Introduction to Social Pharmacy (SP)

Introduction to Social Pharmacy, Definition, Social Pharmacy as a Discipline, Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health, Role of Pharmacist in Public Health, Concept of Health, Dimensions of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators.

1. Introduction to Social
Pharmacy
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)M. Maske 1

2. Contents
•Introduction
•Social Pharmacy as a Discipline
•Scopes of SP in Improving Public Health
•Role of Pharmacist in Public Health
•Concept of Health
•National Health Programme
•Dimensions of Health
•Determinants of Health
•Health Indicators
M. Maske 2

3. INTRODUCTION
•Sociology refers to behaviour form social action.
•Action that influence the society.
•Social pharmacy define as a ‘ science which deals with social aspects of the
profession of pharmacy ’.
•It reflects a broad recognition that, pharmacy not only supplying medicines,
advice to public but also maintain social relationship with public to prevent
decay and anarchy in society.
M. Maske 3

4. Social Pharmacy as a Discipline
•In the beginning, social pharmacy related to social distribution of drug use and
pharmacoepidemiology.
•Now it involve more mapping drug use in the population.
•Social pharmacy consist of all social factors that influence medicine use such as
medicine and health related beliefs, attitudes, rules, relationships and processes.
M. Maske 4

5. Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving
Public Health
•Socialpharmacyasadisciplineconcernedwiththebehaviouralsciences
relatedtouseofmedicinesbyconsumersaswellashealthcareprofessionals.
•Alongwithbehaviouralandphysiologicalperspectivesrelatedtopharmacy,
pharmaceuticaladministrationareas,likepharmacymanagement,marketing
alsoacomponentsofsocialpharmacy.
M. Maske 5

6. •Theacceptanceofinnovativepatients-orientedrolesforpharmacy,like
medicationadherence,counselling,homemedicinereview,focusonapatient
-centredrole.
•Theinformationpresentinsocialpharmacyisveryimportanttolinkthe
clinicalandfundamentalknowledgetaughttothepharmacist.
M. Maske 6

7. •Apharmacistiscertifiedtoincorporatehis/herknowledgeandsocial/
communicationskillsforimprovingpatients,behaviour,treatmentoutcomes
anddiseasemanagement.
M. Maske 7

8. Role of Pharmacist in Public Health
•Theyprovidepopulation–basedcare.
•Theyconductdiseasepreventionandcontrolprogramsintheirinstitutionsand
communities.
•Theydevelophealtheducationandprogramswithintheirinstitutionsconcerned
withtheneedsofpatients,healthcareprofessionals,communityleadersandthe
public.
M. Maske 8

9. •Theycollaborateswithstateandlocalauthoritiestoaddresslocalandregionalhealth
careneeds.
•Theyinvolveinpopulation–basedresearch.
•Initiatecampaignsfordistributingnewknowledge.
•Theysupportlegislation,regulationsandpublicpolicyrelatedtodiseaseprevention
andmanagement.
M. Maske 9

10. •Theydevelopguidelinesandcriteriaforformularies.
•Theycollaboratewithotherhealthcareprofessionalstodeveloptreatment
guidelines.
•Theygivepositiveinfluenceondrugpolicy,druguseandoutcomesaswellas
otherhealthcareatcommunitylevel.
M. Maske 10

11. •Establishandmaintainawellqualifiedpharmacyworkforce.
•Establishprofessionalstandardsandchecktheprocedure.
•Theyparticipateinhealthcheck-upprogrammeslikediabetes,cholesterol.
•Theycontributeinhealthpromotionsandeducationslikeimmunisation,
familyplanning,useofmedications,etc.
M. Maske 11

12. •Theydevelop,evaluateanddocumentthepharmaceuticalcarepractices.
•Theyevaluateanddocumenttheresearchforimprovisingallpharmaceuticalcare.
•Theydesignandregulatedrugdistributionsystemwithdrugstorageanddisposal.
•Theformulatedandmanufacturedgoodqualityofmedications.
•Initiateinresearch.
M. Maske 12

13. Concept of Health
•TheWorldHealthOrganisation(WHO)definedheathin1948,“astateof
completephysical,mentalandsocialwell-beingandnotmerelyan
absenceofdiseaseorinfirmity”.
•Healthisapositiveemphasisonsocialandphysicalcapabilities.
M. Maske 13

14. National health Programme
•Toprovideproperhealthservicesforcheckinginfectiousdiseases.
•Toconductvaccinationprogramme.
•Toprovidepropertreatmentmeasuresinruralandsub-ruralareas.
•Toestablishhealthsub-centred,primaryhealthcentresandhavingtrained
manpower.
M. Maske 14

15. Dimensions of Health
•TheWHOgivesomeparametersformeasuringindividualfunctions.
•Physical,socialandmentaldimensionsidentifiedinitially.
•Whileemotional,spiritualandenvironmentaldimensionsidentifyafterinitial
stage.
M. Maske 15

