Introduction to research methodology.pptx

introduction to research methodology

1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Dr. Suwarna Chaudhary, M.S.( Shalya ) ,PhD scholar, Assistant Professor, Shalya Tantra, Government Ayurved College , Osmanabad

2. Research? A careful investigation for new facts in any branch of knowledge Redman and Mory : Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge Clifford Woody : Research- defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis/objectives; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis/objectives

3. Why do research? Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to society Desire to get respectability Directives of government, employment conditions etc. Validate intuition Improve methods Demands of the Job For publication/patent

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Systematic - All steps must be inter related- one to another Logical - Agreeing with the principles of logic Empirical -Conclusions should be based on evidences/observations Objectivity - It must answer the research questions Replicable - reproducible Transmittable Quality control - Accurate measurements All well designed and conducted research has potential application

5. Difference between Research Method & Research Methodology A research method refers to the specific techniques or tools used to gather and analyze data, while research methodology encompasses the overall approach, framework, and theoretical underpinnings guiding the research process.

6. RESEARCH PROCESS The research process is  a set of ordered steps a researcher takes to ensure that all parts of an investigation are  completed to a high standard.

7. The important features of a Research Process A PLAN Specify the sources & types of information relevant to the research problem A STRATEGY Which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data THE TIME AND BUDGETS Most studies are done under these two constraints

8. RESEARCH PROCESS

9. 1. Research problem

10. A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to selected area of study. The review describes, summarizes, evaluates & clarifies this literature. It gives a theoretical base for the research & helps to determine the nature of research. ...(Queensland University, 1999) 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

11. NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW

12. SOURCES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature sources may be classified as primary source and secondary source 1. PRIMARY SOURCE: A primary Source is a literature resource of a study written by the original researcher. It is research publication written by the person or people who conducted the research. Examples: Research Articles, Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation, Personal Diary, hand written records and reports, etc. 2. SECONDARY SOURCE: These are second hand information prepared or written by someone other than the original author. Examples: Newspaper, Book Chapters, Television, Magazine, Wikipedia, Journals, Radio, etc.

13. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Identification of a research problem & development or refinement of research questions. Generation of useful research questions or projects/activities for the discipline. Orientation to what is known & not known about an area of inquiry to ascertain what research can best contribute to knowledge. Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge. Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects, concepts or problems. Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in different study settings or different samples or size or different study populations.

14. 3. RESEARCH QUESTION

15. Sources of RQ Careful observation Clinical Experience Mentor Literature Overview Conferences Research Experience Types of Research Question 1. Descriptive : Start with – How , What , Who, When , Where 2. Analytical : Comparative - Start with “ What is the difference ? “ Association – Start with Association , Correlation, Interaction between two or more variable

16. Patients ( P )/Problem: one / group of patients. Interventions ( I ) :Treatment, What precedes, What is manipulated, What is controlled, and the cause (independent variables) 3. Comparison ( C ) :What is the comparison intervention of the interest e.g. conventional surgery, placebo, gold standard etc. 4. Outcome ( O ): Effect, measured phenomenon, criterion, behavior-(dependent variables) 5. Time ( T ):What is the appropriate follow-up time to assess outcome Components of good Research Question PICOT

17. The importance of research question The RQ is one of the first methodological steps the investigator has to take when undertaking research. The RQ must be accurately and clearly defined. Most of all it indicates what the researcher wants to know most and first. A good research question defines the focus of your research project. Research question helps readers to know the specific subject matter you will be addressing within the large topic

18.   Hypothesis is a starting of any investigation. It explains what is going to happen further and how the investigation will go through. It consists of variables, a population, and the relationship between the variables. Hypothesis in research is a theory used to test the relationship between two or more variables. 4. HYPOTHESIS

19. When trying to come up with a good hypothesis for research or experiments, we need to certain the following questions, Is your hypothesis based on your research of a topic? Can your hypothesis be tested? Does your hypothesis include independent and dependent variables? Does your hypothesis focus on something that you can actually test? Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable? Can you manipulate the v ariables ? Can your hypothesis be tested without violating ethical standards? Good hypothesis

20. Types of Hypothesis There are basically several types of Hypothesis but some of the common and important type of formulation of Hypothesis are explained below: Simple hypothesis -  It is also known as a basic hypothesis. It depicts the relationship between two variables, one of which is known as the independent variable or ‘cause ' and the other as the dependent variable or ‘effect.' Complex hypothesis -  A complex hypothesis is one that has multiple dependent and independent variables. Null hypothesis - It contradicts the empirical hypothesis because it asserts that there is no relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It basically says that the data and variables being tested do not exist. Alternative hypothesis-  It is also referred to as a sustained hypothesis or a research hypothesis. To begin, numerous hypothesis are proposed. The most efficient one is then chosen from among them

21. 5. Logical hypothesis - It is logically verified, as the name implies. 6. Empirical hypothesis - It is also known as a 'working hypothesis.' During the formulation phase, it is only an assumption, but once tested, it is no longer just an idea or notion. It is actually changing in relation to those independent variables. 7.Statistical hypothesis - The statement could be logical or illogical, but if statistical evidence validates it, it becomes a statistical hypothesis.

