Introduction to Design Thinking

Student will be able to learn the basic concepts of deign thinking along with 5 phases of Design Thinking Process. This PPT covers the following topics: Introduction to design thinking, Need for design thinking, Design and Business, The Design Process, Design Brief, Visualization, Four Questions & Ten Tools, Explore
STEEP Analysis, Strategic Priorities, Activity System, Stakeholder Mapping, Opportunity Framing.

1. UNIT I : Introduction to Design Thinking By Mr.S.Selvaraj Asst. Professor (SRG) / CSE Kongu Engineering College Perundurai , Erode, Tamilnadu , India 18GEO03 – Design Thinking for Engineers Thanks to and Resource from : Jeanne Liedtka and Tim Ogilvie, "Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers", NA Edition, Columbia University Press, NA, 2011 & Lee Chong Hwa , "Design Thinking The Guidebook", NA Edition, Design Thinking Master Trainers of Bhutan, NA, 2017.

2. Preamble and Course Outcomes - DT 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 2

3. Unit Wise Syllabus – DT 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 3

4. Text Book and Reference Book - DT 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 4

5. Design Thinking Design Thinking is not an exclusive property of designers—all great innovators in literature , art , music , science , engineering , and business have practiced it. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 5

6. Why call it Design Thinking? What’s special about Design Thinking? It is that designers’ work processes can help us systematically extract, teach, learn and apply these human- centered techniques to solve problems in a creative and innovative way – in our designs , in our businesses , in our countries , in our lives . 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 6

7. Design Thinking - All over the World Some of the world’s leading brands, such as Apple , Google , Samsung and GE , have rapidly adopted the Design Thinking approach. Design Thinking is being taught at leading universities around the world, including d.school , Stanford, Harvard and MIT . 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 7

8. Design Thinking Institute at Stanford University The  Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford , commonly known as the  d.school , is a  design thinking institute based at Stanford University. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 8

9. Design Thinking Process There are many variants of the Design Thinking process in use today, and they have from three to seven phases , stages , or modes . However, all variants of Design Thinking are very similar . All variants of Design Thinking embody the same principles, which were first described by Nobel Prize laureate Herbert Simon in The Sciences of the Artificial book in 1969 . 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 9

10. Design Thinking Process Here, we will focus on the five-phase model proposed by the Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford , which is also known as d.school . We’ve chosen d.school’s approach because they’re at the forefront of applying and teaching Design Thinking. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 10

11. Design Thinking Process – 5 Phases The five phases of Design Thinking, according to d.school , are as follows: Empathise – with your users Define – your users’ needs, their problem, and your insights Ideate – by challenging assumptions and creating ideas for innovative solutions Prototype – to start creating solutions Test – solutions 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 11

12. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 12

13. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 13 Existing Process Flow - Types

14. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 14 Existing Process Flow - Types

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16. Design Thinking - Points It is important to note that the five phases, stages, or modes are not always sequential . They do not have to follow any specific order and can often occur in parallel and repeat iteratively . Given that, you should not understand the phases as a hierarchical or step-by-step process. Instead, you should look at it as an overview of the modes or phases that contribute to an innovative project , rather than sequential steps. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 16

17. The Problem with Ingrained Patterns of Thinking Humans naturally develop patterns of thinking modeled on repetitive activities and commonly accessed knowledge. These patterns of thinking are often referred to as  schemas , which are organized sets of information relationships between things, actions thoughts that are stimulated and initiated in the human mind For example, we have a schema for dogs which encompasses the presence of four legs, fur, sharp teeth, a tail, paws, and a number of other perceptible characteristics. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 17

18. Thinking outside of the box Innovative problem solving is also known as “ thinking outside of the box ”. Thinking outside of the box can be a real challenge as we naturally develop patterns of thinking that are modeled on the repetitive activities and commonly accessed knowledge we surround ourselves with. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 18

19. Read the Problem and Give your Solution Some years ago, an incident occurred where a truck driver tried to pass under a low bridge. But he failed, and the truck was lodged firmly under the bridge. The driver was unable to continue driving through or reverse out. The story goes that as the truck became stuck, it caused massive traffic problems, which resulted in emergency personnel, engineers, fire fighters and truck drivers gathering to devise and negotiate various solutions for dislodging the trapped vehicle. Emergency workers were debating whether to dismantle parts of the truck or chip away at parts of the bridge. Each spoke of a solution which fitted within his or her respective level of expertise. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 19

20. One of the fine thinking by a small boy 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 20 A boy walking by and witnessing the intense debate looked at the truck, at the bridge, then looked at the road and said nonchalantly, "Why not just let the air out of the tires? " to the absolute amazement of all the specialists and experts trying to unpick the problem. When the solution was tested, the truck was able to drive free with ease , having suffered only the damage caused by its initial attempt to pass underneath the bridge.