16. 1. Physical Health
•Itdefineasstateindicatingperfectfunctioningofthebodysuchagood
complexion,cleanskin,cleanbreath,soundsleep,goodappetite,etc.
•Thepulserate,BP,bodyweight,regularactivitywithinnormallimits.
•Allbodyorgansarestructurallyandfunctionallyinanormalstate.
•clinicalexamination,nutrition,anthropometryareevaluationparametersfor
physicalhealth.
M. Maske 16

17. 2. Mental Health
•Mentalhealthisdefinedasastateofbalancebetweentheindividualandthe
surrounding,world,includingtheenvironment.
•characteristicsofindividualwhoismentallyfitshouldhave,
•conflicts,wella–adjustwithsurrounding.
•goodselfcontrol,knowhimself,hisneeds,problemsandgoals.
•Intelligentenoughtosolveandfacetheproblem.
M. Maske 17

18. 3. Social Health
•Socialhealthdefinedasaquantityandqualityofanindividual’s
interpersonalitiesandtheextentofinvolvementwiththecommunity.
•Developinggoodskillsimprovesanindividual’srelationshipswithother
people,helpsinmakingfriends,helpincareerandtoliveindependentlyin
adultlife.
M. Maske 18

19. 4. Spiritual Health
•Spiritualhealthdefinedasapersonalmatterinvolvingvaluesandbeliefs
providingapurposeinanindividual’slife.
•Itsrefertothespiritsorsoul.
•Itincludesintegrity,principlesandethics,purposeinlife,believeinconcepts
thataresubjecttostate-of-the-artexplanation.
M. Maske 19

20. Determinants of Health
•Manyfactorswhichaffectsthehealthofindividualandcommunitiesinacombined
form.
•Thefactorsinfluencingthehealthareknownasdeterminatesofhealth.
•Thefactorfindtheirwayeitherintheindividualhimselforinhissurrounding
(environment).
•TheWHOhasidentifiesthefollowingdeterminantsofhealth:
M. Maske 20

21. M. Maske 21
Determinants
of Health
Individual
Genetic
Life style
Environmental
Socioeconomic
development
Political will
Availability of
health services
Other factors

22. A) Individual Determinants
1.Genetic
•Hereditaryfactorisoneofcausesofcertaindisease.
•Inheritedparentsareresponsibleforgivingrisetosomekindofhealthissue.
•Thestateofhealthdependspartlyonthegeneticconstitutionofthe
individual.
M. Maske 22

23. 2. Life style
•Theattitudetowardslifeandawarenessregardinghealthylivingaffectshealthofan
individual.
•Lifestyleaffectsinboththewaysi.e.maypromoteandmaintainhealthoradverselyaffect
onhealth.
•Lifestylepartlygovernedbysocio-culturalaspectsbutlifestylelearnfromexperience.
•Habitnotonlydetrimentalmayalsoleadstosocialproblemforcommunityhealth.
M. Maske 23

24. B) Environmental
1.Socioeconomic Development
•Lifeofhumanbeingsisgovernedbythesetofrulesandregulationsframedand
acceptedbysociety.
•Socioeconomicdevelopmentandgrowthofsocietymultifactorialinnature.
•Improvementineconomic,educational,culturalsectorscollectivelycauses
developmentofsociety.
M. Maske 24

25. M. Maske 25
Low production of goods & services
More diseases
Low investment in health care
More investment in medical care
Diseases
Low efficiency
Income Subsidence
Poor nutrition,
Poor education,
Poor housing
Fig. Economic cycle of diseases

26. •Economicconditiondeterminesstandardsofliving.
•Nutrition,,education,housingforhealthylifefulfilledbyeconomicgrowthof
society.
•Developmentshouldnotbelimitedtosatisfactionofbasicneeds.
•Bydevelopmentpeopleachievegreatercontrolovertheirlives.
•Healthanddevelopmentaretwosidesofthesamecoin.
M. Maske 26

27. 3. Income and Social Status
•Theincomeandsocialrankingincreases,healthofanindividualimproves.
•Conditionlikehousing,abilitytobuygoodfoodaredeterminedbyhigh
income.
•Thoseindividualhavingprosperousandanequitabledistributionofwealth
areconsiderthehealthiestpopulations.
M. Maske 27

28. 2. Political Will
•Thecausesofill-healththepovertyisrootcause.
•Thosepeoplelivinginslums,lackingofgoodhygienicconditionsaretargetsof
diseaseagents.
•Thepoliciesframedandtheirimplementationwiththeobjectofmaintainsand
promotinghealthofthesepeoplecancertainlyaffectthehealthstatusof
communities.
M. Maske 28

29. 3. Availability of Health Care Services
•Healthisfundamentalright.
•Thegovernmentofeachnationprovidesthehealthcareservicestoitssubjectsat
anaffordablecost.
•HealthforallitsgoalofWHO.
•Government/Nongovernmentprovideshealthcarefacilitiestopromotes
preventive,curativeandpromotive.
M. Maske 29

