Issues and Option for Managing Challenges of Urban Sprawl in Indian
JITKUMARGUPTA
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Sep 03, 2025
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About This Presentation
Urban sprawl invariably presents significant challenges to the planned development ; sustainable urban growth and preservation of natural environments. Managing urban sprawl , effectively and efficiently, demands innovative options and practical solutions, based on prevailing ground realit...
Slide Content
Issues and Option for Managing Curse of Urban
Sprawl in Indian
Jit Kumar Gupta
[email protected]
Introduction;
Globally, most qualitative and livable recognized cities, are known to have distinct
qualifications which revolve around three basic parameters involving; economic
efficiency, social vibrancy and environment sustainability. However, majority of existing
cities remain economically inefficient, socially disintegrated and physically fragmented.
These cities continue to face the challenges of irrational growth and unplanned
development. Genesis of such irrational growth and development generally has roots
in the melting of the cities, due to uncontrolled urban sprawl. Urban sprawl, the
uncontrolled expansion of defined urban areas, into surrounding rural landscapes, is a
global phenomenon, embedded with numerous physical, economic, environmental and
social implications. Urban sprawl, as an issue, is generally have genesis in the complex
interplay of numerous factors, involving economic forces , demographic shifts,
transportation policies, individual preferences, human greed, poor governance and lack
of will to enforce development regulations.
As cities continue to expand and grow outwards, beyond the statutory defined urban
limits, they are known to consume large amounts of rural land, fragment natural
habitats, increase reliance on automobiles, and exhibit physical/ social inequalities.
Urban sprawl, by its very nature, physical and social characteristics, is embedded with
both dualities and contradictions, creating numerous problems and challenges for the
rational growth and development of the mother city. For developing effective options
and strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of urban sprawl and create more
sustainable and equitable urban environment, it will always be critical and valuable, to
understand the genesis/ causes/forces and reasons which are responsible for
promoting continued urban sprawl.
Led by irrational pattern of urban planning, uncontrolled migration, rapid growth of
population, unregulated use of land, uncontrolled and unregulated freedom of
development coupled with absence of regulatory controls beyond urban limits etc.,
have been reckoned to be cumulatively responsible for promoting urban sprawl. Known
as urban encroachment or suburban sprawl, this expanded typology of urban growth
has genesis in rising population, rising income and rising land values with families
wanting a yard and space to play close to nature. Based on the old real estate saying,
“Drive ’till you qualify’, cities are expanding beyond its boundaries.
Sprawl in Indian
Jit Kumar Gupta
[email protected]
Introduction;
Globally, most qualitative and livable recognized cities, are known to have distinct
qualifications which revolve around three basic parameters involving; economic
efficiency, social vibrancy and environment sustainability. However, majority of existing
cities remain economically inefficient, socially disintegrated and physically fragmented.
These cities continue to face the challenges of irrational growth and unplanned
development. Genesis of such irrational growth and development generally has roots
in the melting of the cities, due to uncontrolled urban sprawl. Urban sprawl, the
uncontrolled expansion of defined urban areas, into surrounding rural landscapes, is a
global phenomenon, embedded with numerous physical, economic, environmental and
social implications. Urban sprawl, as an issue, is generally have genesis in the complex
interplay of numerous factors, involving economic forces , demographic shifts,
transportation policies, individual preferences, human greed, poor governance and lack
of will to enforce development regulations.
As cities continue to expand and grow outwards, beyond the statutory defined urban
limits, they are known to consume large amounts of rural land, fragment natural
habitats, increase reliance on automobiles, and exhibit physical/ social inequalities.
Urban sprawl, by its very nature, physical and social characteristics, is embedded with
both dualities and contradictions, creating numerous problems and challenges for the
rational growth and development of the mother city. For developing effective options
and strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of urban sprawl and create more
sustainable and equitable urban environment, it will always be critical and valuable, to
understand the genesis/ causes/forces and reasons which are responsible for
promoting continued urban sprawl.
Led by irrational pattern of urban planning, uncontrolled migration, rapid growth of
population, unregulated use of land, uncontrolled and unregulated freedom of
development coupled with absence of regulatory controls beyond urban limits etc.,
have been reckoned to be cumulatively responsible for promoting urban sprawl. Known
as urban encroachment or suburban sprawl, this expanded typology of urban growth
has genesis in rising population, rising income and rising land values with families
wanting a yard and space to play close to nature. Based on the old real estate saying,
“Drive ’till you qualify’, cities are expanding beyond its boundaries.
