Introduction to Research.pdf

Introduction to Research, Biostatistics, Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments,
Experiential Design Technique, plagiarism

1. Unit-III –
Introduction to Research
Ravinandan A P
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Sree Siddaganga College of
Pharmacy
Tumkur
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 1

2. Presentation Outline……
1.Need for research
2.Need for design of Experiments
3.Experiential Design Technique
4.Plagiarism
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 2

3. Research ???
•Insimpleitmeansasearchforfacts–answerto
questions???...&solutionstoproblems
•Itisapurposiveinvestigation
•Itisorganizedinquiry
•Itseektofindexplanationstounexplained
phenomenontoclarifythedoubtfulfacts&to
correctthemisconceivedfacts.
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4. The basic steps of research...
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Scientific and disciplined inquiry is an orderly
process, involving:
descriptionand execution of
procedures to collection information
(“method”)
objectivedata analysis
statementof findings (“results”)
recognitionand identification of a topic
to be studied (“problem”)

5. PROBLEM
METHOD
ANALYSIS
RESULT
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 5

6. Motivation in research→→→
1.Desiretogetaresearchdegreealongwithits
consequentialbenefits.
2.Desiretofacethechallengeinsolvingthe
unsolvedproblems,i.e.,concernover
practicalproblemsinitiatesresearch.
3.Desiretogetintellectualjoyofdoingsome
creativework.
4.Desiretobeofservicetosociety.
5.Desiretogetrespectability.
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8. Need for design of Experiments
•Designofexperiments(DOE)isa
systematicmethodtodeterminethe
relationshipbetweenfactorsaffectinga
processandtheoutputofthatprocess.
•Inotherwords,itisusedtofindcause-
and-effectrelationships.
•Thisinformationisneededtomanage
processinputsinordertooptimizethe
output.
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9. Need for design of Experiments
(DOE)
•AnunderstandingofDOEfirstrequires
knowledgeofsomestatisticaltoolsand
experimentationconcepts.
•DOEcanbeanalyzedinmanysoftware
programs.
•Itisimportantforpractitionersto
understandbasicDOEconceptsforproper
application.
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10. Need for design of Experiments
•DesignofExperiments(DOE)isanoff-line
qualityimprovementmethodologythat
dramaticallyimprovesindustrialproductsand
processesthusenhancingproductivityand
reducingcosts.
•Inputfactorsarevariedinaplannedmanner
toefficientlyoptimizeoutputresponsesof
interestwithminimalvariability.
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 10

11. Common DOE Terms and Concepts
•ThemostcommonlyusedtermsintheDOE
methodologyinclude:
1.Controllableanduncontrollableinputfactors
2.Responses
3.Hypothesistesting
4.Blocking
5.Replication
6.Interaction
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14. Experiential Design Technique
•Experientialdesignisanevolvingcomponentin
eventmarketingforbrandsandcultural
institutions.
•Itisfastbecomingavalueadd-onforbrandsand
artsorganizationsinanumberofways.
•Butnoteverybodyunderstandsthetechniques.
•Therearealotoffactorstoconsiderwhen
choosinganddesigninganaphysicalexperience
in-orderfortheentireeventtobecome
memorable,asuccess.
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15. Experiential Design Technique
•Anexperimentaldesignisaplannedexperimentto
determine,usingaminimumnumberof
experimentalruns,whatfactorshaveasignificant
effectonaproductresponseand/orvariabilityinthe
productresponseandhowlargetheeffectisin
ordertofindtheoptimumsetofoperating
conditions.
•Inthisexample,ourexperimentaldesignisa
plannedexperimentthatisusedtodeterminehow
reactortemperatureandresidencetimeaffect
puritysowecanfindtheoptimumoperating
conditions.
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 15