30. Primary Health Care Essential
Components
•Adequatesupplyofsafewaterandsanitation.
•Foodsupplyandpropernutrition.
•Immunizationagainstinfectiousdiseases.
•Familyplanningservices
•Maternalandchildhealthcareservices.
M. Maske 30

31. •Provisionofessentialdrugs.
•preventionandcontroloflocallyendemicdrugs.
•Educatingpeoplesaboutprevention,controllingandhealthproblems.
•Appropriatetreatmentofcommonsdiseasesandinjuries.
M. Maske 31

32. 4. Other Factors
•Healthissueinvolvessocial,economic,political,cultural,educational,moral,
nutritional,development,psychological,biological,occupational,spiritual
andmanymore.
•Thisfactorsdirectlyandindirectlyaffects.
•Interrelationbetweenthesefactorsalsoimportant.
M. Maske 32

33. Education
•Itsindividualdeterminedbyeducationlevel.
•Educationincreasesopportunitiesforincomeandjobsecurityandprovides
withsensecontroloverlife.
•Poorhealth,morestressandlowerself-confidenceresultsduetoeducation
levels.
M. Maske 33

34. Employment
•Poorhealtharisesduetounemployment,underemploymentandworkingunder
stressedcondition.
•Individualhealthyiftheycontroltheirworkconditionandfewstressrelatedjob
demand.
•Individualalsolivelongerincomparisontothosewhohavestressfulorriskierwork
andactivities.
M. Maske 34

35. Health Indicators
•Acharacteristicsofanindividual,population,environmentwhichismeasuredeitherdirectly
orindirectlyandusedfordescribinganyhealthfeaturesoftheindividualorpopulationis
knownashealthindicator.
•Healthstatusofcommunityhelpsto:
-Identifythehealthcareneedsofsociety.
-Needsandsuccessofhealthservices.
-Forimplementationandimprovethehealthservices.
M. Maske 35

36. 1. Mortality Indicators
•It’stheindirectmeasureofhealthandmajorindicatorofhealthstatus.
•Determiningmortalityrateindifferentagegroupsincommunitysuchasinfant,child,
maternal,diseasespecificanddeathmortalityrateindicateshealthstatusofthecommunity.
•Itsdeterminedseparatelyincreasesinlifeexpectancyissocioeconomicdevelopmentof
societyandminimumlifeexpectancyatbirthof60yearsisgoodindicator.
M. Maske 36

37. 2. Morbidity Indicators
•TheevaluationofhealthbymorbidityratesresultsobtainedinYes/Notype.
•Itmeasuresseverityofconditionsendangeringlife.
•Itsusedtodescribedillhealthofwhoareactuallysufferingfromdiseasesorillnesses.
•Itincludesepidemiologicalstudiesthatdetermineincidence,diseaseandstatistical
dataofdiseases,numberofadmissionsinthehospitaletc.
M. Maske 37

38. 3. Disability Rates
•Betweenmortality(fatal)ratesandmorbidity(suffering)ratesarepersons
whoremaindisabledforsometimeorlifelongonrecoveryfromdisease.
•Nowadaysrestricteddailyactivitysuchasbedrest.
•Disabilityratesaredeterminedfromlimitationsofmobilityandlimitations
ofactivity.
M. Maske 38

39. 4. Health Care Services Indicators
•TheavailabilityofhealthcareservicesmeasuredintermsofDoctor-Population
ratio,Population-Bedratio,Population-Healthcentreratiousedasindicatorof
health.
•Notonlyavailabilityofhealthcareservicesbutextenttheseservicesareutilized.
•Thisgivetheindicationofhealthstatus.
M. Maske 39

40. 5. Sanitation Indicators
•Thetermscoverscareoffood,water,disposalofextraandregulationof
environment.
•Ifadequatenutritionalrequirementsarenotfulfilled,resultsintoill-health
thatcanbemeasuredintermsofheight,weightmeasurementsofschool
children.
•Thepercentageofpopulationwithsafewaterandsanitationfacilitiesand
measurementsofair,water,noisepollutionareindicatorsusetomeasures
healthstatus.
M. Maske 40

41. 6. Socioeconomic Indicators
•Itmeasuresintermofpopulationgrowthrate,precapitaincome,levelof
unemployment,literacyetc.isindicativeofsocioeconomichealthstatusof
community.
•Socialandmentalhealthproblemslikesuicide,violence,alcoholism,ina
givencommunitygivestheindicationsaboutsocialandmentalhealth.
M. Maske 41

42. 7. Quality of Life Indicators
•Healthstatuscanbemeasuredbydescribingthequalityoflifeofindividuals
andwholecommunityleads.
•Qualityoflifeisdifficult.
•Thephysicalqualityoflifecanbedeterminedfrominfantmortality,life
expectancyatageonetofiveandliteracy.
M. Maske 42

43. M. Maske 43