Introduction to Email, internet protocols

It explains about email, internet protocols

1. ASSIGNMENT 1 Discuss the following; E-mail Voice over Internet Protocol IP Addresses(definition, types) OSI model Types of Domain REG. No. 23321351006

2. E-mail Creating an E-mail Components of E-mail Access of information on E-mail Connection to the internet Importance of E-mail Weakness of E-mail REG. No. 23321351006

3. HOW TO CREATE AN E-MAIL Choose an Email Service Provider P opular ESPs include Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo! Mail. Each offers unique features but essentially serves the same purpose-sending and receiving emails. Sign Up You need to provide some personal information like your name, desired email address, a password and phone number for verification. Customize Y our Account After creation, you can personalize your email account settings, such as the display name, signature and security options. REG. No. 23321351006

4. COMPONENTS OF E-MAIL Header. E-mail should contains information like the sender’s address, recipient’s address, subject line, and timestamps. Body. This is the content area where the message is written. Attachments . Files that are sent along with an email message. Signature . A block of text automatically appended to the email, often containing the sender’s contact information or a disclaimer. REG. No. 23321351006

5. ACCESS OF INFORMATIO ON E-MAIL Through Web Browsers . By logging into the web interface of the email service. Email Clients . Applications like Microsoft Outlook or Apple Mail that download emails from the server to your device, allowing offline access. Mobile Apps . Most email services offer mobile applications for accessing email on smartphones and tablets. REG. No. 23321351006

6. CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET Email operates over the internet using protocols such as SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending emails, POP3(Post Office Protocol Version 3) or IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol) for receiving emails. These protocols require an internet connection to transmit and receive data between email clients and email servers. REG. No. 23321351006

7. BENEFITS OF AN EMAIL For communication Email allows instant communication across the globe, making it crucial for personal, educational, and profession communication. For documentation Emails provide a written record of communications, useful for tracking discussion and decisions. Accessibility Emails can be accessed from anywhere, provided there is internet connectivity. REG. No. 23321351006

8. WEAKNESS OF EMAIL Security Risks. Phishing attack, spam, and malware can be spread through emails. Information Overload . Receiving a large number of emails daily can lead to important message being overlooked or lost. Privacy Concerns . Emails can be intercepted during transmission. REG. No. 23321351006

9. VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL(VOIP) Definition of VoIP How VoIP works Advantages Disadvantage VoIP Components VoIP Applications REG. No. 23321351006

10. DEFINITION OF VoIP VoIP is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a traditional(or analog) phone line. This technology converts your voice into a digital signal, compresses it, and sends it over the Internet. REG. No. 23321351006

11. HOW VOIP WORKS VoIP works by converting your voice into digital data packets. These packets are transmitted over the Internet and then converted back into a voice signal for the recipient. VoIP uses protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol(SIP) or H.323 to manage the setup and teardown of calls. These protocols ensure that data packets are sent efficiently and in the correct order Because VoIP uses the Internet to transmit calls, both the sender and receiver need a broadband Internet connection for the technology to work effectively. REG. No. 23321351006

12. ADVANTAGES OF VOIP Cost-Effectiveness : VoIP calls, especially international ones, can be significantly cheaper than traditional phone calls. Flexibility : Users can make VoIP calls from anywhere there is an Internet connection, using devices like smartphones, computers or VoIP phones. Advanced Features : VoIP includes features that are not always available with traditional phone systems, such as voicemail to email, call forwarding and video calls. REG. No. 23321351006

13. DISADVANTAGES OF VOIP Dependence on Internet Connection . Poor connectivity can lead to dropped calls or low-quality audio. Power Outages . VoIP requires power for your Internet router and VoIP device to operates. REG. No. 23321351006

14. COMPONENTS OF VOIP VoIP Device. VoIP Services. Internet Connection REG. No. 23321351006

15. APPLICATIONS OF VOIP Home and Personal Use Many consumers use VoIP for cheaper home phone service or to make free or low-cost international calls. Business Systems. Businesses utilize VoIP for its scalability, advanced communication features, and integration with other business applications( e.g., customer relationship management systems). REG. No. 23321351006

16. IP ADDRESSES IP Addresses means Internet Protocol Addresses , is a unique string of numbers separated by periods(IPv4) or colons(IPv6) that identifies each computer using the I nternet Protocol to communicate over a network. REG. No. 23321351006

17. TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES IPv4 . It stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is a 32-bit address space, usually shown as four decimal numbers separated by dots, eg., 192.158.1.38. IPv6 . Stands for Internet Protocol version 6. It was created to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses. It is a 128-bit address space, shown as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, eg., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. This formats allows for vast number of unique IP addresses. REG. No. 23321351006

18. HOW IP ADDRESSES WORK Assignment . IP addresses can be dynamically assigned(changing each time a device connects the network) or statically assigned(permanent for a deice). Dynamic assignment is managed via DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). Routing . Devices such as routers use IP addresses to forward data packets to their destinations. Each packet contains the IP addresses of the sender(source) and the receiver(destination), ensuring accurate delivery. REG. No. 23321351006