16. •Afactorisavariableoverwhichthereisdirectcontrol.Itis
theindependentvariableinstatisticalterms.Inthisexample,
wehavetwofactors:thereactortemperatureandthe
residence.
•Thelevelofafactorreferstothevalueofthefactorusedin
anexperimentalrun.Thelevelsofresidencetimeare30
minutesand90minutes.Thelevelsoftemperatureare50°C
and90°C.
•Qualitativefactorsarefactorswhoselevelscannotbe
arrangedinmagnitudeoforder.Examplesincludedifferent
shiftsordifferentoperatorsinaplant.Quantitative
factorsarefactorswhoselevelscanbearrangedinorderof
magnitude.Reactortemperatureandresidencetimeare
examplesofquantitativefactors.
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18. •Fixedfactorsarefactorswhoselevelsinanexperiment
aresetatparticularvalues.
•Bothfactorsinourexamplearefixed.
•Therearealsorandomfactors.
•Randomfactorsarefactorswhoselevelsinan
experimentalrunareonlyrandomlychosensamples
fromapopulationoflevelsthatcouldbeincluded.
•Forexample,arawmaterialmaycontainanimpurity
thatmayaffectyourprocess.Althoughyoudonot
havedirectcontrolovertheimpurity,youcan
randomlyselecttwodifferentsamplesoftheraw
material.Theimpurityisthenarandomfactor.
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19. •Aresponseisavariablewhosevaluedepends
uponthelevelsofthefactors.Itisthe
dependentvariableinstatisticalterms.Inthis
example,purityistheresponse.
•Adiscreteresponseisonethatdoesnot
produceanumericalvalue.Thistypeof
responseproducesattributesdata:yes/noor
counting.
•Acontinuousresponsedoesproducea
numericalvalue.Purityisacontinuous
response.
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21. Plagiarism
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22. What is Plagiarism?
•Thereisnostandardoragreedupondefinitionofplagiarism
•AccordingtoMerriam-Websteronlinedictionaryplagiarismisan
“actofusinganotherperson'swordsorideaswithoutgivingcredit
tothatperson”.
•JoyandLuck(1999)defineplagiarismas“unacknowledgedcopying
ofdocumentsorprogramsthatcanoccurinmanycontexts:in
industryacompanymayseekcompetitiveadvantage;inacademia
academicsmayseektopublishtheirresearchinadvanceoftheir
colleagues”.
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 22

23. Origin
•Thewordplagiarismisderivedfromthelatinword
“plagiare”,whichmeanstokidnaporabduct.
•RomanpoetMartial(40ADtosomewherebetween
102and104AD)Firstusedthelatinword“plagiarus”
todescribeaseeminglyunnamedliterarythiefinhis
poems.
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 23

24. Elements characteristic of plagiarism.
AccordingtoT.Fishman,plagiarismoccurswhen
someone:
1.Useswords,ideas,orworkproducts
2.Attributabletoanotheridentifiablepersonorsource
3.Withoutattributingtheworktothesourcefromwhich
itwasobtained
4.Inasituationinwhichthereisalegitimate
expectationoforiginalauthorship
5.Inordertoobtainsomebenefit,credit,orgainwhich
neednotbemonetary.
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25. What is considered as plagiarism?
1.Taking quotations or passages directly without citation.
2.Taking ideas without giving credit
3.Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit
4.Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
5.Giving incorrect information about the source of information.
6.Copying so many words or ideas that it makes up the majority
of work, whether credit is given or not.
7.Taking work from previous work without reference to that
work
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 25

26. Why people plagiarise?
1.LackofWritingSkills.
2.Misconception/ignoranceofplagiarism.
3.Lackofstrictacademicdiscipline.
4.Lackofresearchmethodsskills.
5.Lackofreferencing/citationskills.
6.Timefactor.
7.Easilyavailabilityofreadingmaterials/textontheinternet.
8.Lackofknowledgeorsubjectmatter.
9.Lackofpatience.
10.Cut-and-Pastecultureinresearchandacademic
community.
11.Sheerlethargy.
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31. Thank You
10/6/2022 11:45:27 AM Ravinandan A P, Asst.Professor 31