IoT (Internet of Things) introduction Notes.pdf

Notes of IoT

1. Module-1
Introduction to IoT

2. IOT Definition
•InternetofThings(IoT)isanecosystemofconnecteddevicesthat
exchangesdataoverawiredorwirelessnetwork.Thesedevicescouldbe
smartphones,laptops,smartelectricappliances,smartofficeequipment
oranydevicetaggedwithsensors.Datageneratedbythesedevicesisthen
sharedwithserverslocatedincloudoron-premise,whereitisprocessed
togaininsightsthathelpintakingdecisions.
(OR)
•TheInternetofThings(IoT)describesthenetworkofphysicalobjects—
“things”—thatareembeddedwithsensors,software,andother
technologiesforthepurposeofconnectingandexchangingdatawith
otherdevicesandsystemsovertheinternet.Thesedevicesrangefrom
ordinaryhouseholdobjectstosophisticatedindustrialtools.Withmore
than7billionconnectedIoTdevicestoday,expertsareexpectingthis
numbertogrowto10billionby2020and22billionby2025.

3. •IoTisatechnologytransitioninwhichdeviceswillallowustosenseand
controlthephysicalworldbymakingobjectssmarterandconnectingthem
throughanintelligentnetwork.
•GOAL:ThebasicpremiseandgoalofIoTisto“connecttheunconnected.”
Thismeansthatobjectsthatarenotcurrentlyjoinedtoacomputer
network,namelytheInternet,willbeconnectedsothattheycan
communicateandinteractwithpeopleandotherobjects.Whenobjects
andmachinescanbesensedandcontrolledremotelyacrossanetwork,a
tighterintegrationbetweenthephysicalworldandcomputersisenabled.
Thisallowsforimprovementsintheareasofefficiency,accuracy,
automation,andtheenablementofadvancedapplications.
GENESISOFIOT
•Thepersoncreditedwiththecreationoftheterm“InternetofThings”is
KevinAshton.WhileworkingforProcter&Gamblein1999,Kevinusedthis
phrasetoexplainanewidearelatedtolinkingthecompany’ssupplychain
totheInternet.

4. Evolution of IoT
•ARPANETwasthefirstconnectednetworkThehistoryofIoTstarts
withARPANET.
•In1982,agraduatestudentinCarnegieMellonUniversity’scomputer
sciencedepartment,DavidNichols,wantedtoknowifthedepartment’s
cokevendingmachinehadcoldsodabottles.Hewastiredofgoingtothe
machineonlytofindtherewasnocoldbottleavailable;thevending
machinewasquitesomedistancefromhisclassrooms.So,hewantedto
haveinformationbeforehand.
•HewashelpedinthisendeavorbyMikeKazarandIvorDurham,two
fellowstudents,andJohnZsarnay,aresearchengineerattheuniversity.
Thecodetheywrotecouldcheckifcokewasavailableinthevending
machine,andifyes,whetheritwascoldornot.Anyoneontheuniversity
ARPANETcouldmonitorthestatusofthecokevendingmachine.

5. •In1989TimBernersLeeproposedtheframeworkofworldwideweb,
whichlaidthefoundationoftheInternet.
•In1990JohnRomkeydevelopedatoasterthatcouldbeturnedonandoff
overtheInternet.Itwasatoasterwiredtothecomputerastherewasno
Wi-Fithen!!ThistoasterisconsideredtobethefirstIoTdevice–thefirst
“thing”thatbeganInternetofThings.
•Researchersandscientistsseemtohaveathingforcaffeine–coldorhot.
In1993,theTrojanRoomCoffeePotwasbuiltinthecomputerlaboratory
oftheUniversityofCambridgebyQuentinStafford-FraserandPaul
Jardetzkyin1993.Animageoftheinteriorofthepotwasuploadedtothe
buildingserverthriceeveryminute.Lateron,whenbrowsersbegan
displayingimages,theseimagescouldbeviewedonline.
•ThenextmilestoneindevelopmentofIoTcamein1999whenKevin
Ashton,currentExecutiveDirectoroftheAuto-IDLabs,coinedtheterm
internetofthings.ItwasthetitleofapresentationhemadeatProcterand
Gamble(wherehewasworkingatthatpointoftime)aboutlinkingRFIDin
P&G’ssupplychaintotheInternet.

