iomolecules proteins carbs lipids and nucleic acid

biomolecules proteins carbs lipids and nucleic acid

1. LIFE’S BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

2. BIOMOLECULES Organic compounds produced by living organisms that are essential for life processes, acting as the building blocks of cells and performing various function

3. PROTEINS Most abundant organic compounds in living organisms that are responsible for as much 15% of the body’s dry weight. Proteins are polymer made up of a chain of the basic building blocks called amino acids. Amino acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur .

4. AMINO ACIDS Made up of an amino group, (-NH ₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydrocarbon the R group. The different amino acids differ only on their side chain.

5. AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are linked to one another by peptide bonds , formed between the amino group of one amino acId and the carboxyl group of the next. A peptide/polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

6. AMINO ACIDS

7. AMINO ACIDS

8. PROTEINS It is estimated that a typical mammalian cell may contain 10,000 different kind of proteins working on diverse array of functions.

9. 1. Structural Proteins Proteins from the structural parts of cells and tissues KERATIN IN HAIR AND NAIL (makes up 90% of your hair) COLLAGEN (fibrous protein found in connective tissues that support the skin, tendons, and ligaments) SPECTRIN (red blood cells maintains cell shale TUBULIN (forms microtubules, for cell shape and division

10. 2 . Enzymatic Proteins All chemical processes in the body need a large amount of energy. Most of these processes require several hundred degrees centigrade. However, body temperature is only 37 degree celcius and any slight increase in temperature can be fatal. So, how do these chemical processes take place at low temperature?

11. 2 . Enzymatic Proteins ENZYMES catalyse or speed up chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end. AMYLASE (starches- sugar) LIPASE (lipids- fatty acid and glycerol) LACTASE (breaks down lactose in milk) DNA Polymerase/Helicase- involved in DNA replication and repair TRYPSIN/ PROTEASE ( proteins- amio acids) COLLAGEN (fibrous protein found in connective tissues that support the skin, tendons, and ligaments)

12. 3. Transport Proteins The presence of membrane proteins in the form of channel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane aid to cells to be selective in moving substances into and out of the cell HEMOGLOBIN LIPOPROTEINS ION CHANNELS

13. 4 . Defense Proteins Antibodies are produced by a specific type of white blood cells called B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance in the body which is referred to as antigen. The reaction between an antibody and antigen is highly specific in which a particular antibody can only recognize a specific antigen. Antibodies can cause the death of invading microorganisms by destroying the disease- causing cells via lysis /agglutination. Can also detoxify foreign substances that can damage or death to affected cells.

14. 5. Regulatory or Signal Proteins Hormones are signal proteins that regulate body functions. Growth hormones ( Growth hormones ( influence growth and development) Insulin ( regulates glucose concentration in blood) ADRENALINE ( prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses

15. 6. Contractile Proteins Contractile proteins in the form of actin and myosin are found in cells to allow movement and muscle cause muscle contraction Help regulate body temperature

16. 7. Storage Proteins Storage proteins serve as reserves of amino acids, which can be used later on to nourish the growth and development of organisms Found in egg whites (albumin) Seeds ( Milk

17. Denaturation of Proteins: Process where a protein unfolds from its specific three-dimensional structure to a less organized “random coil” form, resulting in a loss of its biological function. This irreversible or reversible process can be caused by external factors like heat, extreme pH levels, chemicals

18. CARBOHYDRATES Serve as the main source of energy in all organisms. Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules

19. MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars with only one sugar unit. They are identified based on the number of carbon atoms they are made up. The most common monosaccharide are made up of six carbon atoms called hexoses GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE MANNOSE

20. MONOSACCHARIDES Highly soluble in water Used as building blocks in the formation of complex sugar

21. DISACCHARIDES complex sugars made up of two molecules of monosaccharides chemically joined together C12H22O11 THE chemical process where two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide with the loss of water molecule is called condensation or dehydration synthesis SUCROSE(table sugar glucose + fructose) MALTOSE (malt sugar glucose + glucose) LACTOSE (milk sugar galactose + glucose)

22. DISACCHARIDES A disaccharide can be broken down into simple sugar by heating it with acid or treating it with a suitable enzyme. The chemical reaction where water molecule is added or split a disaccharide into its component units is called hydrolysis or hydrolytic reaction. SUCROSE(table sugar glucose + fructose) MALTOSE (malt sugar glucose + glucose) LACTOSE (milk sugar galactose + glucose)

23. POLYSACCHARIDES Complex sugars made up of chains or branches of monosaccharides formed by a condensation reaction ( C6H10O5) n where n refers to the number of monosaccharide present

24. POLYSACCHARIDES STORAGE STARCH GLYCOGEN STRUCTURAL CELLULASE CHITIN

25. STARCH Storage carbohydrate in plants composed entirely of glucose molecules A starch molecule may contain as many 200 glucose molecules Potato tubers Cassava Carrots Corn Cereal

26. GLYCOGEN Storage of carbohydrates in animals which accumulates in the liver and muscle cells of vertebrates During digestion, glucose and other monosaccharide are released from food and used as energy sources.

27. Starch and glycogen are ideal storage polysaccharides for the ff. reasons: Both can easily be broken down into glucose molecules when needed Both are insoluble in water thus do not affect osmotic pressure in cell Both have compact shapes, thus occupy less psace Both cannot diffuse through cell membranes because of their relatively large size During digestion, glucose and other monosaccharide are released from food and used as energy sources.

28. CELLULOSE Strucutral polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Highly insoluble carbs that function for support and protection for plant cells. Made up of long chain of glucose molecules Fiber source (helps reduce cholesterol in the body and helps produce soft fecal material, reducing constipation, haemorrhoids and even rectar cancer

29. CHITIN Strucutral polysaccharide found in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insects. For protection and support Highly insoluble and does not expand in water, making animals survive aquatic environments Source of surgical sutures or threads due to tis flexibility and strength During digestion, glucose and other monosaccharide are released from food and used as energy sources.

30. LIPIDS Include fats and fat-like substances HYDROPHOBIC, INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN PHOSPHOLIPID WAX STERIOD SPHINGOLIPID

31. LIPIDS in living organisms have the following functions: PHOSPHOLIPID WAX STERIOD SPHINGOLIPID TRIGLYCERIDES Insulating material to prevent heat loss and protection against extreme cold. Aquatic animals like whales have thick layer of fats beneath the skin that helps retain body heat. Source and storage of energy

32. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Made up of 2 fatty acid molecules and one phosphate group

33. WAXES Important components for many organisms such as the cuticle covering the leaves and stems of plants

34. STEROIDS CHORESTEROL, BILE SALTS, SEX HORMONES AND VITAMIN D CHORESTEROL – animal tissues (add strengths to the plasma membrane of animal cells

35. TRIGLYCERIDES Known as Blood fats circulate in the bloodstream along with cholesterol

36. SPHINGOLIPIDS Found in the brain, lungs and nerve tissues,. They also serve as surfactants that help reduce tension on the lungs to maintain its right shape

37. NUCLEIC ACID function for the storage of genetic information which is transmitted from one generation to the next in all living organisms

38. 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA (Ribonucleic acid Both are made up of the building blocks called nucleotide