22. IMPORTANCE / UTILITY of hypothesis Hypothesis facilitates observation and experimentation. It serves as the investigation’s starting point. The hypothesis aids in the verification of the observations. It aids in steering inquiries in the right direction.

23. Research Aim & Objectives A research aim describes the main goal or the overarching purpose of your research project. research objectives specify how your study will answer it. They divide your research aim into several smaller parts, each of which represents a key section of your research project. As a result, almost all research objectives take the form of a numbered list, with each item usually receiving its own chapter in a dissertation or thesis The purpose of primary research is to gather real-time data that will be useful in solving a specific problem. On the other hand, the purpose of secondary research is to gather existing research materials that may not directly address the problem at hand.

24. One of the most important aspects of a thesis, dissertation or research paper is the correct formulation of the aims and objectives. This is because your aims and objectives will establish the scope, depth and direction that your research will ultimately take. An effective set of aims and objectives will give your research focus and your reader clarity, with your aims indicating  what  is to be achieved, and your objectives indicating  how  it will be achieved. Importance OF AIM & OBJECTIVES

25. 4. Choosing Research Study Design A study design is a specific plan or protocol for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into operational one.

26. Importance of Research Study Design A well-planned research design  helps ensure that your methods match your research aims, that you collect high-quality data, and that you use the right kind of analysis to answer your questions, utilizing credible sources . This allows you to draw valid, trustworthy conclusions .

27. 5.Sampling

28. Why sampling ?... When the population is infinite Results are required in a short time The area of survey is wide Resources for survey are limited Unit is destroyed under investigation.

29. Sampling Methods

30. Types of Probablity Sampling

31. Types of Non- Probablity Sampling

32. Importance of Sampling Studies are conducted on samples because it is usually impossible to study the entire population. Conclusions drawn from samples are intended to be generalized to the population, and sometimes to the future as well. The sample must therefore be representative of the population

33. 6. Data Collection Research data refers to any information or evidence gathered through systematic investigation or experimentation to support or refute a hypothesis or answer a research question. It includes both primary and secondary data, and can be in various formats such as numerical, textual, audiovisual, or visual. It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to answer the research problem The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design chalked out.

34. Essential of 2 types Primary Data Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are original in character. Secondary Data Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have through some statistical analysis.

35. Collection of Primary Data Primary Data may be collected through: Experiments Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys) Interviews Observation Questionnaires Schedules

36. Precautions in the use of Secondary Data Before using the secondary data, the investigators should consider the following factors: Suitability of data Adequacy of data Reliability of data

37. Secondary Data must possess the following characteristics Reliability of data - may be tested by checking: ✔Who collected the data? ✔What were the sources of the data? ✔Was the data collected properly? Suitability of data ✓Data that are suitable for one enquiry may not be necessarily suitable in another enquiry ✓Objective, scope and nature of the original enquiry must be studied Adequacy of data - data is considered inadequate, if they are related to area which may be either narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry

38. 7. Processing & Analysis of Data After the collection of data from primary or secondary sources, arrangement is done so that the same may be analyzed & interpreted with the help of statistical tools. Software packages used: MS Excel SPSS (Software Packages for Social Sciences) Google Docs etc.

39. Data editing is a process by which collected data is examined to detect any errors or omissions and further these are corrected as much as possible before proceeding further. Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes. Classification of the data implies that the collected raw data is categorized into common group having common feature Tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data in rows and columns. Tabulation summarizes the raw data and displays data in form of some statistical tables. Graph is Visual representation of data Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages The most informative are simple and self-explanatory

40. Analysis of Data Analysis means computation of certain indices or measures along with searching for patterns of relationships that exists among the data groups. Steps in Data Analysis Before Data Collection, the researcher should accomplish the following: Determine the method of data analysis Determine how to process the data Consult a statistician Prepare dummy tables After Data Collection: Process the data Prepare tables and graphs Analyze and interpret findings Consult again the statistician • Prepare for editing Prepare for presentation

41. Hypothesis testing Testing is a procedure for assessing whether sample data are consistent with statements (hypotheses) made about the population. Testing of hypothesis is nothing but to divide the sample space into two parts acceptance region and critical region. To specify the critical region with in the sample space is called testing of hypothesis.

42. Steps Step 1: Set up the null and alternative hypotheses. Step 2: Define the test procedure (includes selecting a test statistic, an a level and a rejection region), Step 3: Collect the data and calculate the test statistic and the p value. Step 4: Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. Step 5: Interpret the results in the context of the problem.

43. PARAMETRIC TESTS  are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. NON - PARAMETRIC TEST  is also known as the distribution-free test. It is a statistical hypothesis testing that is not based on distribution.

44. Level of Significance The maximum size of type-l error that we are prepared to take risk is called the level of significance. In other word the probability of rejecting a true hypothesis is called level of significance and it is denoted by a. Hypothesis generally are tested at 1% or 5% level of significance, but the most commonly used level of significance in practice is 5%. If We adopted α=5% LS it shows that in 5 true samples out of 100 are likely to be reject a correct hypothesis.

45. Writing of Research Report

46. SUMMARY Meaning of Research Need of Research Characteristic of Research Research Process