6. •ThetermIoTbegantobeusedinmainstreampublicationslikeThe
GuardianandScientificAmericanby2003-2004.InthesameperiodRFID
deployedbytheUSdepartmentofDefenceandbyWalmartinitsstores.
•TheUnitedNationsInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion
acknowledgedtheimpactofIoTinitsreportin2005.ItpredictedthatIoT
willhelpcreateanentirelynewdynamicnetworkofnetworks.
•InMarch2008,thefirstIoTconferencewasheldinZurich.Itbrought
togetherresearchersandpractitionersfrombothacademiaandindustry
tofacilitatesharingofknowledge.Inthesameyear,theUSNational
IntelligenceCouncilincludedtheInternetofThingsasoneofthesix
disruptiveciviltechnologies.
•Inits2011whitepaper,CiscoInternetBusinessSolutionsGroup(CIBSG)
saidthatinternetofthingscantrulybesaidtobebornbetween2008and
2009whenthenumberofthingsconnectedtotheinternetexceededthe
numberofpeopleconnectedtoit.CIBSGcalculatedthatthethingsto
peopleratiogrewfromapproximately0.8in2003to1.84in2010.
•Togetherwiththewhitepaper,Ciscoreleasedmanyeducationalmaterials
onthetopicandstartedmarketinginitiativestoattractclientslookingto
adoptIoT.IBMandEricssonjoinedtheracesoonafter.

7. •In2011GartnerincludedIoTinitsHypecycleforemergingtechnologies
thatwereontherise.
•In2013IDCreleasedareportthatpredictedIoTmarkettogrowataCAGR
of7.9%andreachUSD8.9trillionby2020.
FeaturesofIoT:
•ThemostimportantfeaturesofIoTonwhichitworksareconnectivity,
analyzing,integrating,activeengagement,andmanymore.Someofthem
arelistedbelow:
•Connectivity:Connectivityreferstoestablishaproperconnection
betweenallthethingsofIoTtoIoTplatformitmaybeserverorcloud.
AfterconnectingtheIoTdevices,itneedsahighspeedmessaging
betweenthedevicesandcloudtoenablereliable,secureandbi-
directionalcommunication.
•

8. •Analyzing:Afterconnectingalltherelevantthings,itcomestoreal-time
analyzingthedatacollectedandusethemtobuildeffectivebusiness
intelligence.Ifwehaveagoodinsightintodatagatheredfromallthese
things,thenwecalloursystemhasasmartsystem.
•Integrating:IoTintegratingthevariousmodelstoimprovetheuser
experienceaswell.
•ArtificialIntelligence:IoTmakesthingssmartandenhanceslifethrough
theuseofdata.Forexample,ifwehaveacoffeemachinewhosebeans
havegoingtoend,thenthecoffeemachineitselforderthecoffeebeans
ofyourchoicefromtheretailer.

9. •Sensing:ThesensordevicesusedinIoTtechnologiesdetectandmeasure
anychangeintheenvironmentandreportontheirstatus.IoTtechnology
bringspassivenetworkstoactivenetworks.Withoutsensors,therecould
notholdaneffectiveortrueIoTenvironment.
•ActiveEngagement:IoTmakestheconnectedtechnology,product,or
servicestoactiveengagementbetweeneachother.
•EndpointManagement:Itisimportanttobetheendpointmanagementof
alltheIoTsystemotherwise,itmakesthecompletefailureofthesystem.
Forexample,ifacoffeemachineitselforderthecoffeebeanswhenitgoes
toendbutwhathappenswhenitordersthebeansfromaretailerandwe
arenotpresentathomeforafewdays,itleadstothefailureoftheIoT
system.So,theremustbeaneedforendpointmanagement.

10. InternetofThings(IoT)EnablingTechnologies
•IoT(internetofthings)enablingtechnologiesare
•WirelessSensorNetwork
•CloudComputing
•BigDataAnalytics
•CommunicationsProtocols
•EmbeddedSystem
•1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
AWSNcomprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Awireless sensor
networkconsists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have
several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a
coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the
gateway that connects WSN to the internet.

