Introduction to hap

Introduction to HAP

1. Introduction to HAP By; Dr. Mrs . Deepa K. Ingawale (Mandlik) Department of Pharmacology Poona College of Pharmacy , Pune

2. Content in detail

3. Learning Objectives To define anatomy and physiology. To describe the levels of structural organization of the human body. To list 12 systems of human body with their organs & functions. To enlist the important human life processes. To define the anatomical planes, sections & directional terms used to illustrate the human body. To describe the major body cavities. Describe the positive and negative feedback mechanism system.

4. Branches of science There are two branches of science. Anatomy Physiology It provides the information about different body parts & their functions.

5. Anatomy Anatomy: It is the scientific study of structures of human body. Subdivisions of anatomy: Developmental biology: It is the study of complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death. Cell biology: It is the study of cell structure and functions. Histology: It is the study of microscopic structure of tissues. Gross anatomy: It is the study of cell structures without using a microscope.

6. Anatomy Systemic anatomy: It is the study of specific systems of body such as nervous or respiratory systems. Regional anatomy: It is the study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest. Radiographic anatomy: It is the study of body structures with the help of x-rays. Pathological anatomy: It is the study of structural changes associated with disease. Embryology: It is the study of first eight weeks of human development.

7. Physiology Physiology: It is the scientific study of normal functions of living organisms and their parts. Subdivisions of physiology: Respiratory physiology: It is the study of functioning of lungs and air passageways. Renal physiology : It is the study of functioning of the kidneys. Immunology: It is the study of defense mechanism of body against disease-causing agents.

8. Physiology Exercise physiology: It is the study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of exercise. Neurophysiology:   It is the study of functioning of the nervous system. Pathophysiology: It is the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging. Cardiovascular physiology : It is the study of functioning of heart and blood vessels. Endocrinology: It is the study of hormones and how they control body functions.  

9. Levels of structural organizations There are six levels of organisations. Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organism level

10. Levels of structural organizations Digestive system

11. Levels of structural organizations Chemical level: V ery basic level It includes atoms (smallest unit of matter participates in chemical reactions) Two or more atoms joined together to form molecules. Certain atoms like, C, H, O, N, P, Ca & S are crucial for maintaining life. Cellular level: Different molecules combine together to form cells. Cell is the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Human body contains muscle cells, nerve cells & epithelial cells.

12. Levels of structural organizations Tissue level: Different cells combines together to form tissues (groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function). Human body contains 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Organ level: Different types of tissue combines together to form organ. Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues having specific functions and recognizable shapes. Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs & brain.

13. Levels of structural organizations System level: All the organs with common function combines together to form system. Above figure shows the structure of digestive system. Organs of digestive system are mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder & pancreas. Organism level: All the parts of the human body functioning combines together to form total organism i.e. human body.

14. Twelve systems of human body

15. Twelve systems of human body Nervous system: Organs: Brain, spinal cord and nerves Functions: It coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Cardiovascular system: Organs: Blood, heart, and blood vessels. Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells . Blood components help defend against disease . Helps regulate acid - base balance, temperature & water content of body fluids.

16. Twelve systems of human body Digestive system: Organs: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; accessory organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food Absorption of nutrients and Elimination of solid wastes Urinary system: Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine. Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood Helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids. Maintains mineral balance of body

17. Twelve systems of human body Respiratory system: Organs: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air Helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids Production of sound by vocal cord Lymphatic system: Organs: Lymph, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils. Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood Lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes

18. Twelve systems of human body Endocrine system: Organs: Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones Muscular system: Organs: Skeletal muscle Functions: Produces body movements, such as walking Stabilizes body posture Generation of heat

19. Twelve systems of human body Special sense organs: Organs: Eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose Functions: Detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste and Touch sensations Reproductive system: Organs: Male organs: Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and penis; Female organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Functions: Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction Other associated organs transport and store gametes

20. Basic life processes Responsiveness: It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. Metabolism: It is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. Anabolism is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller components. Movement: Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

21. Basic life processes Growth: It is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. Differentiation: It is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Reproduction: It refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual.

22. Basic life processes Respiration: Respiration processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the external environment. Digestion: It involves breaking down complex ingested foods into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body for energy source.   Excretion: Excretion is the process that removes the waste products of digestion & metabolism from the body.  

23. Homeostasis “It is the ability of body to maintain an equilibrium within its internal environment when dealing with the external changes” Homeostasis is a dynamic condition.

