Introduction to Power Plants.pdf

Types of energy, Types of power plants, Installed electricity and its consumption, carbon credits

1. POWER
PLANT
ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME

2. Course Details
•Subject Code: KME-076
•L T P: 4 0 0
•(Four lectures / week)
Books and References :
1. Power Plant Engineering, by F.T. Morse, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.
2. Power Plant Engineering by Hedge, Pearson India.
3. Power Plant Technology, by Wakil, McGraw Hill.
4. Power Plant Engineering by P.K. Nag, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Steam & Gas Turbines & Power Plant Engineering by R.Yadav, Central Pub.House.
6. Power Plant Engineering by Gupta, PHI India.
7. El Wakil M.M., Power Plant Technology, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
8. Power Plant Engineering. Mahesh Verma, Metropolitan Book Company Pvt. Ltd.

3. Books

4. Course Outcomes
Attheendofthiscourse,thestudentswillbeableto
1.Understanddifferentsourcesofpowergenerationandtheirimpactontheenvironmentandapply
thermodynamicconceptstomeasuretheperformanceofsteampowerplants.
2.UnderstandtheroleandworkingofdifferentcomponentsofHydropowerplantsandgasturbine
powerplantsandapplytheconceptstomeasuretheperformanceofthesepowerplants.
3.UnderstandtheroleandworkingofdifferentcomponentsofNuclearpowerplantsandSolarpower
plants.
4.Understandtheworkingofvariousnon-conventionalpowerplantssuchasGeothermal,Wind,and
Tidalpowerplants.
5.Understandtherolesofdifferentelectricalsystemsandinstrumentsandtheimpactofpower
generationontheenvironmentandapplytheconceptofpowergenerationeconomics

5. CO-PO Mapping

6. Course Contents
•Unit 1:
•Introduction to Power Plants
•Thermal Power Plants
•Unit 2:
•Hydroelectric Power Plants
•Gas Turbine Power Plants
•Unit 3:
•Nuclear Power Plants
•Solar Power Plants
•Unit 4:
•Geothermal Power Plants
•Wind Power Plants
•Tidal Energy Power Plants
•Unit 5:
•Electrical Systems
•Power Plant Economics
•Environmental Aspects of Power Station

7. Unit-1: Introduction to Power Plants

8. Need of Energy and Power
•ENERGY
•Energyisthecapacityofaphysicalsystemtoperformwork.Energyexistsinseveralformssuchas
heat,kineticormechanicalenergy,light,potentialenergy,electrical,orotherforms.Energyisthe
abilitytodowork.
•Anynaturallyavailableformofenergyiscalledprimaryenergy.Forexamplesunlight,wind,etc.
•Accordingtotheprincipleofenergyconservation,oneformofenergymaybeconvertedtoanotherusinga
suitabledevelopedmethod,withthetotalamountofenergyalwaysbeingconserved.
•Theseconvertedformsofenergyfromanyprimaryenergyarecalledsecondaryenergies.Useful
conversionsofprimaryenergyintosecondaryenergyarethekeystohumancivilizationandareconsidered
veryvaluabletechnologies.
•Outofdifferentformsofenergyusedbymankind,electricityhasevolvedasthemostpreferredformof
secondaryenergyasitiseasytoproduce,transmitoveralongdistance,control,anduseinmostofmodern
machinesandgadgets.Hence,thedevelopmentindexofsocietyhasbecomealmostsynonymouswiththe
consumptionofelectricity.

9. Need of Energy and Power
•Asthedemandofelectricityassecondaryenergyincreasedwiththeadvancementofcivilization,large-scale
conversionofavailableprimaryenergytoelectricityemergedcriticalforhumancivilization.
•Infact,therapidprogressofhumancivilizationuptothemostmodernoneismostlyduetothedevelopment
ofdifferenttechnologiestoconvertdifferentprimaryenergiestoelectricity.
•India’spercapitaconsumptionofCommercialEnergy(viz.,coal,petroleum,andelectricity)isonlyone-
eighthoftheGlobalAverageandwillincreasewithgrowthinGrossDomesticProduction(GDP)and
improvementinthestandardofliving.
•CommercialEnergyaccountsforalittleoverhalfofthetotalenergyusedintheCountry,therestcoming
fromnon-commercialresourceslikecow-dung,fuelwood,andagriculturalwaste.
•POWER:
•ThePowerisdefinedastherateatwhichworkisperformedorenergyistransmitted.
•Theunitusedtomeasurepoweriswattorjoulespersecond.
•Powerquantityisnotstorableorcannotbestored.
•Weneedenergytorunpowerplantstogenerateelectricity.