11. •Example –
•Weather monitoring system
•Indoor air quality monitoring system
•Soil moisture monitoring system
•Surveillance system
•Health monitoring system
2.CloudComputing
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over
the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the
internet.
Characteristics –
•Broadnetworkaccess
•Ondemandself-services
•Rapidscalability
•Measuredservice
•Pay-per-use

12. 3.BigData Analytics: :
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive
and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional
databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
•Datacleaning
•Munging
•Processing
•Visualization
•Examples–
•Banktransactions
•DatageneratedbyIoTsystemsforlocationandtrackingofvehicles
•E-commerceandinBig-Basket
•HealthandfitnessdatageneratedbyIoTsystemsuchasafitnessbands

13. 4.CommunicationsProtocols:
•TheyarethebackboneofIoTsystemsandenablenetworkconnectivity
andlinkingtoapplications.Communicationprotocolsallowdevicesto
exchangedataoverthenetwork.
•Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is known
as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol
stack.
They are used in
•Dataencoding
•Addressingschemes

14. 5.EmbeddedSystems:
•Itisacombinationofhardwareandsoftwareusedtoperformspecial
tasks.
•It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices(flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
•Digitalcamera
•DVDplayer,musicplayer
•Industrialrobots
•WirelessRoutersetc.

15. IoT Architectures: oneM2M

16. •Inefforttostandardizetherapidlygrowingfieldofmachinetomachine
(M2M)communications,theEuropeantelecommunicationsStandards
Institute(ETSI)createdtheM2MTechnicalcommitteein2008.Thegoalof
thiscommitteewastocreateacommonarchitecturethatwouldhelp
acceleratetheadoptionofM2Mapplicationsanddevices.Overthetime,
thescopehasexpandedtoincludetheInternetofThings.Recognizingthis
need,in2012ETSIand13otherfoundingmemberslaunchedoneM2Mas
aglobalinitiativedesignedtopromoteefficientM2Mcommunication
systemsandIoT.
•TheoneM2MarchitecturedividesIoTfunctionsintothreemajor
domains:theapplicationlayer,theserviceslayerandthenetworklayer.
Whilethisarchitecturemayseemsimpleandsomewhatgenericatfirst
glance,itisveryrichandpromotesinteroperabilitythroughIT-friendly
APIsandsupportsawiderangeofIoTtechnologies.Let'sexamineeachof
thesedomainsinturn:

17. •ApplicationsLayer:TheoneM2Marchitecturegivesmajorattentionto
connectivitybetweendevicesandtheirapplications.Thisdomainincludes
theapplicationlayerprotocolsandattemptstostandardizenorthbound
APIdefinitionsforinteractionwithBusinessIntelligence(BI)Systems.
Applicationstendtobeindustryspecificandhavetheirownsetsofdata
modelsandthustheyareshownasverticalentities.
•ServicesLayer:Thislayerisshownasahorizontalframeworkacrossthe
verticalindustryapplications.Atthislayer,horizontalmodulesincludethe
physicalnetworkthattheIoTapplicationsrunon,theunderlying
managementprotocols,andthehardware.Examplesincludebackhaul
communicationsviacellular,MPLS(Multiprotocollabelswitching)
networks,VPNsandsoon.Ridingontopisthecommonserviceslayer.
ThisconceptuallayeraddsAPIsandmiddlewaresupportingthirdparty
servicesandapplications.
•NetworkLayer:ThisisthecommunicationdomainfortheIoTdevicesand
endpoints.Itincludesthedevicesthemselvesandthecommunication
networkthatlinksthem.Embodimentsofthiscommunication
infrastructureincludeswirelessmeshtechnologiesandwirelesspointto
multipointsystems.

18. •Inmanycases,thesmart(andsometimesnotsosmart)devices
communicatewitheachother.Inothercases,machine-to-machine
communicationisnotnecessary,andthedevicescommunicatethrougha
fieldareanetwork(FAN)tousecasespecificappsintheIoTapplication
domain.Therefore,thedevicedomainalsoincludesthegatewaydevice,
whichprovidescommunicationsupintothecorenetworkandactsasa
demarcationpointbetweenthedeviceandnetworkdomains.
IoTWorldForum(IoTWF)
•IoTWFarchitecturalcommitteepublished7-layerIoTarchitectural
referencemodelin2014
•ThiscommitteewasledbyCisco,IBM,RockwellAutomation,andothers
•WhilevariousIoTreferencemodelsexist,theoneputforthbytheIoT
WorldForumoffersclean,simplifiedperspectiveonIoT

20. •Defines set of levels with control flowing from the center (cloud service or
dedicated data center), to the edge
•May includes sensors, devices, machines, and other types of intelligent
end nodes.
•Usingthismodel,weareabletoachieve:–DecomposetheIoTproblem
intosmallerparts–Identifydifferenttechnologiesateachlayerandhow
theyrelatetooneanother–Defineasysteminwhichdifferentpartscan
beprovidedbydifferentvendors–Haveaprocessofdefininginterfaces
thatleadstointeroperability–Defineatieredsecuritymodelthatis
enforcedatthetransitionpointsbetweenlevels.