24. Homeostasis & Body Fluids An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume & composition of body fluids (dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals found in cells & surrounding them. Intracellular fluid (ICF): Present in the cells Extracellular fluid (ECF): Present outside the cells Interstitial fluid: It fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

25. Homeostasis and Body Fluids ECF differs depending on its location in the body: ECF within blood vessels is termed as blood plasma . ECF within lymphatic vessels it called as lymph . ECF around the brain & spinal cord known as cerebrospinal fluid. ECF in joints it is referred as synovial fluid . ECF of eyes is called as aqueous humor . The proper functioning of body cells depends on composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.

26. Feedback system or Feedback loop It is a cycle in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, re-evaluated and so on. Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure or blood glucose level is termed a controlled condition . Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. A feedback system includes three basic components; R eceptor C ontrol centre E ffector

27. Feedback system or Feedback loop Receptor: It is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre. T he input is sent in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals . Control centre: It sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors & generates output commands when they are needed. An effector: It is a body structure that receives output from the control centre & produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

28. Negative Feedback Mechanism

29. Positive Feedback System

30. Basic anatomical terminologies Body Positions: In the anatomical position, the body is upright. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. Prone position: Body is lying face down Supine position: Body is lying face up

31. Basic anatomical terminologies Directional terms: It describe the position of one body part relative to another body part. Most of the directional terms used have opposite meanings.

32. Basic anatomical terminologies Directional Term Definition Superior Toward the head or upper part of a structure Inferior Away from the head, or lower part of a structure Anterior To the front of body Posterior To the back of body Medial Nearer to the midline Lateral Away from the midline Intermediate Between two structures Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Distal Away from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Superior Toward or on the surface of body Inferior Away from the surface of body

33. Basic anatomical terminologies

34. Planes These are the imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts. Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane Oblique plane Sagittal plane: It is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right & left sides. Mid-sagittal plane: When sagittal plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ & divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a mid-sagittal plane or a median plane.

35. Planes Para-sagittal plane: If sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but divides the body or an organ into unequal right & left sides, it is called a para-sagittal plane. Frontal or coronal plane: It divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. Transverse plane/horizontal plane/cross sectional plane: It divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Sagittal, frontal, & transverse planes are all at right angles to one another. Oblique plane: It passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.

36. Planes

37. Oblique Plane

38. Sections It is a cut of the body or organs made along one of the planes. There are 3 sections; Transverse section: It is formed by a transverse plane cutting through an object, usually at right angles to an axis. Frontal section: It is formed by a frontal plane cutting through an object, dividing the body into dorsal & ventral parts. Midsagittal section: It is formed by a mid-sagittal plane cutting through an object, dividing the body into right & left parts

39. Sections

40. Body Cavities These are spaces within the body that helps to protect, separate & support internal organs. 2 types of body cavity; Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

41. Dorsal body cavity It is located near the dorsal surface of the body. It consists of 2 cavities. Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Cranial cavity: The cranial bones form the cranial cavity, which contains the brain. Vertebral canal: The bones of vertebral column form the vertebral canal, which contains the spinal cord.

42. Ventral body cavity It is located near the ventral surface of body. It has 2 parts; Superior part: Thoracic cavity, Pericardial cavity, Pleural cavity, Mediastinum Inferior part: Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity

43. Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity or chest cavity: It is formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum (breastbone) and vertebral column (backbone).   It is divided into 3 parts. Pleural cavity: Two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities, that present around each lung Pericardial cavity: It is a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart Mediastinum: The central part of thoracic cavity called as mediastinum.  

44. Ventral body cavity Abdominopelvic cavities: Divided into 2 portions, Abdominal cavity: The superior portion, is called as the abdominal cavity, contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. Pelvic cavity: The inferior portion, is called as pelvic cavity, contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.

45. Body Cavities

46. Body Cavities Cavity Description Cranial cavity It is formed by cranial bones and contains brain Vertebral canal It is formed by vertebral column and it contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves Thoracic cavity It is called as chest cavity. It contains pleural and pericaridial cavity and mediastinum Pleural cavity It presents surrounding the lungs and the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is called as pleura. Pericardial cavity It present surrounding the heart and the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium. Mediastinum It is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities. It extends from sternum to verterbal column and from first rib to diaphragm. It contains all the structure of the thoracic cavity other than the lungs including heart, thymus, esophgus, trachea and several large blood vessels. Abdominoplevic cavity It is divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Abdominal cavity It contains stomach, splen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine and large intestine. The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called as peritoneum. Pelvic cavity It contains urinary bladder, portion of large intestine and organs of reproduction.

47. Questions LAQ: Enlist different systems of human body and give their components and function. Explain different level of structural organizations. Explain different body processes.   SAQ: Define anatomy and physiology. Write a note on homeostasis and feedback system. Enlist major body cavities along with their location. Explain different directional planes in human body.