10. Types of Energy

11. TYPES OF ENERGY:
•Therearevarioustypesofenergywhich,theyincludenuclear,electrical,thermal,chemical,andradiant
energy.Inaddition,gravitationalpotentialenergyandkineticenergythatcombinetoproducemechanical
energy.
•Nuclearenergyproducesheatbyfissiononnuclei,whichisgeneratedbyheatengines.Nuclearenergyis
theworld’slargestsourceofemission-freeenergy.TherearetwoprocessesinNuclearenergy:fissionand
fusion.Infission,thenucleiofuraniumorplutoniumatomsaresplitwiththereleaseofenergy.Infusion,
energyisreleasedwhensmallnucleicombineorfuse.Thefissionprocessisusedinallpresentnuclear
powerplants,becausefusioncannotbecontrolled.Nuclearenergyisusedtorunsteamturbines.
•Electricalenergypowersmostfactoriesandhomesinourworld.Electrical/Electronicitemsuseelectricity
thatcomesfromanelectricalpluginawallsocket.Electricityistheconductionortransferofenergyfrom
oneplacetoanother.Theelectricityistheflowofenergy.Atomshaveelectronscirclingthem,somebeing
looselyattached.Whenelectronsmoveamongtheatomsofmatter,acurrentofelectricityiscreated.

12. TYPES OF ENERGY:
•Thermalenergyiskineticandpotentialenergy,butitisassociatedwiththerandommotionofatomsinan
object.Thekineticandpotentialenergyassociatedwiththisrandommicroscopicmotioniscalledthermal
energy.Agreatamountofthermalenergy(heat)isstoredintheworld’soceans.Eachday,theoceansabsorb
enoughheatfromthesuntoequaltheenergycontainedin250billionbarrelsofoil(OceanThermalEnergy
ConversionSystems).
•Chemicalenergyisaformofenergythatcomesfromchemicalreactions,inwhichthechemicalreactionis
aprocessofoxidation.Acarbatteryisagoodexample,becausethechemicalreactionproducesvoltageand
currenttostartthecar.Whenaplantgoesthroughaprocessofphotosynthesis,whattheplantisleftwith
morechemicalenergythanthewaterandcarbondioxide.
•Radiantenergyexistsinarangeofwavelengthsthatextendsfromradiowavesthatmanybethousandsof
meterslongtogammarayswithwavelengthsasshortasamillion-millionth(10–12)ofameter.Radiant
energyisconvertedtochemicalenergybytheprocessofphotosynthesis.
•Thenexttwotypesofenergygohandandhand,gravitationalpotentialenergyandkineticenergy.The
termenergyismotivatedbythefactthatpotentialenergyandkineticenergyaredifferentaspectsofthesame
thing,mechanicalenergy.

13. Classification of Sources of Energy

14. Fossil Fuels
•FossilfuelshavebeenawidelyusedsourceofenergyeversincetheIndustrial
Revolutionjustbeforethedawnofthe20thcentury.
•Fossilfuelsarerelativelyeasytousetogenerateenergybecausetheyonlyrequire
asimpledirectcombustion.
•However,aproblemwithfossilfuelsistheirenvironmentalimpact.
•Notonlydoestheirexcavationfromthegroundsignificantlyalterthe
environment,buttheircombustionleadstoagreatdealofairpollution.

15. Coal
•Coalisthemostabundantconventionalsourceofenergywhichcouldlastforat
least200years.
•Itisablack-brownsedimentaryrock.
•Formationofcoaloccurswhentheremainsofplantsconvertintoligniteandthen
intoanthracite.
•Thisinvolvesalongprocessthattakesplaceoveralongperiodoftime.
•Coalhelpsforvariousproposessuchasheatingofthehouse,asfuelforboilers
andsteamenginesandforgenerationofelectricitybythermalplants.
•Itconstitutesabout70%oftotalcommercialenergyconsumptioninthecountry.

16. Petroleum
•Crudeoil,commonlyknownaspetroleumoil,istheonlynonrenewableresourcethatcanbe
extractedasaliquid.
•It’slocatedbetweenlayersoftheearth’scrustorbetweenrocks,andit’sextractedbydigginga
verticalwellintothegroundoroceanfloor.
•Thecrudeoilisthenpumpedtothesurface,processedatarefinery,andutilizedtomakeavariety
ofgoods.
•Itusedtomakegasolineanddieselforautomobiles,aswellasplastics,heatingoil,propane,andjet
fuel,andartificialfoodtastes.
•Apartfromcarbon,oilincludesavarietyofcompounds,andrefiningtheoilremovessomeofthese
chemicals.
•Weutilizeoilforavarietyofpurposes.Halfoftheworld’spetroleumisusedforconversionto
gasoline.
•Theremainingmaybeprocessedandutilizedinliquidproductslikenailpolishandrubbing
alcohol,aswellassolidproductslikewaterpipes,shoes,crayons,roofing,vitamincapsules,anda
varietyofotherthings.

