IP Generation of Computers (1) (1) (1).pptx

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1. Generation of Computers Presented By Kabeer, Navya, Sidhant, Priyaansh , Aayush

2. There are five generations of computers:-  First Generation (1946 – 1955) Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Third Generation (1966 – 1975) Fourth Generation (1976 – 1985) Fifth Generation (1986 – onward)

3. First Generation Computers 1946 - 1955 ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator) was the first electronic digital computer. It uses about 18,000 vacuum tubes and magnetic tape. It was very large in size and produced a lot of heat. This was very hard read and write programs by every person.

4.       Advantages            Disadvantages They could perform thousands of calculations each second making it possible to decode messages in a few hours. They were expensive. Contained thousands of valves (vacuum tubes) making them unreliable. Memory was practically non-existent.

5. Computer Generations The Computer Generations The Second Generation (1956 to 1963)

6. Computer Generations Second Generation 1956-1963 The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.

7. Advantages  Uses less power and generates less heat. The speed of the second generation is faster as compared to the first generation. Second generation computers have improved accuracy and offer better portability. Disadvantages Programming is expressed in terms of individual processor instructions, rather than higher level logic. Low-level memory and hardware details must be manually managed which is often bug-prone . Computer Generations

8. Computer Generations The Computer Generations The Third Generation (1966 to 1975)

9. Computer Generations Third Generation 1966-1975 The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.  The integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor material, that contains thousands of transistors miniaturized in it. With the help of IC, the computer becomes more reliable, fast, required less maintenance, small in size, generates less heat, and is less expensive. It was developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby (American electrical engineer) of Texas Instruments in 1958.

10. Computer required less space due to the use of integrated circuits (IC). A single integrated circuit (IC) contains transistors, resistors, condensers, condensers, etc. on a piece of the silicon semiconductor substrate. In third generation computers, the punch cards were removed and the input was taken with the help of a mouse and keyboards. They have high storage capacity and give more accurate results, which helps to store and compute and calculate more precise operations. Disadvantages These computers still required air conditioning. To manufacture IC, highly sophisticated technology was required. Maintaining IC chips were difficult. Computer Generations Advantages

11. Computer Generations The Computer Generations The Fourth Generation (1976 to 1985)

12. Computer Generations 13 Fourth Generation 1976 – 1985 The period of fourth generation was from 1976-1985. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI and LSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. VLSI short for Very Large-Scale Integration, and LSI stands for Large Scale Integration.

13. Advantages The size of fourth-generation computers decreased because of the high density of components. They are more reliable, and the heat generation of these computers was negligible. The Fourth-generation computers were inexpensive and portable as compared to previous versions . These computers need minimum maintenance. In this generation of computers, all kinds of High-level languages can be used. Disadvantages The manufacturing of VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) Chip was needed very advanced technology. One of the other limitations of these computers; they were highly sophisticated. They required a fan for cooling the system . Also, the manufacturing of Microprocessors needed high technical knowledge. The fabrication of ICs can be made by high quality and reliable system or technology . Computer Generations 14

14. Computer Generations Fifth Generation Computers (1986 - onward)

15. Computer Generations 5th Generation (1986 – onward) VLSI technology was replaced by Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology. Helped to develop very small but extremely powerful and fast computers known as Robots. The 5 th generation computers are under AI. Idea was introduced by Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1982.

16. Fifth Generation Languages (abbreviated as 5GL) Computer Generations Fifth generation languages are currently being used for neural networks. A neural network is a form of artificial intelligence that attempts to imitate how the human mind works.

17. Advantages Disadvantages More reliable and work faster. Available in diff. sizes and features and diff. affordable prices. Wireless hence easily portable and have extra high processing speed. These computers have their own brain so they can harm the humanity.

18. Thank You Computer Generations