory allocation, enabling flexible and efficient management of memory during runtime. Dynamic Memory Allocation Programs written in C are highly efficient, making optimal use of system resources. It is suitable for developing performance-critical applications. Efficiency C offers a wide range of operators to perform various operations, making it a robust language for different types of programming tasks. Rich Set of Operators

6. Documentation and Preprocessor Definition and Global Declarations Main Function and Subprograms The Documentation section includes comments that describe the program. The Preprocessor section contains preprocessor directives like #include <stdio.h>. The Definition section defines symbolic constants using #define. Global Declarations include variables that are accessible throughout the program. The main() function is the entry point of a C program. It includes Declarations and Execution parts. Subprograms contain user-defined functions called within main(). Basic Structure of a C Program Program Structure

7. Typing the Program Compiling Translating to Assembly Linking and Executing The source code is typed into a file using a text editor. The file typically has a .c extension, e.g., prog1.c. This source code file contains human-readable instructions written in C. The source code is compiled using a compiler like gcc. During this step, the compiler checks for syntax and semantic errors, and translates the code into assembly language if no errors are found. The compiler translates each statement into assembly language, which is then converted to machine code by the assembler. This machine code is stored in an object file with a .o extension. The linker combines the object file with libraries and other resources to create an executable. This file can then be run on the computer to perform the programmed tasks. Source code file (e.g., prog1.c) Assembly code file (e.g., prog1.s) Object code file (e.g., prog1.o) Executable file (e.g., a.out or prog1.exe) Compilation and Linking Process Process Plus tip: This slide can be customized by adding specific commands used for eac step on different operating systems, such as Unix or Windows.

8. Constants Variables Data Types Constants are fixed values that do not change during program execution. They include numeric constants (integers, reals), character constants (single characters in single quotes), and symbolic constants (defined using #define or const). Variables are named memory locations whose values can change during execution. They are declared with a specific data type and can be assigned values using the assignment operator. Example: int age = 25; Data types define the type of data a variable can hold. Primary data types include int, float, double, and char. Derived data types include arrays and pointers. User-defined data types include structs and unions. Constants, Variables, and Data Types Overview

9. Operators in C Operators Used for performing mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulo. Examples: +, -, *, /, %. Used to compare two values. Examples include: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to), != (not equal to). Used to assign values to variables. Examples: = (simple assignment), += (add and assign), -= (subtract and assign), *= (multiply and assign), /= (divide and assign), %= (modulus and assign). Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Assignment Operators Used to perform bit-level operations. Examples: & (bitwise AND), | (bitwise OR), ^ (bitwise XOR), ~ (bitwise NOT), << (left shift), >> (right shift). Bitwise Operators Used to combine multiple conditions. Examples: && (logical AND), || (logical OR), ! (logical NOT). Logical Operators Used with only one operand. Examples: ++ (increment), -- (decrement), sizeof (size of variable), & (address of), * (value at address). Unary Operators

10. In C programming, operator precedence determines the order in which parts of a complex expression are evaluated. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with lower precedence. Associativity defines the order in which operators of the same precedence are processed. Most operators in C have left-to-right associativity, meaning they are evaluated from left to right. For instance, in the expression `a + b * c`, the multiplication operator (`*`) has higher precedence than the addition operator (`+`), so `b * c` is evaluated first. Parentheses can be used to explicitly specify the order of evaluation, overriding precedence rules. Precedence and Associativity of Operators Operators

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