21. Layer1:PhysicalDevicesandControllersLayer
•Thislayerishometothe“things”intheIoT,includingvariousendpoint
devices&sensors
•Sizeofthese“things”canrangefromalmosttinysensorstohugemachines
infactory
•Theirprimaryfunctionisgeneratingdataandbeingcapableofbeing
controlledovernetwork
Layer2:ConnectivityLayer
•CommunicatesbetweenLayer1Devices
•Reliabledeliveryofinformationacrossthenetwork
•Switchingandrouting.
•Translationbetweentheprotocols.
•Networklevelsecurity.

22. Layer3:EdgeComputingLayer
•Evaluateandreformatthedataforprocessingathigherlevels.
•Filterdatatoreducetraffichigherlevelfrequency.
•Accessdataforalerting,notificationandotheractions.
Layer4:DataAccumulationLayer
•Capturesdataandstoresitsoastobeusableforapplicationswhen
necessary.
•Convertsevent-baseddatatoquery–basedprocessing.
Layer5:DataAbstractionLayer
•Reconcilesmultipledataformatsandensuresconsistentsemanticsfrom
varioussources.
•Confirmsthatthedatasetiscompleteandconsolidatesdataintoone
placeormultipledatastoresusingvirtualization.

23. Layer 6: Applications Layer
•Interprets data using software applications.
•Applications may monitor, control and provides reports based on the
analysis of the data.
Layer 6: Collaborations and Processes Layer
•Consumes and shares the applications information.
•Collaborating on and communicating IoT information often requires
multiple steps and it is what makes IoT useful
•This layer can change business processes and delivers the benefits of IoT.

24. Alternative IoT models
TheIoTsallowpeopleandthingstobeconnectedanytime,anyspace,with
anythingandanyone,usinganynetworkandanyservice.
TypesofCommunicationModel:
1. Request & Response Model –
This model follows a client-server architecture.
•Theclient,whenrequired,requeststheinformationfromtheserver.This
requestisusuallyintheencodedformat.
•Thismodelisstatelesssincethedatabetweentherequestsisnotretained
andeachrequestisindependentlyhandled.
•TheserverCategoriestherequest,andfetchesthedatafromthedatabase
anditsresourcerepresentation.Thisdataisconvertedtoresponseandis
transferredinanencodedformattotheclient.Theclient,inturn,receives
theresponse.

25. •Ontheotherhand—InRequest-Responsecommunicationmodelclient
sendsarequesttotheserverandtheserverrespondstotherequest.
Whentheserverreceivestherequestitdecideshowtorespond,fetches
thedataretrievesresources,andpreparestheresponse,andsendsitto
theclient.

26. 2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
•Publishersarethesourceofdata.Itsendsthedatatothetopicwhichare
managedbythebroker.Theyarenotawareofconsumers.
•Consumerssubscribetothetopicswhicharemanagedbythebroker.
•Hence,Brokersresponsibilityistoacceptdatafrompublishersandsendit
totheappropriateconsumers.Thebrokeronlyhastheinformation
regardingtheconsumertowhichaparticulartopicbelongstowhichthe
publisherisunawareof.

27. 3. Push-Pull Model –
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and
data queues.
•PublishersandConsumersarenotawareofeachother.
•Publisherspublishthemessage/dataandpushitintothequeue.The
consumers,presentontheotherside,pullthedataoutofthequeue.
Thus,thequeueactsasthebufferforthemessagewhenthedifference
occursintherateofpushorpullofdataonthesideofapublisherand
consumer.

28. 4.ExclusivePair–
•ExclusivePairisthebi-directionalmodel,includingfull-duplex
communicationamongclientandserver.Theconnectionisconstantand
remainsopentilltheclientsendsarequesttoclosetheconnection.
•TheServerhastherecordofalltheconnectionswhichhasbeenopened.
•Thisisastate-fullconnectionmodelandtheserverisawareofallopen
connections.
•WebSocketbasedcommunicationAPIisfullybasedonthismodel.