21. Storytelling 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 21

22. The Power of Storytelling Why did we tell you this story? Telling stories can help us inspire opportunities, ideas and solutions . Stories are framed around real people and their lives . Stories are important because they are accounts of specific events, not general statements. They provide us with concrete details that help us imagine solutions to particular problems. Please watch this 1-minute video to help you get started understanding what Design Thinking is about. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDICzreiJXA 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 22

23. Take away Design Thinking is essentially a problem-solving approach specific to design , which involves assessing known aspects of a problem and identifying the more ambiguous or peripheral factors that contribute to the conditions of a problem. This contrasts with a more scientific approach where the concrete and known aspects are tested in order to arrive at a solution. Design Thinking is an iterative process in which knowledge is constantly being questioned and acquired so it can help us redefine a problem in an attempt to identify alternative strategies and solutions that might not be instantly apparent with our initial level of understanding. Design Thinking is often referred to as ‘ outside the box thinking ’, as designers are attempting to develop new ways of thinking that do not abide by the dominant or more common problem-solving methods – just like artists do. At the heart of Design Thinking is the intention to improve products by analyzing how users interact with them and investigating the conditions in which they operate. Design Thinking offers us a means of digging that bit deeper to uncover ways of improving user experiences. 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 23

24. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 24

25. Poll Question1 No.of phases of design thinking? 3 4 5 6 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 25

26. Poll Question 2 Design Thinking is a ___ Linear Process Flow Non-Linear Process Flow 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 26

27. Poll Question 3 Design Thinking is also called as___ Outside the box thinking Inside the box thinking 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 27

28. Poll Question 4 1 st phase of Design Thinking is ___ Define Empathise Prototype Ideate Test 12/28/2021 1.1 _ Introdution to Design Thinking 28

29. DT – Split up of Syllabus Coverage in Two Different Text Books 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 29

30. Jeanne Liedtka and Tim Ogilvie, "Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers", NA Edition, Columbia University Press, NA, 2011. 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 30 First Book Contents Completely Based on 4 Questions and 10 Tools

31. Lee Chong Hwa , "Design Thinking The Guidebook", NA Edition, Design Thinking Master Trainers of Bhutan, NA, 2017. 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 31 Second Book Contents Completely Based on 5 Phases and 17 Methods and Tools

32. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 32 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

33. Introduction Design thinking draws on logic , imagination , intuition and systemic reasoning to explore the possibilities of what could be to create desired outcomes that benefit the end user (the customer) A design thinking mind-set is not problem-focused it’s solution-focused It’s action-oriented It involves both analysis and imagination It helps the innovator to gain greater clarity to find viable , feasible and desirable ideas It is an approach for  Creative Problem Solving 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 33

34. 5 phases of Design Thinking, according to d.school Empathize with your users Define your users’ needs, their problem, and your insights Ideate by challenging assumptions and creating ideas for innovative solutions Prototype to start creating solutions Test solutions 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 34

35. 4 Phases / 4 ?’s of Design Thinking Based on Jeanne Liedtka et al. (1 st Text Book) What is ? - explores current reality What if ? - envisions a new future What wows ? – makes some choices What works ? - takes us into the marketplace 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 35

36. 5 phases of Design Thinking Based on Lee Chong Hwa ( 2 nd Text Book) Explore Reframe opportunities Empathise Rediscover your user deep needs Experiment Refresh your solutions & innovative Ideas Engage Reaffirm your user needs Evolve Review your activities and strategies 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 36

37. Need for Design Thinking Every managers needs design. Design has a lot of different meanings . It is actually a systematic approach to problem solving . It starts with customers and the ability to create a better future for them. It acknowledges that we probably won’t get that right the first time. It does not require supernatural powers . Recent explosion of interest in design thinking has a lot more fueling it than Apple’s success and high profile . 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 37

38. Need for Design Thinking Design thinking can do for organic growth and innovation what TQM did for quality. Design thinking will be practiced at varying levels by people with different talents and capabilities . Design thinking by translating “ design ” from an abstract idea into a practical, everyday tool any manager can profit from . Using a business perspective and business language, we’ll translate the vocabulary of design unpack the mysterious connection between design thinking and profitable growth introduce a systematic process (complete with simple Project Management Aids (PMA) ) 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 38

39. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 39

40. Poll Question 1 Empathise phase focuses on whom? Manager Developer User 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 40

41. Poll Question 2 Design thinking mind-set is not ____ ? Solution Focused Problem Focused Action Focused 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 41

42. Poll Question 3 What is 1st phases of Design Thinking Based on Lee Chong Hwa ____ ? Explore Empathise Experiment Engage Evolve 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 42

43. Poll Question 4 Design Thinking is starts with ____ ? Manager Customer Programmer Developer 12/28/2021 1.2 _ Intro and Need for Design Thinking 43