19. IMPORTANCE OF IP ADDRESSES Communication . IP addresses are crucial for online communication, allowing devices to send and receive data over the internet. Security . IP addresses can be tracked for security purposes, helping to identify sources of malicious activity or breaches. REG. No. 23321351006

20. PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES Public IP Addresses are unique across the internet. Your Internet Service Provider(ISP) assigns a public IP address to your router, making your network identifiable on the internet. Private IP Addresses are used within private networks(eg., home, office). REG. No. 23321351006

21. SUBNETTING AND CIDR Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller, manageable pieces. It’s done for a reasons of security, performance, or to conserve IP addresses by creating logically segmented networks within a larger network. CIDR(Classless Internet-Domain Routing) is a method for allocating IP addresses and routing IP packets. It replaces the older system based on classes A,B, and C. CIDR allows for more efficient allocation of IP addresses . REG. No. 23321351006

22. OSI MODEL OSI(Open System Interconnection ) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology . REG. No. 23321351006

23. HISTORY OF OSI OSI model developed by the International Organization for Standardization(IOS) in 1978, the OSI model serves as a guide for product development and understanding network architecture. It divides network communication into seven layers, each with specific functions and responsibilities. These layers are designed to allow interoperability and standardize network protocols, enabling different systems to communicate effectively. REG. No. 23321351006

24. LAYERS OF OSI MODEL Physical layer Data link layer Network layer Transport layer Session layer Presentation layer Application layer REG. No. 23321351006

25. Physical layer(layer 1) This is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission and reception of raw binary data over a communication medium. It includes specifications for cables, connectors, and electrical signals. REG. No. 23321351006

26. Data link layer(layer 2) The Data Link layer provides node-to-node data transfer-a link between two directly connected nodes. It also handles error correction from the physical layer, frame synchronization, flow control, and MAC addressing. It is divided into two sublayers: the Media Access Control(MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control(LLC) layer. REG. No. 23321351006

27. NETWORK LAYER(LAYER 3) This layer is responsible for packet forward, including routing through intermediate routers. It provides means for establishing a data link between network devices and also defines the network addresses, thus enabling the path determination feature that is essential for routing data across networks. REG. No. 23321351006

28. TRANSPORT LAYER(LAYER 4) The Transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. It relieves the higher layers from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers. The t ransport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation or desegmentation, and error control. Protocols like TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP(User Datagram Protocol) operate at this layer. REG. No. 23321351006

29. SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) This layer establishes, and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. REG. No. 23321351006

30. PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6) This layer is responsible for the presentation of data to the application layer. It serves as the data translator for the network. This includes syntax processing, such as encryption, compression, and conversion between different data formats. REG. No. 23321351006

31. APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) The topmost layer of the OSI model, the Application layer provides interfaces and APIs for the applications to access the network and perform functions like email, file transfer, and web browsing. It interacts directly with end-users and facilitates services like email, file transfer and web browsing. REG. No. 23321351006

32. DOMAIN Definition Domain Name Types of Domain Name Importance of Domain Name REG. No. 23321351006

33. DOMAIN MEANS Refers to a distinct subset of the internet with a common address component that specifies its exact location on the internet. REG. No. 23321351006

34. DOMAIN NAMES MEANS A domain name is a human-readable address used to access websites on the internet. Instead of typing in a complex numerical IP address(like 192.168.1.1), you can type in a domain name (like www.example.com ) to visit a website. REG. No. 23321351006

35. TYPES OF DOMAINS Top-level Domains (TLDs) Second-level Domains (SLDs) Subdomains REG. No. 23321351006

36. TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS(TLDs) These are the highest level of domains in the DNS hierarchy. TLDs include generic Top-Level Domains( gTLDs ) like .com, .net, .org, and country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) like .uk (United Kingdom), .de (Germany), and .ca (Canada). REG. No. 23321351006

37. SECOND-LEVEL DOMAINS (SLDs) These are directly below a TLD in the DNS hierarchy and are the “readable” part of the domain often used by businesses or individuals. For example, in “example.com”, “example” is the SLD. REG. No. 23321351006

38. SUBDOMAINS These are further subdivisions of existing domains and are typically used to organize or navigate to specific sections of a website. For example, “blog.example.com” might be used to host a blog associated with the min site found at “www.example.com ”. REG. No. 23321351006

39. IMPORTANCE OF DOMAINS They play a critical role in the functioning of the internet by providing easy-to-remember addresses for accessing websites. They are essential for establishing an online presence, whether it is for personal blog, a business website, or an online platform. REG. No. 23321351006

40. MANAGING OF DOMAINS Domains are registered through domain registrars, organizations accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) or a national ccTLD authority. Domain registration typically involves a fee and needs to be renewed periodically. Domain owners have the flexibility to transfer their domain to different hosts or modify its DNS settings to point to a different server as needed. REG. No. 23321351006