29. Simplified IoT Architecture
Frameworkispresentedas2parallelstacks:–IoTDataManagement
andComputeStack–CoreIoTFunctionalStack•Intentionisto
simplifytheIoTarchitectureintoitsmostbasicbuildingblocks

30. Expanded View of the Simplified IoT Architecture

31. Core IoT Functional Stack
•IoTnetworksarebuiltaroundtheconceptof“things,”orsmartobjects
performingfunctionsanddeliveringnewconnectedservices.These
objectsare“smart”becausetheyuseacombinationofcontextual
informationandconfiguredgoalstoperformactions.Froman
architecturalstandpoint,severalcomponentshavetoworktogetherforan
IoTnetworktobeoperational:
“Things”layer:
Communicationsnetworklayer
Accessnetworksublayer
Gatewaysandbackhaulnetworksublayer
Networktransportsublayer
IoTnetworkmanagementsublayer
Applicationandanalyticslayer
Thefollowingsectionsexaminetheseelementsandhelpyouarchitectyour
IoTcommunicationnetwork.

32. Thefollowingsectionsexaminetheseelementsandhelpyouarchitectyour
IoTcommunicationnetwork.
Layer1:Things:SensorsandActuatorsLayer“SmartObjects:The‘Things’in
IoT,”providesmorein-depthinformationaboutsmartobjects.Froman
architecturalstandpoint,thevarietyofsmartobjecttypes,shapes,and
needsdrivethevarietyofIoTprotocolsandarchitectures.One
architecturalclassificationcouldbe:Battery-poweredorpower-
connected:
Thisclassificationisbasedonwhethertheobjectcarriesitsownenergy
supplyorreceivescontinuouspowerfromanexternalpowersource.
Layer2:CommunicationsNetworkLayerOnceyouhavedeterminedthe
influenceofthesmartobjectformfactoroveritstransmissioncapabilities
(transmissionrange,datavolumeandfrequency,sensordensityand
mobility),youarereadytoconnecttheobjectandcommunicate.Compute
andnetworkassetsusedinIoTcanbeverydifferentfromthoseinIT
environments.

33. •ThedifferenceinthephysicalformfactorsbetweendevicesusedbyITand
OTisobviouseventothemostcasualofobservers.Whattypicallydrives
thisisthephysicalenvironmentinwhichthedevicesaredeployed.What
maynotbeasinherentlyobvious,however,istheiroperational
differences.Theoperationaldifferencesmustbeunderstoodinorderto
applythecorrecthandlingtosecurethetargetassets.
Layer3:ApplicationsandAnalyticsLayerOnceconnectedtoanetwork,your
smartobjectsexchangeinformationwithothersystems.Assoonasyour
IoTnetworkspansmorethanafewsensors,thepoweroftheInternetof
Thingsappearsintheapplicationsthatmakeuseoftheinformation
exchangedwiththesmartobjects.

34. Fog, Edge and Cloud in IoT
•Cloud,fog,andedgecomputinginfrastructuresalloworganizationstotake
advantageofadiverserangeofcomputingresourcesanddatastorage
assets.
Cloud
•Mostbusinessesarefamiliarwithcloudcomputingsinceit’snow
thegoldenstandardinmostindustries.Putsimply,cloudcomputing
standsforstoringandaccessingdataandprogramsoverthe
internet,ratherthanonyourcomputer’sharddrive.Forittobe
considered‘cloudcomputing’,youneedtoaccessyourdataoryour
programsovertheinternet,orhavethatdatasyncedwithother
informationovertheweb.
•Cloudcomputingallowsorganizationtosignificantlyexceedthe
normalavailablestorage,withouthavingtohostextraserverson
site.Datacanalsobecollectedfrommultiplesitesanddevices,
accessibleanytime,anywhere.

35. Forexample,intheTeslaself-drivingcar,thesensorconstantlymonitors
certainregionsaroundthecar.Ifitdetectsanobstacleorpedestrianonits
way,thenthecarmustbestoppedormovearoundwithouthitting.When
anobstacleisonitsway,thedatasentthroughthesensormustbe
processedquicklyandhelpthecartodetectbeforeithits.Alittledelayin
detectioncouldbeamajorissue.Toovercomesuchchallenges,edge
computingandfogcomputingareintroduced.