44. What if Managers Thought Like Designers? What would be different if managers thought more like designers ? We have three words for you: Empathy Invention Iteration 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 44

45. Empathy Design starts with empathy , establishing a deep understanding of those we are designing for. Managers who thought like designers would put themselves in their customers’ shoes . It involves developing an understanding of both their emotional and their “ rational” needs and wants. To be a customer –centric and know your customer. Great designs inspire —they grab us at an emotional level. 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 45

46. Sympathy and Empathy What's the difference between sympathy and empathy? At the most basic level, sympathy is feeling sorry for someone, while empathy is understanding their pain . These words are related, but they are not synonyms. Empathy  is stronger than sympathy . Sympathy is a feeling you share with another person . Empathy is the ability to understand the emotions of another person . 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 46

47. Choose the Correct Word - Sympathy / Empathy Complete each of the sentences below with the word sympathy or empathy, making the correct choice based on what each word means. I have ____________ for our new classmate because I know what it feels like to change schools mid-year. I don’t understand what Susie is going through, but I certainly have ____________ for her situation. The owner of our company just isn’t able to have ____________ for those of us trying to pay bills in a minimum wage job. I don’t have any ____________ for her. She knew exactly what she was doing when she cheated on her exam. We mailed a ____________ card to my teacher after learning that her father passed away. 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 47

48. Answer Key Check your answers using the answer key below. empathy sympathy empathy sympathy sympathy 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 48

49. Need and Want Need Something you must have in order to survive Want Something you desire, but is not necessary 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 49

50. Customer – centeric and know your customer Of course, we all know already that we are supposed to be “ customer- centered , ” but what we are talking about here is deeper and more personal than that . It means “ knowing ” customers as real people with real problems, not seeing them as targets for sales or as a set of demographic statistics around age , income level , or marital status . 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 50

51. Invention 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 51 Design is also a process of invention. Managers who thought like designers would think of themselves as creators .

52. Iteration Finally, design insists that we prepare ourselves to iterate our way to a solution. Managers who thought like designers would see themselves as learners . 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 52

53. Design and Business Consider a challenge faced by a leading consumer products firm. How to think about and respond to changes in the retail marketplace over the next ten years? Suppose that two student teams one composed of MBAs and the other of design students How might each team approach its study? 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 53

54. 1 st Team ( Business Students ) The MBAs would likely begin by researching trends in the marketplace, social, technological, environmental , and political . They’d read analysts’ reports , interview industry experts, and benchmark leading retailers and competitors . They’d produce forecasts and a recommended set of strategies , complete with ROI (return on investment) and NPV (net present value) calculations. They’d deliver it all in a PowerPoint presentation . 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 54

55. 2 nd Team ( Design Students ) The design students would probably approach the project quite differently . They might begin with a similar trend analysis, but they would use it to develop scenarios of possible futures instead of spreadsheets . They would hang out in stores and talk to shoppers and employees , focusing on the shopping experience . They’d likely create some different customer personas and use the scenarios to try to model the changes in the personas’ lives —and, accordingly, in their shopping habits—over the next ten years. They might sponsor a “ store of the future ” brainstorming session, inviting their fellow students (and offering free pizza). They would use the scenarios and personas as a starting point and build on them as a group. Ultimately, they’d present not solutions but a small number of concepts to be prototyped, with the aim of soliciting feedback from real customers and collaborators . 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 55

56. Business Thinking Vs Design Thinking 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 56

57. Business thinking vs Design Thinking Business thinking assumes rationality and objectivity . Design thinking assumes instead human experience, always messy, as its decision driver and sees true objectivity as an illusion. Reality, for designers, is always constructed by the people living it . Hence, the MBAs analyzed trend data ; the designers observed the shopper’s experience. 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 57

58. Business and Design 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 58

59. Business needs design In today’s increasingly fast-paced and unpredictable environment, business needs design precisely because of all the differences we’ve noted: First, design is all about action , and business too often gets stuck at the talking stage . Second, design teaches us how to make things feel real , and most business rhetoric today remains largely irrelevant to the people who are supposed to make things happen. Third, design is tailored to dealing with uncertainty , and business’s obsession with analysis is best suited for a stable and predictable world . Fourth, design understands that products and services are bought by human beings, not target markets segmented into demographic categories. 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 59

60. Design needs business Design needs business thinking for good reasons: First, because novelty does not necessarily create value. Second, because even value creation is not enough. And third, because how many more stylish toasters and corkscrews do any of us need? 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 60

61. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 61

62. Poll Question 1 Empathy is ____? Feeling Understanding 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 62

63. Poll Question 2 As I had lost my job last year, I had ______ for my friend when she was fired? Sympathy Empathy 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 63