Reasons for uncontrolled development beyond urban limits, vary globally from nations
to nations and cities to cities. In case of developed nations, urban sprawl is generally
the out come of prosperity, wish to move away from the urban congestion and create a
living space close to nature, having large built-up area and large open space. In case of
developing economies, peri-urban growth has genesis in, searching cheaper rural land
on the fringe of urban settlements, enjoying all benefits of urban areas/ services by
staying close to urban limits, without being subjected to urban regulations, avoiding
stringent urban developmental framework, avoiding fees and levies, taxes charged by
urban local bodies and freedom to construct buildings without following any defined
norms
Image; Urban Sprawl ; Source; globalurbansprawl.weebly.com
It needs to be understood and appreciated that, uncontrolled growth comes at a cost,
involving , haphazard and unplanned growth , misuse and abuse of rural land, induction
of large number of mechanized vehicles and extended urban
infrastructures/amenities/services, besides increased environmental problems. Urban
sprawl also has economic implications, where considerable proportion of household
income is consumed by car-led mobility. Accordingly, urban sprawl has emerged as a
major issue and challenge for the sustainability, social vibrancy and structural fabric
of core cities and urban communities, for the reasons that all suburban development
rely on core city, for employment, infrastructure, services, healthcare, education, leisure
etc., but without paying /supporting cities with prescribed taxes, levies and fees. The
stresses and strains caused by unplanned and uncontrolled development in the
extended urban limits, are known to not only adversely impact the operational
to nations and cities to cities. In case of developed nations, urban sprawl is generally
the out come of prosperity, wish to move away from the urban congestion and create a
living space close to nature, having large built-up area and large open space. In case of
developing economies, peri-urban growth has genesis in, searching cheaper rural land
on the fringe of urban settlements, enjoying all benefits of urban areas/ services by
staying close to urban limits, without being subjected to urban regulations, avoiding
stringent urban developmental framework, avoiding fees and levies, taxes charged by
urban local bodies and freedom to construct buildings without following any defined
norms
Image; Urban Sprawl ; Source; globalurbansprawl.weebly.com
It needs to be understood and appreciated that, uncontrolled growth comes at a cost,
involving , haphazard and unplanned growth , misuse and abuse of rural land, induction
of large number of mechanized vehicles and extended urban
infrastructures/amenities/services, besides increased environmental problems. Urban
sprawl also has economic implications, where considerable proportion of household
income is consumed by car-led mobility. Accordingly, urban sprawl has emerged as a
major issue and challenge for the sustainability, social vibrancy and structural fabric
of core cities and urban communities, for the reasons that all suburban development
rely on core city, for employment, infrastructure, services, healthcare, education, leisure
etc., but without paying /supporting cities with prescribed taxes, levies and fees. The
stresses and strains caused by unplanned and uncontrolled development in the
extended urban limits, are known to not only adversely impact the operational
efficiency of the cities but also weaken the economic base and threaten the quality of
life within the existing cities.
For years, scientists have argued that sprawling urban and suburban development
patterns are creating negative impacts including habitat fragmentation, water and air
pollution, increased infrastructure costs, inequality, and social homogeneity (Ewing
1997; Squires 2002). Despite growing awareness of its negativities, physical
dimensions and human contents of cities are on the rise and accordingly urban sprawl
continues to be a major threat and challenge for the sustainability of the cities
worldwide. Looking at the problem and potential of urban sprawl, critically and
objectively, it can be concluded that ever increasing prices of urban land, increasing
demand for affordable housing, rapid rural-urban migration, changing demographics,
opening of the periphery for urban development and pursuit of profits by developers,
remain at the core of urban sprawl. In addition, increasing culture of remote work,
fuelled by technological advancements and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic,
has also contributed to the urban sprawl .
