Introduction to Urban Design Lecture for first year urban planning and design students -1.pptx

gives basic introduction about urban design

1. Lecture -1_Oct_1_2010 Introduction to Urban Design (7 slides) 1

2. What is Urban Design ? Urban planners think that urban design consists of prettifying the details aspect of planning. ( pedesterianisation , etc) Architects may see urban design as a larger extension of architecture. Traffic Engineers assume that urban design is about traffic calming Landscape Architects are convinced that urban design is Landscape architecture Though each of the above has certain truth all are not complete 2

3. Historically The term ‘urban design’ came into currency in North America in the late 1950s, replacing and superseding the more traditional, narrower and somewhat outmoded term ‘civic design’. civic design focuses on the sitting and design of major civic buildings – city halls, opera houses, and museums – and their relationship to open spaces. Contemporary urban design is more expansive than this. It is primarily concerned with the quality of the public realm – both physical and socio-cultural – and the making (and managing) of meaningful ‘places’ for people to enjoy and use. 3

4. According to the current definition of Westminster University Urban Design is concerned with the physical form of cities, buildings and the space between them. The study of Urban design deals with the relationships between the physical form of the city and the social forces which produce it . It focuses in particularly on the physical character of the public realm but is also concerned with the interaction between public and private development and the resulting impact on urban form 4

5. From this definition we can take out some terms like Physical form of cities Buildings Space between Buildings Relationship between physical form & Social forces Physical character of public realm Interaction between Public and private development and the resulting impact on urban form 5

6. In Conclusion urban design is the art of making cities (built environment) carefully by fulfilling man’s aspirations and representing his values Central to the study of urban design is man, his values, aspirations and power or ability to achieve them. The task of the city builder is to understand and express, in built form, the needs and aspirations of the client group that is the public. Our urban spaces whether good or bad are the reflection of our collective aspirations. 6

7. The creation of good urbanism requires that buildings be more than isolated objects Our urban design studies aim to create a framework within which individual projects will be assembled in a coherent manner. Urban design involves orchestrating the harmonious interaction of the individual contributors to ensure that the total ensemble adds up to more than the sum of its parts. 7

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9. Urban development is the result of a process. An important aspect of the designer’s skill is the development of a menu of techniques for incorporation into the design process. These techniques range from anthropological studies establishing essential cultural data, user studies, and planning surveys, through helpful techniques, exhibition and etc. 9

10. Reasons to prepare an urban design plan Create visions Provide vision for the community Devising strategies Strategic implementation plan with both short & long range initiatives Creating good locations Integrate project area with the city and transform it to better location Marketing sites or areas Transform the area to attract investments Forming “treaties” Role of median between people affected by the development and developer by creating treaty 10

11. Key Aspects of Urban Design Places for People For places to be well-used and well-loved , they must be safe, comfortable, varied and attractive . They also need to be distinctive, and offer variety, choice and fun. Vibrant places offer opportunities for meeting people, playing in the street and watching the world go by. Enrich the Existing New development should enrich the qualities of existing urban places. This means encouraging a distinctive response that arises from and complements its setting. This applies at every scale - the region, the city, the town, the neighborhood, and the street. 11

12. Make Connections Places need to be easy to get to and be integrated physically and visually with their surroundings. This requires attention to how to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport and the car - and in that order. Work with the Landscape Places that strike a balance between the natural and man made environment and utilize each site’s intrinsic resources - the climate, landform, landscape and ecology - to maximize energy conservation and amenity. 12

13. Mix Uses and Forms Stimulating, enjoyable and convenient places meet a variety of demands from the widest possible range of users, amenities and social groups. They also weave together different building forms, uses, tenures and densities. Manage the Investment For projects to be developable and well cared for they must be economically viable, well managed and maintained. This means understanding the market considerations of developers, ensuring long term commitment from the community and the local authority, defining appropriate delivery mechanisms and seeing this as part of the design process. 13

14. Design for Change New development needs to be flexible enough to respond to future changes in use, lifestyle and demography. This means designing for energy and resource efficiency; creating flexibility in the use of property, public spaces and the service infrastructure and introducing new approaches to transportation, traffic management and parking. 14

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16. Urban Design Plans, Report & Techniques 16

17. Urban design gives three dimensional physical form to policies described in comprehensive plan It focuses on the design of public realm, which is created by both public spaces and the buildings that define them. Urban Design views these spaces holistically and is concerned with the bringing together the different disciplines responsible for the components of cities into a unified vision Compared to comprehensive plans they generally have a short time horizon and are typically area or project specific 17

18. Key elements of UDP Design guidelines for buildings Open space Streets Sidewalks Plazas between and around buildings Massing Sun Shadow wind Public interest issues 18

19. Components of an urban design plan report An urban design report depend on text and heavily on graphics Executive summary Key images from the body of the report and summary in few pages Existing conditions Existing conditions data on the project area including streets, building coverage, land use, topography, vacant buildings and land, and environmental constraints. This information is documented in the report Analysis drawings Professional review of the existing condition & data to translate into findings that will influence the plan 19

20. Components of an urban design plan ….. Summary of issues Summarized report of issues raised by stake holders during public participation can be narratives ,diagrams, graphs etc Development program Market studies forecasting demands for development Urban design plan Is a color rendered plan showing existing and new buildings, parking ,streets, trails, and landscaping planting. This shows a two dimensional vision of the final project build out 20

21. Components of an urban design plan report Streets framework plan and street sections Identifies existing and new streets . It includes cross sections of streets indicating sidewalks, parking , travel lanes and medians Open space framework plan Illustrates parks, green streets designated for enhanced landscape planting and pedestrian amenities; plazas: public spaces; and the connections between them Perspective drawings Three dimensional perspective drawings essential for conveying sense of place in urban design plan 21

