Introduction to Operating - Systems.pptx

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1. Introduction to Operating Systems Learn the fundamentals of operating systems, the core software that manages a computer's resources and provides a platform for running applications. Understand the key components, functions, and importance of operating systems in modern computing. by parveen ansari

2. What is Software? Types of Software Software refers to the programs and applications that run on computers and other digital devices. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software, such as operating systems, manages the hardware and resources of a computer, while application software, like word processors and web browsers, performs specific tasks for users.

3. History of Operating Systems The history of operating systems dates back to the 1950s, when the first mainframe computers were developed. These early systems were complex, expensive, and required specialized knowledge to operate. In the 1960s, the first modern operating systems emerged, such as Unix and DOS, which made computers more accessible to a wider audience. The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of personal computers, leading to the development of iconic operating systems like Windows and macOS, which have shaped the way we interact with computers today.

4. Types of Operating Systems Windows The most widely used desktop operating system, known for its user-friendly interface and compatibility with a wide range of software and hardware. macOS The operating system for Apple's line of Macintosh computers, renowned for its sleek design, tight integration with Apple's ecosystem, and powerful creative applications. Linux A free and open-source operating system with a highly customizable, secure, and efficient architecture, popular among developers and IT professionals. Mobile OSes Specialized operating systems designed for smartphones and tablets, such as iOS for iPhones and iPads, and Android for a wide range of mobile devices.

5. Operating System Components 1 Kernel The core of the operating system 2 Device Drivers Manage hardware interactions 3 User Interface Enables human-computer interaction An operating system is made up of several key components that work together to provide a functional computing environment. The kernel is the central core that manages system resources, while device drivers enable communication with hardware. The user interface, such as a graphical desktop or command line, allows users to interact with the system.

6. Process Management Process management is a crucial component of operating systems, responsible for efficiently scheduling and executing various computer programs. It involves techniques like multitasking, concurrency control, and inter-process communication to ensure optimal resource utilization and system responsiveness. Key aspects of process management include process creation, scheduling, synchronization, and termination. The operating system must carefully manage the life cycle of processes to prevent issues like deadlocks, race conditions, and starvation.

7. Memory Management Memory Allocation Operating systems efficiently allocate and manage the limited physical memory of a computer, ensuring programs have the resources they need to run smoothly. Virtual Memory Advanced memory management techniques, like virtual memory, allow programs to access more memory than is physically available by using disk storage as an extension of RAM. Paging and Swapping Operating systems use paging and swapping to intelligently move data between physical memory and disk, transparently providing programs with the illusion of abundant memory.

8. File Systems A file system is a structured way of organizing and storing files on a computer or storage device. It provides a hierarchical structure, allowing users to create, access, and manage files and directories (folders). The file system is responsible for managing metadata such as file names, sizes, permissions, and timestamps. It also handles tasks like file storage, retrieval, and deletion.

9. Input/Output Management Input Devices Keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other input devices allow users to interact with the computer and provide data and commands to the operating system. Output Devices Monitors, printers, speakers, and other output devices present information from the computer to the user in visual, audio, or physical form. Storage Devices Hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, and other storage devices provide persistent memory to save files, programs, and data for the operating system and users.

10. Conclusion and Key Takeaways In this presentation, we have explored the fundamental concepts of operating systems, from their history and evolution to the key components that power modern computing. By understanding the role of operating systems, we gain insights into the inner workings of the devices and software we rely on every day.