The moot question, whether urban sprawl has roots in the prevailing economic and
demographic trends, remains a subject of both academic and public debate. Looking
holistically, it has been observed that one of the prime reasons for such a sprawl
could be attributed to prevailing market forces, in which people, with more disposable
income seeking larger homes and more land, are driving outward expansion. But it has
also been realized that urban sprawl can also be easily mitigated/controlled by
putting in place effective and efficient urban development policy options, which lead to
increasing urban density, opting for mixed-use development and making investments
in public transportation. But, looking at the context, future of urban sprawl will largely
be community-led; depending on the choices people make for living and working. If
urbanites continue to prioritize car-led infrastructure and; sprawling development
pattern; avoid paying municipal taxes/fee/charges and remain free from urban
developmental framework, then there exists little chance to control and manage sprawl.
However, if urban policies are dictated by sustainable urban planning principles,
involving making cities compact, making neighborhoods walkable and having efficient
public transportation systems, besides treating peri-urban development at par with
urban development for all intent and purposes and embedding checks and balances to
de-incentivize peri-urban growth, surely, we have better future, chances and
opportunities of controlling the unplanned, haphazard and low density peri-urban
growth and development of the cities.
life within the existing cities.
For years, scientists have argued that sprawling urban and suburban development
patterns are creating negative impacts including habitat fragmentation, water and air
pollution, increased infrastructure costs, inequality, and social homogeneity (Ewing
1997; Squires 2002). Despite growing awareness of its negativities, physical
dimensions and human contents of cities are on the rise and accordingly urban sprawl
continues to be a major threat and challenge for the sustainability of the cities
worldwide. Looking at the problem and potential of urban sprawl, critically and
objectively, it can be concluded that ever increasing prices of urban land, increasing
demand for affordable housing, rapid rural-urban migration, changing demographics,
opening of the periphery for urban development and pursuit of profits by developers,
remain at the core of urban sprawl. In addition, increasing culture of remote work,
fuelled by technological advancements and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic,
has also contributed to the urban sprawl .
The moot question, whether urban sprawl has roots in the prevailing economic and
demographic trends, remains a subject of both academic and public debate. Looking
holistically, it has been observed that one of the prime reasons for such a sprawl
could be attributed to prevailing market forces, in which people, with more disposable
income seeking larger homes and more land, are driving outward expansion. But it has
also been realized that urban sprawl can also be easily mitigated/controlled by
putting in place effective and efficient urban development policy options, which lead to
increasing urban density, opting for mixed-use development and making investments
in public transportation. But, looking at the context, future of urban sprawl will largely
be community-led; depending on the choices people make for living and working. If
urbanites continue to prioritize car-led infrastructure and; sprawling development
pattern; avoid paying municipal taxes/fee/charges and remain free from urban
developmental framework, then there exists little chance to control and manage sprawl.
However, if urban policies are dictated by sustainable urban planning principles,
involving making cities compact, making neighborhoods walkable and having efficient
public transportation systems, besides treating peri-urban development at par with
urban development for all intent and purposes and embedding checks and balances to
de-incentivize peri-urban growth, surely, we have better future, chances and
opportunities of controlling the unplanned, haphazard and low density peri-urban
growth and development of the cities.
Image; Urban Sprawl Mumbai; Source , www.youtube.co
Defining Urban Sprawl
Looking at the context, complexity, numerous connotation and implications in terms of ;
typology / pattern of urban growth & development ; prevailing population density, urban
land utilisation, provision of infrastructures, services & amenities, quality of life, impact
on environment, ecology etc, urban sprawl has been defined differently and distinctly by
numerous scholars, researchers, institutions and organisations as under;
Urban sprawl has been defined as the uncontained spread of urbanized areas
into undeveloped land and greenspaces, which is recognized by its pattern of
development or street patterns that may be inconsistent with the pattern of city
growth.
Urban sprawl refers to a pattern of low-density, often poorly-planned
development stretching away from an urban centre. (Tree huggers)
Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas, into
rural and natural spaces, characterized by low-density residential development
and increased reliance on vehicles for transportation
Urban sprawl — a complex phenomenon, completely reversing the often-seen
rural migrations to more urban areas, missing four key elements of a healthy
community, including; lack of town centers, disconnected shopping, jobs,
recreation and homes. With low population density and streets not well
connected, makes it hard to walk and bike from place to place. (Ted Knowlton)
Urban Sprawl is generally typified as low-density, haphazard development
spiraling outward from urban centers (Burchell et al. 1998).