36. Fog
•Fogcomputing–atermcreatedbyCisco–referstoextendingcloud
computingtotheedgeofanenterprise’snetwork.Itpushes
intelligencedowntothelocalareanetwork(LAN)levelofnetwork
architecture,processingdatainafognodeorIoTgateway.Simply
put,itinvolvesmovingyourcomputersclosertothesensorsthey
aretalkingto.
•Oneexampleoffogcomputingwouldbewithtrains.Aspartofthe
riseintheIndustrialInternetofThings,trainsandtracksarebeing
equippedwithanewgenerationofgadgetsandsensors,withtrains
actingasthecentralhubforallthedatagatheredfromthese
sensors.Theissueisthatbecausetrainsmovesofast,it’sdifficultto
maintainaconnectionwiththecloud.Byinstallingsomefog
computingnodesinthelocomotive,youbypassthisissue.
•However,fogcomputing’sarchitecturereliesonmanylinksina
communicationchaintomovedatafromthephysicalworldofour
assetsintothedigitalworldofinformationtechnology.Eachof
theselinksisapotentialpointoffailure.

37. Edge
•Edgecomputingcanbedefinedastheprocessingofsensordataaway
fromthecentralizednodesandclosetothelogicaledgeofthenetwork,
towardindividualsourcesofdata.Iteffectivelypushesthecomputational
functionstotheedgeofthenetwork.Inotherwords,ratherthanpumping
allthedatabackuptothecloudforanalysisandaction,thisprocesstakes
placemuchclosertothedata’ssource.
•Edgecomputingtriagesthedatalocally,reducingthebackhaultrafficto
thecentralrepository.Itsimplifiesfog’scommunicationchainandreduces
potentialpointsoffailure.
•Edgedevicescanbeanythingwithsufficientcomputecapacityand
capabilitysuchasrouters,switchesandeventheIoTsensorscollectingthe
data.

38. IoT and Digitization
•IoTanddigitizationaretermsthatareoftenusedinterchangeably.Inmost
contexts,thisdualityisfine,buttherearekeydifferencestobeawareof.
•Atahighlevel,IoTfocusesonconnecting“things,”suchasobjectsand
machines,toacomputernetwork,suchastheInternet.IoTisawell-
understoodtermusedacrosstheindustryasawhole.
•Ontheotherhand,digitizationcanmeandifferentthingstodifferent
peoplebutgenerallyencompassestheconnectionof“things”withthe
datatheygenerateandthebusinessinsightsthatresult.Digitization,as
definedinitssimplestform,istheconversionofinformationintoadigital
format.Digitizationhasbeenhappeninginoneformoranotherforseveral
decades.Forexample,thewholephotographyindustryhasbeendigitized.
Prettymucheveryonehasdigitalcamerasthesedays,eitherstandalone
devicesorbuiltintotheirmobilephones.Almostnoonebuysfilmand
takesittoaretailertogetitdeveloped.Thedigitizationofphotography
hascompletelychangedourexperiencewhenitcomestocapturing
images.

39. •Digitaltransformation(DT)isallaboutdata.Whileyoucanfindmany
convoluteddefinitionsforDT,theeasiestwaytothinkaboutitisthatit
enablescompaniestousecustomerdatadirectlytodrivetheirbusiness.
Inarealsense,itenablescompaniestogetclosertotheircustomers.
•Digitaltransformationfortraditionalcompaniesisabstractbecause
there’snothingsolidtoanchoritto.Sohowdoesatraditionalcompany
transformintoacompanyabletoreaptherewardsofdigital
transformation?
•Theirfirststepistoestablishadigitallinkbetweentheircustomersand
theircompany,whichcanhappenwiththeInternetofThings(IoT).IoT
technologystartswithconnectivity,butit’sdigitizationwherethingsget
interesting.Allcompanies,bigandsmall,cantransformintodigital
companiesbyusinganIoTplatformabletodigitizetheirphysicalproducts.

