INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS12345678 (1).pdf

Robotics is a field of engineering and science that involves the design, construction, operation, and use of robots. It integrates various disciplines such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence. Robots are machines designed to perform tasks that are either too dangerous, repetitive, or complex for humans to do easily.

Key Areas of Robotics:
Mechanical Systems: The physical components of the robot, such as gears, wheels, arms, and sensors, that allow it to move and interact with its environment.

Electrical Systems: The robot's electrical components, including power supplies (like batteries), circuits, and motors, that drive the robot's movement and control its functions.

Computer Systems: The programming or artificial intelligence that controls the robot, allowing it to follow instructions or perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

Sensors and Actuators: Sensors gather information from the environment (e.g., light, temperature, proximity), and actuators carry out movements or other functions based on that data.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): In advanced robotics, AI allows robots to make decisions, learn from experiences, and adapt to new situations.

Applications of Robotics:
Manufacturing: Industrial robots assemble products, weld parts, or handle hazardous materials.
Healthcare: Robots assist in surgeries, rehabilitation, or provide care to patients.
Exploration: Robots explore environments like outer space, deep oceans, or hazardous sites.
Service Robots: These robots help in everyday tasks like vacuuming, serving food, or assisting elderly people.
Military: Robots are used for reconnaissance, bomb disposal, or surveillance in dangerous environments.
Characteristics of Robots:
Autonomy: The ability to operate without human intervention.
Sensing: The capability to perceive its environment using sensors.
Interaction: The robot’s capacity to interact with objects or people in its environment.
Robotics continues to evolve rapidly, pushing the boundaries of what machines can do, from AI-powered automation to assisting humans in everyday tasks.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
ROBOTICS

2. The modern definition of a robot can be an electro-
mechanical device that follows a set of
instructions to carry out certain jobs, but a robot
means a ‘slave’. Robots find wide applications
in industries and thus are called industrial robots and
in sci-fi movies as humanoids. This and
the coming articles will provide an introduction to the
Robotics.
INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS

3. History of Robotics
It was known that the word robotics was first
used in the short story entitled “Run Around”
written by science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov
in 1942. In his story, he characterized robots
as
helpful servants of man. He also proposed
the Laws of Robotics which makes it the
most
essential impact in the history of robotics and
which most sci-fi robotics stories followed.

4. Laws of Robotics

5. 1. A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human
being to come
to harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where
such orders would
conflict with a higher-order law.
3. A robot must protect its existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with a
higher-order law.
Asimov then added a Zeroth law: A robot may not injure humanity, or,
through inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.

6. 1950s:
Universal Automation (Unimate): The first digitally
operated and programmable industrial robot, designed
by George Devol.
1960s:
Joseph Engleberger: Known as the Father of Robotics for
acquiring Devol’s robot patent and founding Unimation,
the first robot company to produce and market Devol’s
robots.
Unimate: Designed for dangerous tasks in factories, such
as moving hot metal and spot welding, used by General
Motors.
1980s:
Growth in robotics technology led to many institutions
offering robotics programs, particularly in engineering
and computer science.
Introduction of LEGO-based educational products in
1986.

7. Late 1990s:
Development of robotic pets, with Sony’s AIBO (robotic
dog) providing entertainment and interaction.
Early 2000s:
Introduction of domestic robotic technology, including
the popular Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner.
Development of humanoid robots like ASIMO by Honda,
capable of running, walking, dancing, and interacting
with humans.
Today:
Emerging technologies such as the internet and mobile
technology are expected to drive further breakthroughs
in robotics and automation.

8. Automation: Robots perform tasks automatically with minimal human
intervention, apart from initial programming.
Example: A milk packaging machine seen during childhood, which
filled, sealed, and cut milk packets automatically
Current State of Robotics:
Despite advancements, robots are still far from matching or
surpassing human capabilities.
Basic Robotics: Machines designed for specific tasks.
Advanced Robotics: Includes adaptive robots (respond to changing
environments) and autonomous robots (make decisions
independently).
Robotics and Automation Overview:

9. Design Considerations for Robots:
Function to be performed is crucial.
Complexity Levels:
Basic robots: Defined by limbs, actuators, sensors.
Advanced robots: Include microprocessors and microcontrollers
for enhanced functionality.
Increasing components adds to a robot’s scope and degrees of
freedom.
Components and Complexity:
Limbs and Actuators: Affect the robot’s range and versatility.
Sensors: Provide feedback for better performance.
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Enhance accuracy and
effectiveness

10. Robots’ essential characteristics
Sensing:
Robots must sense their surroundings using sensors similar to human senses.
Types of sensors include:
Light sensors (eyes)
Touch and pressure sensors (hands)
Chemical sensors (nose)
Hearing and sonar sensors (ears)
Taste sensors (tongue)
Movement:
Robots need to move within their environment.
Movement methods include:
Rolling on wheels
Walking on legs
Propelling by thrusters
Movement can involve the whole robot (e.g., Sojourner) or just parts (e.g., Canada Arm).

12. Robots’ essential characteristics
Energy:
Robots need a power source to operate.
Energy sources can be:
Solar-powered
Electrically-powered
Battery-powered
The energy source depends on the robot's tasks.
Intelligence:
Robots require programming to operate intelligently.
A programmer provides the robot with the necessary instructions or "smarts."
The robot needs a way to receive and execute the program.

13. What is a robot?
it is a system that contains sensors, control
systems, manipulators, power supplies and
software all working together to perform a task.
Designing, building, programming, and testing
a robot is a combination of physics, mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, structural
engineering, mathematics, and computing. In
some cases, biology, medicine, and chemistry
might also be involved. A study of robotics means
that students are actively engaged with all
of these disciplines in a deeply problem-posing
problem-solving environment.

14. Common Tasks Assigned to Robots:
Dangerous and Hazardous Tasks:
Robots handle tasks too dangerous or impossible for humans, such as bomb disposal,
exploring extreme environments, and working with hazardous chemicals.
Example: The MAC (Mechanical Anti-terrorist Concept) bomb disposal robot in the
Philippines, developed by Mapua Institute of Technology and the Philippine National
Police.
Repetitive Tasks:
Robots perform repetitive tasks with precision and without fatigue, making them ideal
for factory and manufacturing roles.
Common tasks include packaging, material handling, assembly, material transfer, pick
and place, and loading/unloading.
High Precision Tasks:
Robots perform tasks requiring high precision, such as robotic surgery.
Example: The da Vinci System performs precise surgical operations through small
incisions by translating a surgeon’s hand movements.

15. Prototypes:
Definition: An early sample or model used to test a concept or process and guide
the development of the final product.
Differences from Final Product:
Material:
Prototypes may use different, less expensive materials than the final
product, which might use advanced or costly materials not yet available.
Process:
Prototyping methods differ from mass-production methods. For instance,
prototypes might use machining or stereolithography instead of injection
molding.
Verification:
Prototypes undergo closer individual inspection and may be exempt from
some quality assurance tests required for the final product. Adjustments
or rework are expected during prototyping.
Purpose: Prototypes help evaluate designs and enhance precision before mass
production, often using materials and processes that simulate the final product
as closely as possible.

17. PERFORMANCE TASK 01
PROTOTYPING
Description
Create a robotic prototype using recycled materials. Include in the prototype 5 or more sensors that
are already an existing technology or something that can be developed at least within 5 to 10 years. Be
ready to report and explain to the class the features that you are incorporating into the prototype. The
prototype to be created at least should be beneficial in the given areas below that you need to research:
1. Agriculture
2. Education
3. Communication
4. Transportation
5. Manufacturing
6. Internet of Things