Above definitions explicitly explain the basic elements and the characteristics of the
urban sprawl which include; uncontrolled and unplanned expansion/spread of urban
Defining Urban Sprawl
Looking at the context, complexity, numerous connotation and implications in terms of ;
typology / pattern of urban growth & development ; prevailing population density, urban
land utilisation, provision of infrastructures, services & amenities, quality of life, impact
on environment, ecology etc, urban sprawl has been defined differently and distinctly by
numerous scholars, researchers, institutions and organisations as under;
Urban sprawl has been defined as the uncontained spread of urbanized areas
into undeveloped land and greenspaces, which is recognized by its pattern of
development or street patterns that may be inconsistent with the pattern of city
growth.
Urban sprawl refers to a pattern of low-density, often poorly-planned
development stretching away from an urban centre. (Tree huggers)
Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas, into
rural and natural spaces, characterized by low-density residential development
and increased reliance on vehicles for transportation
Urban sprawl — a complex phenomenon, completely reversing the often-seen
rural migrations to more urban areas, missing four key elements of a healthy
community, including; lack of town centers, disconnected shopping, jobs,
recreation and homes. With low population density and streets not well
connected, makes it hard to walk and bike from place to place. (Ted Knowlton)
Urban Sprawl is generally typified as low-density, haphazard development
spiraling outward from urban centers (Burchell et al. 1998).
Above definitions explicitly explain the basic elements and the characteristics of the
urban sprawl which include; uncontrolled and unplanned expansion/spread of urban
areas into undeveloped land and greenspaces; low-density and often poorly-planned
development; increased reliance on vehicles for transportation; disconnected shopping,
non- availability of jobs, recreation; haphazard development spiraling outward from
urban centers etc.Look, critically and objectively, at the basic elements/characteristics,
it can be safely and surely concluded that Urban sprawl is embedded with all kinds of
physical, social, economic and environmental infirmities and negativities, which go
against all set/defined norms and standards for planned and sustainable development
of urban areas. Accordingly, urban sprawl, as a process and phenomenon, needs
critical and objective study, to understand its implications/challenges for the rational
growth and sustainable development of urban settlements and evolve appropriate
options to mitigate them and make urban development more sustainable, qualitative,
liveable and productive.
Image; Urban Sprawl Delhi; Source , www.youtube.com
Factors Promoting Urban Sprawl
Globally, numerous studies made and researches carried out, have revealed that
majority of urban settlements are suffering from the malice of urban sprawl. Studies
have also concluded that, physical extent and footprints of such sprawl remain
positively related to the size of the mother city. Metropolises are known to have large
fringe area under urban sprawl when compared with small towns. However, large
number of small towns ,having location in close proximity to the larger towns, are also
experiencing rapid growth and expansion outside defined urban limits. Looking
holistically, it can be concluded that urban sprawl is the result of a complex set of
interrelated socio-economic and cultural forces. Phenomenon is largely driven by a
combination of demographic, social, economic, pollical, physical, cultural factors. Few
development; increased reliance on vehicles for transportation; disconnected shopping,
non- availability of jobs, recreation; haphazard development spiraling outward from
urban centers etc.Look, critically and objectively, at the basic elements/characteristics,
it can be safely and surely concluded that Urban sprawl is embedded with all kinds of
physical, social, economic and environmental infirmities and negativities, which go
against all set/defined norms and standards for planned and sustainable development
of urban areas. Accordingly, urban sprawl, as a process and phenomenon, needs
critical and objective study, to understand its implications/challenges for the rational
growth and sustainable development of urban settlements and evolve appropriate
options to mitigate them and make urban development more sustainable, qualitative,
liveable and productive.
Image; Urban Sprawl Delhi; Source , www.youtube.com
Factors Promoting Urban Sprawl
Globally, numerous studies made and researches carried out, have revealed that
majority of urban settlements are suffering from the malice of urban sprawl. Studies
have also concluded that, physical extent and footprints of such sprawl remain
positively related to the size of the mother city. Metropolises are known to have large
fringe area under urban sprawl when compared with small towns. However, large
number of small towns ,having location in close proximity to the larger towns, are also
experiencing rapid growth and expansion outside defined urban limits. Looking
holistically, it can be concluded that urban sprawl is the result of a complex set of
interrelated socio-economic and cultural forces. Phenomenon is largely driven by a
combination of demographic, social, economic, pollical, physical, cultural factors. Few
of the critical factors, propelling physical spread and urban sprawl, in majority of urban
settlements, can be defined in terms of;
Rapid Population and Demographic Changes ; The most visible cause of
urban sprawl can be attributed to; rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation, increase
in urban population growth, ever changing household sizes/structure and ever-
increasing numbers of aging population. All these factors, individually and
cumulatively , exert pressure on the existing urban areas/infrastructures. With
large number of people opting for urban living and making cities as their areas
of operation and preferred destination, demand for housing, built space,
infrastructure, amenities and services in urban areas is growing rapidly. If this
demand isn't , adequately, appropriately and timely met, within the
existing/defined urban footprints, the city has a tendency to expand outwards,
encroaching on surrounding rural areas. In addition, it has also been observed
that, even in cities, which recorded decline in population due to out-migration,
phenomenon of urban sprawl also continued to plague these urban settlements.