17. Natural Gas
•Naturalgasisanonrenewablegaseousresourcethatmaybediscoveredbeneath
theearth’scrust,alongsidecrudeoilreserves.
•Naturalgasisprimarilymadeupofmethane,butitcanalsoincludepropane,
ethane,andbutane.
•Naturalgasisextractedanddeliveredtoprocessingfactorieswherepropaneand
butane,whichareutilizedasliquefiedpetroleumgas,areremoved.
•Naturalgasisutilizedingasovens,stoves,andgrills,aswellasforheating
houses.
•Naturalgasisa“cleaner”fossilfuelthanoilorcoal,anditmaybeobtainedata
lowcost.

18. Nuclear Energy
NuclearFission
•Anytryforsplittingapartanucleuswillcauseatremendousenergybereleased.Thisenergywouldbe
releasedinbothformsofheatandlight.
•Inaharnessed,controlledwayofdoingthis,ausefulenergyforproducingelectricityispossible.Doingthisat
oncewouldresulttoabigexplosion,asseeninanautomaticbomb.
•Inanuclearpowerplant,uraniumistheelementusedasfuel.Uraniumisfoundinmanypartsoftheworld
butinalowquantity.Itisloadedintothereactorinatinypalletforminsidelongrods.
•Fissionmeaningsplittingapartiswhathappensinareactor.Hereuraniumatomsaresplitinapaced
controlledchainofreactions.
NuclearFusion
•Inanotherformofnuclearreaction,joiningofsmallernucleimakesalargernucleus.Suchaprocessinsun
changesthehydrogenatomstohelium.Theresultheatandlightwereceiveinearth.
•In a more detailed explanation, two different types of atoms, deuterium and tritium, combine to make a
helium plus and extra particle called neutron

19. Hydroelectricity
•Hydroelectricsystemsmakeuseoftheenergyinrunningwatertocreateelectricity.
•Hydro-poweredsystemsalsomakeuseofturbinestogenerateelectricalpower;however,theydo
sobyusingtheenergyinmovingwatertospintheturbines.
•Waterhaskineticenergywhenitflowsfromhigherelevationstolowerelevations.
•Inlarger-scalehydroelectricplants,largevolumesofwaterarecontainedbydamsnearthe
generatorandturbines.
•The“forebay”isastorageareaforwaterthatmustbedeepenoughthatthepenstockiscompletely
submerged.
•Thewaterisallowedtoflowintotheelectricity-generatingsystemthroughapassagecalledthe
penstock.
•Thecontrolledhigh-pressurewaterspinstheturbines,allowingthegeneratortoproduceanelectric
current.
•Thepowerhousecontainsandprotectstheequipmentforgeneratingelectricity.
•Thehigh-pressurewaterexitsthesystemthroughadrafttube

20. Solar and Wind Energy
SolarEnergy:
•Solarenergyisutilizedtocreateelectricityinacertainmethod.Itisarenewableenergysourcethatis
receivedstraightfromtheSunandwillneverbedepleted.Itisanexampleofsustainableenergythat
helpstolowerpowerbillswhilealsoreducingcarbonfootprints.
•Asatropicalcountry,Indiahasalotofpotentialforthistypeofenergy,andthecountryisworkinghard
tomakethemostofit.
•Therearetwowaysinwhichsolarpowercanbeconvertedtoenergy.Thefirst,knownas“solarthermal
applications”,involvesusingtheenergyofthesuntodirectlyheatairoraliquid.Thesecond,knownas
“photoelectricapplications”,involvestheuseofphotovoltaiccellstoconvertsolarenergydirectlyto
electricity.
WindEnergy:
•Differencesinatmosphericpressureduetodifferencesintemperaturearethemaincauseofwind.
Becausewarmairrises,whenairfrontsofdifferenttemperaturescomeincontact,thewarmerairrises
overthecolderair,causingthewindtoblow.
•Windgeneratorstakeadvantageofthepowerofthewind.Longblades,orrotors,catchthewindand
spin.Likeinhydroelectricsystems,thespinningmovementistransformedintoelectricalenergybya
generator