64. Poll Question 3 Education is a ____ Want Need 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 64

65. Poll Question 4 Which one give you more than one solution for a particular problem? Business Thinking Design Thinking 12/28/2021 1.3 _ Design and Business 65

66. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 66 1.4 _ Design Process Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

67. Design Process Stages Design process deals with 4 basic questions also called 4 stages of Design process . What is ? explores current reality. refers to the present. What if ? builds on the present to envisions a new future. What wows ? makes some choices and narrow choices to the best. helps teams focus on solutions that stand out. What works ? takes us into the marketplace. tests possible solutions with actual users in the real world. 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 67

68. Design Process 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 68

69. Design Process The widening and narrowing of the bands around each question represent what designers call “ divergent ” and “ convergent ” thinking . The first two – ‘ what is? ’ and ‘ what if? ’ are about ‘ divergent thinking ’ exploring many possibilities and solutions The last two – ‘ what wows? ’ and ‘ what works? ’ are about ‘ convergent thinking ’ narrowing focus to a prototype and experiments within the field. 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 69

70. Convergent Thinking Vs Divergent Thinking Convergent Thinking Divergent Thinking The process of figuring out a concrete solution to any problem is called Convergent Thinking . The process of thinking that explores multiple possible solutions in order to generate creative ideas is called Divergent thinking. It’s a straight forward process. It’s opening the mind in various directions.  It’s recogniz e the previously tried out techniques and reapplying them. It relates to figuring out new procedures. It refers to approaching a definite limit . It provides limitless number of solutions.  12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 70

71. Divergent Thinker Vs Convergent Thinker 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 71

72. What is? In this phase, teams exploit the knowledge existing in the organisation across the value chain. It’s about getting buried in the current ways of doing things to surface the known problems. It requires empathising with individuals involved and getting clear on their issues without judgement. To develop a sense of empathy or user centric view of the problem. Sankey diagrams  can be a useful tool in this phase. This stage enables one to answer the scope of the problem often from deep ethnographic perspective. that is, the team of design thinkers actually go and live with the users whose problems they are trying to solve and live within the situations to study them .   12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 72

73. Sankey Diagram 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 73 Sankey diagrams are a type of  flow diagram  in which the width of the arrows is proportional to the flow rate.

74. What if ? The aim of this stage is to come up with as many ideas as possible . 100 ideas is OK. Anything is constructive. Generate plenty of ideas and then narrow down to a few ideas . No wrongs answers, giving voice to everybody . Wild dreams, humble incremental improvements , it’s all good . During this stage, it’s vital to remove the power dynamics. Teams riff using Post-its to get ideas up on the wall , bubble maps , groupings . Again, all areas of the business are represented. This is about working and learning as a system. This avoids analysts coming up with solutions in a silo . This phase generates insight . 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 74

75. What wows? 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 75 Now we’re narrowing down ideas into the potentially viable ones  – ideas to wow . Here the team build prototypes. These could be slidedecks , clay models , Lego structures , digital mock-ups . The team quickly gets these prototypes in front of customers to test them out. Here it’s about failing fast and getting the organisational learning that comes from failure.

76. What Works? This is point where we ask: Can we make money out of us? Which of these things would work based on the constraints in the business? If it won’t work now, when might it work ? If a team has found something that they think works, now is the time to engage in multi-stage planning . Experimenting, testing and implementing . Get feedback from stakeholders . 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 76

77. Design Process - Mapping from 4 questions to 5 phases 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 77 The four questions are answered by following the five steps of design thinking phases( d.school ).

78. 5 Stages of Design Thinking Process 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 78

79. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 79

80. Poll Question 1 Exploring many possibilities and solutions are ____? Divergent Thinking Convergent Thinking 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 80

81. Poll Question 2 Who thinks for final solution? Divergent thinker Convergent thinker 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 81

82. Poll Question 3 Post-it sticky notes used in which stage? What is? What if? What wows? What works? 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 82

83. Poll Question 4 “What wows?” stage focus on which concept____. Empathise Define Ideate Prototype Test 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 83

84. Poll Question 5 “What wows?” stage uses ____. Sankey Diagram Sticky notes Lego structures 12/28/2021 1.4 _ Design Process 84

85. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 85 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

86. The Project Management Aids (PMA) To succeed at harnessing the power of design thinking to grow your business, We need to do more than try out the ten tools of design thinking. We introduce four project management aids ( PMAs ) in this unit as well. Design Brief Design Criteria Napkin Pitch Learning Guide 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 86

87. The Project Management Aids (PMA) The PMAs are not design tools —they are not about generating or testing ideas . Instead, PMAs are communication protocols that link the design thinking process to the established project management structures of the organization. PMAs will help you control the project by systematically capturing the learning from each stage. codifying decisions . transitioning from one stage to the next. integrating the results into a successful growth project. 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 87