22. Components of an urban design plan ….. Design guidelines Urban design plan reports often contains a section on design guidelines, including massing, height, building set backs, architectural style, parking, street scapes, signage, materials and sustainable design Implementation and phasing plan Details the mechanisms to make the plan reality public & private partnerships, funding sources, regulatory issues, conceptual budgets and phasing plan with early action and long range projects described 22

23. Choice of techniques 23

24. 24 Conceptual Techniques

25. 25 Analytical Techniques

26. 26 Measurable Techniques

27. 27 Perceptual Techniques Aerial views

28. 28 Perceptual Techniques Eye level views

29. 29 Spatial Analysis

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33. The Urban Design Planning Process 33

34. The urban design planning process Data collection Analysis Public participation Steering committee ,focus groups and public meeting Involvement of other professionals 34

35. The design process 35

36. Lecture -2_ Introduction to the First Basic Urban Design Element: Street 36

37. Roads vs. Streets Roads are two dimensional elements essentially highways whose main function is accommodating the movement of motor traffic. Streets are three dimensional elements typically lined with buildings and public spaces, and while movement is still a key function, there are several others, of which the place function is the most important 37

38. Road Roads provide dependable pathways for moving people and goods from one place to another. They range in quality from dirt paths to concrete-paved multilane highways. 38

39. Main functions of road To provide channel for movement To provide means of approach for residential and other developments To provide air and light to the building To provide space for laying the public utility 39

40. Requirements of Road Sufficient width for traffic Should have impervious surface Should rest on unyielding soil Should have straight alignment easy gradient Should have smooth curves, good visibility, and properly designed junctions Should have good plantation on either side, parking spaces, traffic signs, and proper lighting etc… Should afford maximum safety to the pedestrians and vehicles 40

41. Aesthetics of Road The surface of road must be maintained clean and tidy Foot paths should be provided with nicely dressed curb stone Traffic islands at the crossing should be beautified Beautiful trees and greenery should be planted on either side of the road way. The overhanging branches should be pruned Ornamental lightings with proper spacing should be installed The curves should be smooth and graceful The vistas through which the road passes should be pleasing 41

42. Factors to be considered in the Design of the Road Nature of Traffic The traffic to be carried by road should be considered from the aspect of type of vehicles, Intensity at peak hours, Parking facilities etc. Utility Services In this the utility that serves to the neighboring by the road is considered 42

43. Lecture -3_Oct_15_2010 Street Pattern 43

44. Planned cities and unplanned Streets are channels of movement covering 15% to 25% of the city. "Good Streets" are those that are memorable, visually attractive, comfortable and safe to walk, to shop, to bicycle, or to catch a bus. Streets Character is affected greatly by:_ The form of the streets as a whole Its enclosure in plan and sections Continuity of enclosing elements and activities; building, pavements, trees, fences... In crude analysis of urban form there are two kinds of cities Planned or designed or created cities Spontaneous city chance grown 44

45. Types of Street or Road systems Rectangular or Grid iron street system Rectangular combined with diagonal street system Concentric and radial street system Rectangular combined with radial street system Organic street system Irregular Medieval street system In residential development we find the following types of street system Hierarchical system /branching system Looping systems 45

46. Orthogonal grid network 46

47. Grid with Radial/Diagonal 47

48. Concentric/Radial/Diagonal Network 48

49. Organic network 49

50. Discontinuous network 50

51. The movement framework A successful movement framework: provides the maximum choice for how people will make their journeys; takes full account of the kinds of movement a development will generate; makes clear connections to existing routes and facilities. 51

52. Site Analysis Before the conceptual design phase begins an analysis of the site is important to identify problems Lack of walkway connectivity (unfulfilled desire lines) Inadequate capacity (congestion) Conflicts among vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians (safety hazards Lack of seating and other site furniture (amenities) 52

53. Urban Street scapes (problems) Lack of spatial enclosure Poor-quality materials ( eg . paving, seating) Lack of maintenance ( eg . curbs, walkway, planting) No unifying design theme ( eg . materials, forms, proportions) Insufficient or excessive lighting Insufficient seating and other site furniture ( eg . Signs, trash containers) 53

54. Movement assessment Undertake a movement assessment Some of the factors to consider in relation to the various modes of transportation (walking, cycling, bus, car etc.) include: Safety Air quality Convenience of journey Speed Walking down and up kerbs Pedestrian crossings Pedestrian and cycle crossings Segregated path 54

55. Movement assessment Over bridges Underpasses Noise Visual amenity Variety in visual amenity Pavement congestion Road congestion Quality of pavements Quality of roads Cycle facilities 55

56. Examples 56

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58. Street Design Examples 58

59. Traffic Management Traffic management covers a vast field of traffic measures (regulation, controlling, guiding measures of traffic, flow of traffic at junctions providing parking facilities etc Traffic management is the utilization of the road system to the fullest extent of in comfort convenience and safety The main objective of traffic management are: To ascertain a smooth, easy flow of traffic at all places To increase the speed of the vehicles To improve and increase haulage capacity of roads To provide safety to the pedestrians and vehicles To avoid delays in transport To adopt the traffic segregation to remove traffic congestion 59

60. Traffic Congestion Traffic congestion is the result of the combination of speedy and slow traffic. Remedies of traffic congestion includes: Providing different roads for different types of traffic types one way traffic Creating car park at appropriate places Providing terminal bus stops Providing parking places in shopping, commercial and recreational places Providing proper facilities for the pedestrians at all crossing and junctions of the roads Prohibiting the parking of cars on the road side Adopting places and time segregation of traffic Enforcement and public awarenance of traffic regulations 60