21. Geothermal and Tidal Energy
Geo-ThermalEnergy:Geothermalenergyistheenergythatisproducedfromthethermalenergy
thatisstoredintheground.
•ThethermalenergyoftheEarthisconserved.
•Hotspringsandvolcanoescollectthermalenergy,whichisthenusedbyindustrytoheatwaterand
forotheruses.
•Wellsexcavatedamiledownintoundergroundreservoirstoacquiresteamandhotwater,whichis
thenusedtodriveturbinescoupledtopowergenerators,areusedtocreateelectricityfrom
geothermalenergy.
TidalEnergy:
•Withtheaidofmoderntechnology,poweriscreatedbyturningtheenergyofthetidesinto
electricityandotherformsofenergy.
•Thetidesareusedtotransformmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergyinavarietyofways.
•Indiaalsohasalotofpotentialforthistypeofenergybecauseitissurroundedonthreesidesby
water.

22. What is a Power Plant?
•Apowerplantisanindustrialfacilityusedtogenerateelectricpowerorelectricitywiththehelpofone
ormoregeneratorsthatconvertenergyfromdifferentprimaryenergysourcesintoelectricpower.
•Electricityisasecondaryenergysource,whichmeansthatelectricityisobtainedfromtheconversionof
otherprimarysourcesofenergy,suchascoal,naturalgas,nuclear,solar,orwindenergy.
•Theenergysourcesusedtomakeelectricitycanberenewableornon-renewable,butelectricityitselfis
neitherrenewablenornon-renewable.
•Mostpowerplantsintheworldburnfossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnaturalgastogenerateelectricity.
Cleanenergysourcesincludenuclearpower,andanincreasinguseofrenewablesuchassolar,wind,wave,
geothermal,andhydroelectric.
•Thepowerplantitselfmustbeusefuleconomicallyandenvironmentallyfriendlytothesociety.The
mainequipmentforthegenerationofelectricpowerisagenerator.Whencouplingittoaprimemoverruns
thegenerator,theelectricityisgenerated.Thetypeofprimemovedeterminesthetypeofpowerplants.

23. Classification of Power Plants
•Powerplantsareclassifiedaccordingtothesourceofenergywhichtheyutilizetoproduceelectricityintothe
followingtypes:
•ConventionalPowerPlants:useconventionalsourcesofenergy
•Non-ConventionalPowerPlants:utilizenon-conventionalsourcesofenergy
The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power
Plant, Gas Turbine Power Plant and
Nuclear Power Plants are called
THERMAL POWER PLANT, because
these convert heat into electric energy.

24. Types of Power Plants

25. Fuelwise Installed Generation Capacity

26. Installed Capacity
(Utilities and Non-Utilities)

27. Gross Electricity Generation
(Utilities and Non-Utilities)

28. Electricity Consumption in India

29. Growth of Per Capita Energy Consumption in India

30. Renewable Energy Installations in India

31. Present and Future Trends….

32. What is a Carbon Credit?
•Acarboncreditisatradablepermitorcertificatethatprovidestheholderofthecredittherighttoemitonetonof
carbondioxideoranequivalentofanothergreenhousegas–it’sessentiallyanoffsetforproducersofsuchgases.
•Themaingoalforthecreationofcarboncreditsisthereductionofemissionsofcarbondioxideandother
greenhousegasesfromindustrialactivities.
•Carboncreditsaremarketmechanismsfortheminimizationofgreenhousegasesemission.
•Governmentsorregulatoryauthoritiessetthecapsongreenhousegasemissions.
•ForsomecompaniesCorporatestructurereferstotheorganizationofdifferentdepartmentsorbusinessunitswithin
acompany.
•Dependingonacompany’sgoalsandtheindustry,theimmediatereductionoftheemissionisnoteconomically
viable.Therefore,theycanpurchasecarboncreditstocomplywiththeemissioncap.
•Companiesthatachievethecarbonoffsets(reducingtheemissionsofgreenhousegases)areusuallyrewardedwith
additionalcarboncredits.Thesaleofcreditsurplusesmaybeusedtosubsidizefutureprojectsforthereductionof
emissions.
•TheintroductionofsuchcreditswasratifiedintheKyotoProtocol.TheParisAgreementvalidatestheapplicationof
carboncreditsandsetstheprovisionsforthefurtherfacilitationofthecarboncreditmarkets.

33. Types of Carbon Credits
Therearetwotypesofcredits:
•Voluntaryemissionsreduction(VER):Acarbonoffsetthatisexchangedintheover-the-counteror
voluntarymarketforcredits.
•Certifiedemissionsreduction(CER):Emissionunits(orcredits)createdthrougharegulatoryframework
withthepurposeofoffsettingaproject’semissions.
Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthereisathird-partycertifyingbodythatregulatestheCERas
opposedtotheVER.