88. Purposes of 4 PMAs 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 88

89. 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 89

90. Mapping into 4 stages of Design Thinking 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 90

91. Design Brief The design thinking team starts with a design brief (project management aid 1). It clarified the scope of the project , its intent , the questions it hoped to explore, and the target market it wanted to explore them with. What is? starts with the creation of the design brief and ends with the identification of design criteria . Between those two project management aids are four design thinking tools : visualization journey mapping value chain analysis mind mapping 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 91

92. Design Brief (PMA 1) PMA 1 forces you to clarify your ambitions and constraints . It asks you to frame your design challenge , define its scope , and pose the key questions to explore at the outset: What do you expect to get out of this work? What would success look like? How will you know if the project added value? 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 92

93. Design Brief - Positives A design brief tells the project team where it is going and why , what pitfalls to avoid , and what resources are required . Use the design brief to kick off the project , and revisit it at every key milestone. It sets the schedule , names the important milestones , and lays out the metrics that will assess the project. Not surprisingly, brevity is a key attribute of a good design brief. The document— two or three pages at most—should give the team plenty of leeway to use their creativity . The design brief provides that guidance throughout the project. 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 93

94. Design Brief – Document Format 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 94

95. 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 95 Design Brief – Sample Document

96. Visualization 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 96

97. Visualization Visualization  is about using images . It’s not about drawing; it’s about visual thinking . It pushes us beyond using words or language alone. It is a way of unlocking a different part of our brains that allows us to think nonverbally and that managers might not normally use . When you explain an idea using words , the rest of us will form our own mental pictures. For example, When you say, “We need a new growth platform,” the IT specialist sees servers and code and the marketing guru sees an advertising campaign. If instead you present your idea to us by drawing a picture of it, you reduce the possibility of unmatched mental models . 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 97

98. Visualization Visualization is a very special design tool. This is really a “ meta ” tool, so fundamental to the way designers work that it shows up in virtually every stage in the process of designing for growth. Often, visualization is integral to the other tools we will talk about. It is an approach for identifying , organizing , and communicating in ways that access “right brain” thinking while decreasing our dependency on “left brain” media such as numbers. Visualization consciously inserts visual imagery into our work processes. It focuses on bringing an idea to life , simplifying team collaboration and (eventually) creating stories that go to the heart of how designers cultivate empathy in every phase of their work and use it to generate excitement for new ideas. 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 98

99. Left Brain vs Right Brain 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 99 The theory is that people are either left-brained or right-brained , meaning that one side of their brain is dominant . If you’re mostly analytical and methodical in your thinking, you’re said to be left-brained. If you tend to be more creative or artistic , you’re thought to be right-brained.

100. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 100

101. Poll Question 1 What is the PMA matches with “What is?” Stage? Design Criteria Design Brief Napkin Pitch Learning Guide 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 101

102. Poll Question 2 Which PMA serves as “North star” throughout the project? Design Criteria Design Brief Napkin Pitch Learning Guide 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 102

103. Poll Question 3 Design Brief document should be ____ 1 page 2 pages 2 – 3 pages More than 3 pages 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 103

104. Poll Question 4 I am a scientist. What kind of brain i am having? Left brained Right Brained 12/28/2021 1.5 _ Design Brief and Visualization 104

105. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 105 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

106. Four Questions What is ? explores current reality. refers to the present. What if ? builds on the present to envisions a new future. What wows ? makes some choices and narrow choices to the best. helps teams focus on solutions that stand out. What works ? takes us into the marketplace. tests possible solutions with actual users in the real world. 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 106

107. Four Questions 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 107

108. Divergent Vs Convergent Thinking The widening and narrowing of the bands around each question represent what designers call “ divergent ” and “ convergent ” thinking . The first two – ‘ what is? ’ and ‘ what if? ’ are about ‘ divergent thinking ’ exploring many possibilities and solutions The last two – ‘ what wows? ’ and ‘ what works? ’ are about ‘ convergent thinking ’ narrowing focus to a prototype and experiments within the field. 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 108

109. Ten Tools of Design Thinking 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 109

110. Ten Tools of Design Thinking Visualization : using imagery to envision possibilities and bring them to life Journey Mapping : assessing the e xisting experience through the customer’s eyes Value Chain Analysis : assessing the current value chain that supports the customer’s journey Mind Mapping : generating insights from exploration activities and using those to create design criteria 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 110

111. Ten Tools of Design Thinking Brainstorming : generating new possibilities and new alternative business models Concept Development : assembling innovative elements into a coherent alternative solution that can be explored and evaluated 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 111

112. Ten Tools of Design Thinking Assumption Testing : isolating and testing the key assumptions that will drive the success or failure of a concept Rapid Prototyping : expressing a new concept in a tangible form for exploration , testing , and refinement 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 112