40. HowtheIoTPlatformEnablesDigitalTransformation
•IoT-baseddigitaltransformationisappliedtophysicalproducts.Forthe
traditionalcompany,that’sterrafirma—sellingproductsishowtheymake
money,thereasonforeverythingelse.Andbecauseit’salignedwithits
culture,IoT-baseddigitaltransformationisbothunderstandableand
excitingenoughtomotivateemployeestogetbehindit.
•CentraltobothdigitaltransformationandIoTisdata.Whenapplied
properly,IoTtechnologycollectssourcedatafromthephysicalworldand
convertsitintousefulinformationforthecompany.
•Internalsourcedatastartsatthesensor.Convertingthatdataintoadigital
payload,andthenwrappingitwithprotocolssoitcanbesentonthe
network,istheworkofasoftwareagentthatlivesontheembedded
system.ThisistheedgeoftheIoTnetwork,fromwhichthedatapayloadis
gatheredandsentovertheoperationaltechnologynetworktotheIT
network.Fromthere,thedatamakesitswaytothepubliccloudandthen
intoadatabase,whereitcanbeprocessedbyanalyticssoftwareor
artificialintelligence.Thisprocessingcreatesmodelsthatproduce
informationthatisstoredinthecompany’sbusinesssystems—which
variousdepartmentswithinthecompanycanaccessandusetostreamline
andimprovehowtheyoperate.
•ThisprocessperformedbytheIoTplatformiswhatdrivesdigital
transformation.TheIoTplatformthatenablesthedigitizationofphysical
productsandthecollectionoftheirdataalsoprovidesthedigitallink
betweenacompanyanditsproductsandcustomers.

41. Convergence of IT and IoT
•Untilrecently,informationtechnology(IT)andoperationaltechnology
(OT)haveforthemostpartlivedinseparateworlds.
•ITsupportsconnectionstotheInternetalongwithrelateddataand
technologysystemsandisfocusedonthesecureflowofdataacrossan
organization.OTmonitorsandcontrolsdevicesandprocessesonphysical
operationalsystems.Thesesystemsincludeassemblylines,utility
distributionnetworks,productionfacilities,roadwaysystems,andmany
more.Typically,ITdidnotgetinvolvedwiththeproductionandlogisticsof
OTenvironments.
•ManagementofOTistiedtothelifebloodofacompany.Forexample,if
thenetworkconnectingthemachinesinafactoryfails,themachines
cannotfunction,andproductionmaycometoastandstill,negatively
impactingbusinessontheorderofmillionsofdollars.Ontheotherhand,
iftheemailserver(runbytheITdepartment)failsforafewhours,itmay
irritatepeople,butitisunlikelytoimpactbusinessatanywherenearthe
samelevel.TablebelowhighlightssomeofthedifferencesbetweenITand
OTnetworksandtheirvariouschallenges.

42. DifferentTypesofIT/OTConvergence
•ITOTconvergenceallowsbusinessestoconnecttheirOTdevicestoIT
networks.Withmachine-to-machinecommunication,ITOTconvergence
hasthepotentialtohelpwithautomationandimprovebothefficiencyand
security.
•WithintheworldofITOTconvergence,thereareseveraluniquetypesof
convergenceworthdiscussing.Broadly,differenttypesofconvergencecan
becategorizedintothreedifferentgroups—physicalconvergence,
softwareconvergence,andorganizationalconvergence.
•Physicalconvergence.Physicalconvergenceisthemostbasictypeof
convergence,withlittleITassemblyrequired.Withphysicalconvergence,
twoprocessesareliterallyconnectedthroughphysicalmeans—usually
whenanexistingOTdevicebecomesconnectedtoanewITnetwork.
Physicalconvergencetendstobemostcommonlyusedtomodernize
olderOTequipment.
•Softwareconvergence.ThegoalofsoftwareconvergenceistolinkOT
datawithITsystems.Softwareconvergenceallowsbusinessestocollect
OTdatadigitally,toviewinputfromOTsystems,thenuseOTdatato
improveexternaloperations.
•Organizationalconvergence.Organizationalconvergence(alsoknownas
processconvergence)usesexternaldataforinternalpurposes.With
organizationalconvergence,ITandOTteamsoperateseparately,butthey
willneedtocontinuallyexchangeinformationtocreateaneffective
operationalsystem.

