Introduction to Nursing Research

Introduction to Nursing Research, Nursing, BSc Nursing, Nursing Research

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH

2. What is research?

3. MEANING OF research ? T he word Research is derived from the French word “ recherche ” , which means “to go about seeking” , Old French term “ recerchier ” a compound word from “re-” + “ cerchier ” The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

4. RE – SEARCH The prefix “ re” means “again” and signifies replication of the search . One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize knowledge specific to life situations.

5. DEFINITIONS RESEARCH Webster (1971), “research is a studious inquiry or examination , investigation, or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical applications of such new or revised theories or laws.”

6. RESEARCH Treece and Treece (1973) stated: “Research is an attempt to gain solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation .” DEFINITIONS

7. NURSING RESEARCH Polit and Beck (2004) - systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics .: “Research is an attempt to gain solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation .” DEFINITIONS

8. NURSING RESEARCH Burns and Grove (2005) - defined nursing research as a “scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences clinical nursing practice. DEFINITIONS

9. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE C ustoms and tradition - “we’ve always done it that way ”. A ssembled information (e.g., quality improvement data) S cientific research – the most objective and the source of nursing knowledge. T rial and error – “if it works, we’ll use it”. L ogical reasoning (inductive & deductive) E xperts or authorities

10. scientific method Scientific methods are defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality and that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena .

11. Characteristics of scientific methods Based on the above definition, the characteristics of scientific methods are as follows : •They are orderly and systematic processes . •Scientists attempt to control external factors that are not under direct investigation . •Their findings are based on the empirical evidences . •Findings of scientific methods can be generalized, which means that they can be used in situations other than the one under study . •They are based on assumptions or hypotheses . •They are basically conducted to develop or test theories.

12. STEPS OF scientific method The steps of scientific methods depend on the type of the study, which follows either a qualitative or a quantitative approach. However , the main steps used in any scientific method or approach are as follows: •Selecting the topic and identifying the problem. •Defining the objectives of the study. •Reviewing the literature from theory and other related studies. •Defining concepts and variables to be studied .

13. Cont … •Stating hypothesis about expected observations or phenomenon to be studied . •Identifying assumptions and implications . •Determining the ethical implication of the proposed study . •Describing the research design and methods for data collection . •Defining study population and sample . •Planning the data analysis and discussion . •Collecting data from subjects . •Analysing and interpreting data . •Communicating findings of the study .

14. Need for nursing research Nursing Research helps to: •Build and expand the body of nursing knowledge , •Validate and refine the existing nursing practice, •Make health care efficient and cost-effective.

15. Need for nursing research • To Develop , refine, and extend the scientific base of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care, education, and administration . • To Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing . • To Provide foundation for EBN practices . • To Help in expansion of knowledge, which is essential for continued growth of nursing profession .

16. Need for nursing research • To Enhance their professional identity as research is an essential component of any profession . • To Define the parameters of nursing, which will help nurses to identify boundaries of nursing profession. • To Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that it helps in elimination of nursing actions that have no effect on the achievement of desired client outcomes .

17. NURSES ROLE IN research ANA-1989 BSN Degree 1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings from nursing profession and other discipline for use in practice. 2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying research problems and collecting data for studies.

18. NURSES ROLE IN research ANA-1989 Master's Degree 1. To lead health care teams • Making essential changes in nursing practice • Health care system based on research 2. Conduct investigations 3. Initial studies in collaboration with other investigators 4. Facilitate research and provide consultation

19. NURSES ROLE IN research ANA-1989 Doctoral Degree 1. Assume a major role in the conduct of research. 2. Generation of nursing knowledge in a selected area of interest. • Extend scientific basis • Develop methods to measure nursing phenomena

20. NURSES ROLE IN research ANA-1989 Post Doctoral Degree 1. Assumed a full researcher role and has a funded program of research 2. Develop and coordinate funded research programs

21. Characteristics of good research A Good Research must satisfy the following criteria : 1. Orderly and systematic process 2. Based on current professional issues 3. Begin with clearly defined purposes/objectives 4. Emphasize to develop, refine, and expand professional knowledge 5. Directed towards development or testing theories Good research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable .

22. Cont … 6. Finding solution of a problem. 7. Dedicated to develop empirical evidence 8. Strive to collect first-hand information/ data 9. An objective and logical process 10. Generate findings to refine and improve professional practices 11. Use of appropriate methodology 12. Conducted on representative sample 13. Conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools of data collection 14. Use of valid and reliable data collection tools

23. Cont … 15. Carefully recorded and reported 16. Adequately and appropriately analysed research 17. Patiently carried out activity 18. Researcher’s expertise, interest, motivation, and courage 19. Adequately communicated