113. Ten Tools of Design Thinking Customer Co-Creation : enrolling customers to participate in creating the solution that best meets their needs Learning Launch : creating an affordable experiment that lets customers experience the new solution over an extended period of time, to test key assumptions with market data 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 113

114. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 114

115. Poll Question 1 Which deals the current reality? What is What if What wows What works 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 115

116. Poll Question 2 Which tool is used to access the existing experience of the customer ? Visualization Mind mapping Journey mapping Value chain analysis 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 116

117. Poll Question 3 Which tool is used to create design criteria? Visualization Mind mapping Journey mapping Value chain analysis 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 117

118. Poll Question 4 Which tools is used generate new possibilities and new alternative business models? Brainstorming Mind mapping Journey mapping Value chain analysis 12/28/2021 1.6 _ Four Questions and Ten Tools 118

119. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 119 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

120. Design Thinking Stages/Phases 5 Stages/Phases and 17 Tools of Design Thinking are proposed by the Design Thinking Master Trainers of Bhutan and facilitated by experts from Singapore Polytechnic ( 2 nd Text Book ) 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 120

121. Purpose/objective of this Guide Book Equip the DT practitioners to work on real projects by designing needs and solutions with communities (users/citizen), to deeply understand the people they’re looking to serve, to dream up scores of ideas , and to create innovative new solutions rooted in people’s actual needs DT practitioners can attain by using Design Thinking through step by step guide with samples and ready to use templates . This guidebook offers a comprehensive set of Methods & Tools and activities that will take you from framing up your design challenge to getting it to the decision makers for implementation and users. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 121

122. Some of the Key Principles and Mindset Design Thinking human- centered problem solving approach is based on a few easy-to-understand principles: Human- centered Collaborative teamwork Learning by Doing Embrace Experimentation Understand patterns, relationships & systems Visualize and Show 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 122

123. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 123

124. Heart-on Hands-on Head-On Approach 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 124

125. 5 Phases, 17 Methods and Tools of DT 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 125

126. Introduction Design Thinking is not a perfectly linear process , and each project invariably has its own contours and character. Generally, you will move through three main modules: Inspiration , Ideation , and Implementation It includes 5 phases. When you move through the 5 phases, you will move from divergent thinking ( create choices ) to convergent thinking ( make choices ). 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 126

127. Thinking Process 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 127

128. Scoping of design challenge When you want to work on real project using Design Thinking, begin the process with a specific and purposeful situation or problem to solve called Design Challenge . The Design Challenge should be doable , clear , actionable and hopefully inspiring . Your problem statement should be an outcome and not a solution . You can use SCOPES as a tool to brainstorm and frame your problem. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 128

129. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 129 SCOPES Tool

130. Phase 1 - Explore After scoping the design challenge, the explore phase focuses on reframing the design challenge topic into design opportunity from multiple perspectives. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 130

131. Activities of Explore Phase Synthesis the STEEP trends analysis to gain insights on the implications and context of your design challenge. Foster multiple perspectives to explore your design challenge. Map the organization’s activity system/ecosystem as the foundation model to leverage for your new idea delivery. Map key stakeholders to appreciate the key people who determine the success of your design challenge Frame project ( design challenge ) into design opportunity Identify, select and invite your target stakeholders for the interview Plan your design challenge project management . 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 131

132. Explore Phase 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 132

133. Explore Phase – Methods and Tools There are 5 methods and Tools: STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity Systems Stakeholder Analysis Framed Opportunities 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 133

134. STEEP Analysis 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 134

135. What is STTEP Analysis? STEEP Analysis is a tool to explore and determine the impact of macro-environmental trends in the context of the project topic (design challenge) as you should not limit your thinking just to the people you are designing for . You may need to consider governments , international partner and other stakeholders . STEEP Analysis is used: To understand the future opportunities and challenges . To keep an eye on the future while focusing on the possibilities of the current as new services, processes, administration and public policies may have to be developed in response to these trends. To cultivate thinking which leads to future implications of the present changes ? 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 135

136. How to conduct STEEP Analysis? 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 136

137. Templates to be used for the conduct of STEEP analysis 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 137

138. STEEP Analysis The STEEP analysis , also called PESTE/PESTLE analysis, is a strategy of external environmental analysis for companies. It lists the factors of the individual categories that may influence the unit under investigation. STEEP is an English acronym for Sociological, Technological, Economical, Environmental and Political . In the analysis, the factors are examined socially, technologically, economically, ecologically, politically and their mutual dependencies. The analyzed facts are then selected and weighted according to the problem. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 138