All this can be attributed to, people having resources, wanting to move away
from complexities and negativities of urban centers ,for seeking better economic
opportunities and qualitative living elsewhere, leaving behind vacant properties
and a shrinking tax base, which invariably leads to disinvestment in public
services and infrastructure, making the remaining urban areas less attractive,
encouraging further outward migration.
Image ; Rapid Population Growth in India; Source;www.tes.com
Unaffordable Cost of Urban Land; Holding merely 2.42% global land for
accommodating 17.78% of global population, has made urban land in the Indian
context most precious, scarce and valuable. Ever widening gap between demand
and supply of built space besides addition of large volume of trade and
commerce in urban context, has further increased the price of urban land, when
compared with cost of land having location on the fringe of urban India. Within the
settlements, can be defined in terms of;
Rapid Population and Demographic Changes ; The most visible cause of
urban sprawl can be attributed to; rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation, increase
in urban population growth, ever changing household sizes/structure and ever-
increasing numbers of aging population. All these factors, individually and
cumulatively , exert pressure on the existing urban areas/infrastructures. With
large number of people opting for urban living and making cities as their areas
of operation and preferred destination, demand for housing, built space,
infrastructure, amenities and services in urban areas is growing rapidly. If this
demand isn't , adequately, appropriately and timely met, within the
existing/defined urban footprints, the city has a tendency to expand outwards,
encroaching on surrounding rural areas. In addition, it has also been observed
that, even in cities, which recorded decline in population due to out-migration,
phenomenon of urban sprawl also continued to plague these urban settlements.
All this can be attributed to, people having resources, wanting to move away
from complexities and negativities of urban centers ,for seeking better economic
opportunities and qualitative living elsewhere, leaving behind vacant properties
and a shrinking tax base, which invariably leads to disinvestment in public
services and infrastructure, making the remaining urban areas less attractive,
encouraging further outward migration.
Image ; Rapid Population Growth in India; Source;www.tes.com
Unaffordable Cost of Urban Land; Holding merely 2.42% global land for
accommodating 17.78% of global population, has made urban land in the Indian
context most precious, scarce and valuable. Ever widening gap between demand
and supply of built space besides addition of large volume of trade and
commerce in urban context, has further increased the price of urban land, when
compared with cost of land having location on the fringe of urban India. Within the
urban settlements large variations in land values have been observed based on
location, accessibility and use to which land is put. Generally price of urban land
has been found to be inversely related to its distance from the core of the urban
centers. With increase in physical distance from the core , land prices in the city
goes on decreasing. Accordingly, price of land on urban fringes invariably
remains discounted when compared with the price land in the core areas
commands. Prevailing differences in urban and rural land prices , coupled with
advantage of availability of larger chunks of land for development and freedom
from stringent urban controls/regulations, remain most critical offering greatest
incentive, for majority of people, to opt for the fringe area living/working, driving
outward expansion. Conclusively, prevailing land values is often considered the
chief driver of development patterns Sprawl tends to occur where property
values are lower on the periphery of urban centers (Pendall, 1999). Economists
identify three underlying forces that interact with land values to create spatial
urban expansion or urban sprawl. First, population growth results in the outward
expansion of urban areas (sometime population decline also can be a precursor
to sprawl). Second, rising incomes allow residents to purchase larger living
space. These residents locate where housing options are less expensive, in
suburban and ex-urban areas generally located at the outskirts of metropolitan
areas (Carruthers & Ulfarsson 2002). Third, decreasing commuting costs
produced by historical investments in transportation infrastructure also fuel
outward expansion of development (Brueckner, 2000). Creating infrastructure,
invariably helps driving the growth of cities by providing the essential framework
for residential development. After new development takes place, residents
demand improvements in infrastructure that further ignites development along
the urban fringes. Widespread access, provided by improvements in
transportation infrastructure and relatively inexpensive gas prices, allows
developers to utilize cheap land located outside the city center (Gillham, 2002).