43. IoT Challenges
•TheInternetofThings(IoT)hasfastgrowntobealargepartofhow
humanbeingslive,communicateanddobusiness.Allacrosstheworld,
web-enableddevicesareturningourglobalrightsintoagreaterswitched-
on area to live in.
TherearevarioustypesofchallengesinfrontofIoT.
1.SecuritychallengesinIoT:
i)Lackofencryption-Althoughencryptionisagreatwaytopreventhackers
fromaccessingdata,itisalsooneoftheleadingIoTsecuritychallenges.
ii)Insufficienttestingandupdating-Withtheincreaseinthenumberof
IoT(internetofthings)devices,IoTmanufacturersaremoreeagerto
produceanddelivertheirdeviceasfastastheycanwithoutgiving
security too much of although.
MostofthesedevicesandIoTproductsdonotgetenoughtestingand
updatesandarepronetohackersandothersecurityissues.

44. iii)Bruteforcingandtheriskofdefaultpasswords-Weakcredentialsandlogin
detailsleavenearlyallIoTdevicesvulnerabletopasswordhackingandbrute
force.
Anycompanythatusesfactorydefaultcredentialsontheirdevicesisplacing
boththeirbusinessanditsassetsandthecustomerandtheirvaluable
informationatriskofbeingsusceptibletoabruteforceattack.
iv) IoT Malware and ransomware –
Increases with increase in devices.
Ransom ware uses encryption to effectively lock out users from various
devices and platforms and still use a user’s valuable data and info.
Example –
A hacker can hijack a computer camera and take pictures.
By using malware access points, the hackers can demand ransom to unlock the
device and return the data.
2.DesignchallengeinIoT:
i)Interoperability-Interoperabilityreferstotheabilityofdifferentsystems,
devices,orcomponentstoworktogetherseamlesslyandexchangedata
effectively.InthecontextoftheInternetofThings(IoT),interoperability
isacriticalchallenge,asalargenumberofdiversedevicesarebeing
connectedtotheinternet.

45. ii)Scalability-Scalabilityreferstotheabilityofasystemtohandleincreasing
workloadsornumbersofuserswithoutasignificantdeclinein
performance.InthecontextoftheInternetofThings(IoT),scalabilityisa
majorchallengeasthenumberofconnecteddevicesisrapidlygrowing,
leadingtoanincreasedvolumeofdataandcommunication.
iii)Reliability-Reliabilityreferstotheabilityofasystemtoperformits
intendedfunctionconsistentlyandwithoutfailureovertime.Inthe
contextoftheInternetofThings(IoT),reliabilityisacriticalconcern,as
thefailureofevenasingleIoTdevicecanhavesignificantconsequences
iv)PowerConsumption-Powerconsumptionreferstotheamountofenergy
thatasystemordeviceuses.InthecontextoftheInternetofThings
(IoT),powerconsumptionisacriticalchallenge,asmanyIoTdevicesare
designedtobesmall,low-power,andoperateusingbatteries

46. v)Privacy-PrivacyisacriticalconcernintheInternetofThings(IoT),asIoT
devicescollect,store,andtransmitlargeamountsofpersonaland
sensitiveinformation
Vi)Batterylife-Issuesinpackagingandintegrationofsmall-sizedchipwith
lowweightandlesspowerconsumption.Ifyou’vebeenfollowingthe
mobilespace,you’velikelyseehoweveryyritlookslikethere’sno
restrictionintermsofdisplayscreensize.
3.DeploymentchallengesinIoT:
i)Connectivity-Itistheforemostconcernwhileconnectingdevices,applications
and cloud platforms.
Connecteddevicesthatprovideusefulfrontandinformationareextremely
valuable.ButpoorconnectivitybecomesachallengewhereIoTsensorsare
requiredtomonitorprocessdataandsupplyinformation.
ii)Crossplatform-IoTapplicationsmustbedeveloped,keepinginmindthe
technological changes of the future.
Itsdevelopmentrequiresabalanceofhardwareandsoftwarefunctions.
iii)Integration-EnsuringthatIoTdevicesandsystemsintegrateseamlesslywith
existingtechnologyandinfrastructure.
iv)Cost-BalancingthecostofdeployingandmaintaininganIoTsystemwiththe
benefitsitdelivers.

47. vi)Datacollectionandprocessing-InIoTdevelopment,dataplaysan
importantrole.Whatismorecriticalhereistheprocessingorusefulness
ofstoreddata.Alongwithsecurityandprivacy,developmentteamsneed
toensurethattheyplanwellforthewaydataiscollected,storedor
processedwithinanenvironment.
vii)Devicemanagement-Efficientlymanagingandmaintainingthelarge
numberofIoTdevicesinadeployment.