139. STEEP/PESTLE Analysis – Factors List Social factors include : values, attitudes, lifestyles, consumer trends, demographic influences, income distribution, education, population development, security. Aspects within society such as family, friends, colleagues, neighbors and the media. Technological factors include : new technologies, technology effects, research, development speed, new products and processes, product lifecycles, technology investments, and government research expenditure. Economic factors include : economic growth, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, taxation, unemployment, income, business cycles, world trade and resource availability. Environmental factors include : material, resources, disposal, emission regulations, energy, transport routes, life cycles, effects of the ozone hole and global warming. Political factors include : policy frameworks, labor market policies, government policies, competition oversight, legislation, political stability, tax policies, trade barriers, security requirements and subsidies. 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 139

140. STEEP/PESTLE - Factors List 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 140

141. Template 1 – STEEP TRENDS ANALYSIS 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 141

142. Template 1 – STEEP TRENDS ANALYSIS 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 142

143. Mark with Opportunity and Challenges(Threat) – Example : AirBnB 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 143

144. Template 1 – Online Tools (STEEP) Tool1: (Sample Examples also Available) https://webtools.innovalor.nl/#/pestle Tool2: (Sample Examples also Available) https://online.visual-paradigm.com/drive/#diagramlist:proj=0&new=PESTAnalysis 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 144

145. Template 2 – STEEP Analysis Matrix 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 145

146. Template 2 – STEEP Analysis Matrix 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 146

147. Template 3 – STEEP Analysis Prioritization 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 147

148. Template 3 – STEEP Analysis Prioritization 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 148

149. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 149

150. Poll Question 1 ______a tool to brainstorm and frame your problem. SCOPES STEEP 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 150

151. Poll Question 2 Which Human Body Part is not in HHH approach of Design Thinking? Head Hand Heel Heart 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 151

152. Poll Question 3 STEEP Analysis is used to_____. Framing the Problem Statement Understand the future opportunities and challenges 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 152

153. Poll Question 4 Which STEEP template sort the trends based on its impact and (un)certainty of its occurrence? Trend Analysis Analysis Matrix Analysis Prioritization 12/28/2021 1.7 _ Explore - STEEP Analysis 153

154. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 154 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

155. Strategic Priorities This tool is used after the STEEP Analysis. A Strategic Priorities Matrix is used to explore from multiple perspectives to gain insights deep understanding of the design challenge 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 155

156. What is Strategic Priorities? Strategic Priorities Matrix is a tool with which you will look through multiple perspectives to better understand the context and the real issues with your design challenge and help you synthesise and formulate a point of view or theory to explain your design challenge problem . 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 156

157. How to use the Strategic Priorities ? 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 157

158. List of Templates seen so far.... T1: PMA1 - Design Brief T2: SCOPES T3: STEEP Trend Analysis T4: STEEP Analysis Matrix T5: STEEP Analysis Prioritization 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 158

159. Strategic Priorities - Templates Two Templates: T6: Strategic Priorities Matrix T7: Synthesis - making sense of STEEP analysis & strategic priorities template 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 159

160. T6 – Strategic Priorities Matrix 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 160

161. Online Tool for T6 https://miro.com/signup/ 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 161

162. T7 – Synthesis : Sense Making 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 162

163. Activity System You can use the activity system to gain insights on the organization’s strengths , weaknesses , advantages and gaps to explore fresh opportunities and possibilities . It should also be used to establish foundation for leveraging and evolving the strategic ‘ ecosystem ’. (or) a model in the Design Thinking Phase 5: Evolve. 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 163

164. What is activity system? Activity system is a visual representation of how the organization creates value , satisfies its users and builds competitive advantages . It also identifies gabs in achieving the objectives (providing service) and possible duplication of jobs. A powerful organizational model is one with a unique activity system that has mutually reinforcing activities which is difficult to replicate . 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 164

165. How to define the activity system? 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 165

166. Activity System - Templates 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 166 Two Templates: T8: Activity System Mapping T9: Key Components of Activity System

167. T8 – Activity System Mapping 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 167

168. T9 – Key Components of Activity System 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 168

169. List of Templates seen so far.... T1: PMA1 - Design Brief T2: SCOPES T3: STEEP Trend Analysis T4: STEEP Analysis Matrix T5: STEEP Analysis Prioritization T6: Strategic Priorities Matrix T7: Synthesis T8: Activity System Mapping T9: Key Components of Activity System 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 169

170. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 170

171. Poll Question 1 Which tool is used to deep understand the design challenge. SCOPES Tool Strategic Priorities Matrix 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 171

172. Poll Question 2 _______ is used to gain insights on the organization’s strengths and weaknesses. Strategic Priorities Activity Systems 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 172

173. Poll Question 3 In activity system, key components are listed under____ Strategic Hub Supporting Activities 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 173

174. Poll Question 4 A powerful organizational model is one with a ___ activity system. Unique Common 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Strategic Priorities & Activity System 174

175. Unit I : Contents Introduction Need for design thinking Design and Business The Design Process Design Brief Visualization Four Questions & Ten Tools 12/28/2021 175 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing Explore STEEP Analysis Strategic Priorities Activity System Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing

176. Stakeholder Mapping 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 176

177. Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder Map can be used to help you visually summarise and communicate the relationships between various stakeholders when working on a design challenge Address any issue that require to understand various players involved. 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 177

178. Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder mapping is a process to identify the key people , group and organization that have direct influence on the design challenge to understand the key stakeholders so as to better engage them. It draws the relationship between the stakeholders It shows the importance of the stakeholder(s ) as it plays a key role in influencing the development and outcome of the design challenge. 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 178

179. How to conduct the Stakeholder Mapping 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 179

180. List of Templates seen so far.... T1: PMA1 - Design Brief T2: SCOPES T3: STEEP Trend Analysis T4: STEEP Analysis Matrix T5: STEEP Analysis Prioritization T6: Strategic Priorities Matrix T7: Synthesis T8: Activity System Mapping T9: Key Components of Activity System 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 180

181. Stakeholder Mapping - Templates 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 181 Four Templates: T10: Stakeholder Mapping Matrix T11: Stakeholder Links & Relationship Mapping T12: Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix T13: Stakeholder Analysis & Engagement Strategy

182. T10: Stakeholder Mapping Matrix 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 182 Identify your relevant Key Stakeholders

183. T11: Stakeholder Links & Relationship Mapping 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 183 Define the links and relationships between stakeholders.

184. T12: Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 184 Develop engagement strategies

185. T13: Stakeholder Analysis & Engagement Strategy 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 185

186. Opportunity Framing 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 186

187. Opportunity Framing Opportunity Framing is carried out after you know and understand the ‘ Future Trend ’, ‘ Organization ’ and the ‘ user ’ ( stakeholder ) to relook into the design challenge to reframe from design challenge into opportunity . Opportunity Framing prepares you to better define the design challenge . Opportunity Framing also help you in identifying the potential interviewees for later phases. 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 187

188. Design Challenge Reframing 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 188 “How might we <verb> a <desired end state/outcome/issues for <user>? Design Challenge : Frame the problem statement into “ How Might We...?” Reframing the Design Challenge

189. HMW Method Examples How might we design a product that makes our users feel confident and secure during their online financial transactions ? How might we design the world’s most innovative banking app ? 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 189

190. HMW Verbs List 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 190

191. How to do Opportunity Framing? 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 191

192. Fundamentals of Opportunity Framing From the industry focus to user focus ( Public Sector Agency to Citizen or End Users) From single idea to system From symptoms to root cause (What are the real issues , pain points , underlying deep needs ) 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 192

193. List of Templates seen so far.... T1: PMA1 - Design Brief T2: SCOPES T3: STEEP Trend Analysis T4: STEEP Analysis Matrix T5: STEEP Analysis Prioritization T6: Strategic Priorities Matrix T7: Synthesis T8: Activity System Mapping T9: Key Components of Activity System T10: Stakeholder Mapping Matrix T11: Stakeholder Links & Relationship Mapping T12: Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix T13: Stakeholder Analysis & Engagement Strategy 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 193

194. Opportunity Framing - Templates Three Templates: T14 : Project Brief and Opportunity Framing T15 : Project Brief and Reframing Project Challenges T16 : Reframing the Opportunities 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 194

195. T14 : Project Brief and Opportunity Framing 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 195

196. 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 196

197. T15 : Project Brief and Reframing Project Challenges 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 197

198. T16 : Reframing the Opportunities 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 198

199. List of Templates seen so far.... T1: PMA1 - Design Brief T2: SCOPES T3: STEEP Trend Analysis T4: STEEP Analysis Matrix T5: STEEP Analysis Prioritization T6: Strategic Priorities Matrix T7: Synthesis T8: Activity System Mapping T9: Key Components of Activity System T10: Stakeholder Mapping Matrix T11: Stakeholder Links & Relationship Mapping T12: Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix T13: Stakeholder Analysis & Engagement Strategy T14 : Project Brief and Opportunity Framing T15 : Project Brief and Reframing Project Challenges T16 : Reframing the Opportunities 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 199

200. Thank you 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 200

201. Poll Question 1 In Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix, High Interest and High Influence Quadrant is named as ______ Engage Closely Keep Satisfied Monitor 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 201

202. Poll Question 2 Which template is used to identify appropriate key stakeholders? Stakeholder Mapping Matrix Stakeholder Priority Mapping Matrix 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 202

203. Poll Question 3 Which tool is used to reframe your design challenge as opportunity? Stakeholder Mapping Opportunity Framing STEEP Analysis 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 203

204. Poll Question 4 Which approach helps us to reframe our opportunities? HHH Approach HMW Approach STEEPS Approach SCOPES Approach 12/28/2021 1.8 _ Stakeholder Mapping & Opportunity Framing 204