The economic incentives made available to the landowners and developers,
permitting them to develop colonies in the peri-urban remains critical, for
promoting urban sprawl, because such a development helps developers/
builders, to maximize profits by developing cheaper land on the urban fringe.
Growing Prosperity; Relationship between growth/surplus income and urban
sprawl remains complex and multifaceted. Size of dwellings and income of
individuals, always remain positively related. Accordingly, rise in individual/family
income, invariably leads to increased demand for bigger homes, more living
areas and larger open space. Considering the existing urban fabric/structure,
prevailing high population density and concentration of traditional trade and
commerce, urban core of existing cities invariably remains highly crowded and
congested, providing limited opportunity of sourcing vacant spaces. Only option
for sourcing larger land parcels available to an individual; is outside the defined
location, accessibility and use to which land is put. Generally price of urban land
has been found to be inversely related to its distance from the core of the urban
centers. With increase in physical distance from the core , land prices in the city
goes on decreasing. Accordingly, price of land on urban fringes invariably
remains discounted when compared with the price land in the core areas
commands. Prevailing differences in urban and rural land prices , coupled with
advantage of availability of larger chunks of land for development and freedom
from stringent urban controls/regulations, remain most critical offering greatest
incentive, for majority of people, to opt for the fringe area living/working, driving
outward expansion. Conclusively, prevailing land values is often considered the
chief driver of development patterns Sprawl tends to occur where property
values are lower on the periphery of urban centers (Pendall, 1999). Economists
identify three underlying forces that interact with land values to create spatial
urban expansion or urban sprawl. First, population growth results in the outward
expansion of urban areas (sometime population decline also can be a precursor
to sprawl). Second, rising incomes allow residents to purchase larger living
space. These residents locate where housing options are less expensive, in
suburban and ex-urban areas generally located at the outskirts of metropolitan
areas (Carruthers & Ulfarsson 2002). Third, decreasing commuting costs
produced by historical investments in transportation infrastructure also fuel
outward expansion of development (Brueckner, 2000). Creating infrastructure,
invariably helps driving the growth of cities by providing the essential framework
for residential development. After new development takes place, residents
demand improvements in infrastructure that further ignites development along
the urban fringes. Widespread access, provided by improvements in
transportation infrastructure and relatively inexpensive gas prices, allows
developers to utilize cheap land located outside the city center (Gillham, 2002).
The economic incentives made available to the landowners and developers,
permitting them to develop colonies in the peri-urban remains critical, for
promoting urban sprawl, because such a development helps developers/
builders, to maximize profits by developing cheaper land on the urban fringe.
Growing Prosperity; Relationship between growth/surplus income and urban
sprawl remains complex and multifaceted. Size of dwellings and income of
individuals, always remain positively related. Accordingly, rise in individual/family
income, invariably leads to increased demand for bigger homes, more living
areas and larger open space. Considering the existing urban fabric/structure,
prevailing high population density and concentration of traditional trade and
commerce, urban core of existing cities invariably remains highly crowded and
congested, providing limited opportunity of sourcing vacant spaces. Only option
for sourcing larger land parcels available to an individual; is outside the defined
urban limits. Availability of large chunks of land, at affordable price becomes the
prime reason for physical movement of such people from core to urban fringes.
Moving to urban fringes invariably leads to outgrowth and urban sprawl.
Consumer/ Individual preferences for suburban lifestyles, driven by factors like
privacy, safety, and access to green spaces, has largely contributed to the
demand for urban sprawl-induced development patterns.
Increased Mechanised Mobility ; Size, structure and fabric of urban
settlements are currently dictated by ease of urban mobility and available
means of transportation. Slower and non-mechanised mode of travel,
invariably makes human settlements small and compact, whereas faster and
quicker means of travel, help cities expand horizontally, both in size and area.
Globally, size and shape of cities have undergone evolutionary changes, since
the advent and induction of automobiles in urban context. Rise of the automobile
culture has been one of the major catalysts for urban sprawl. Widespread car
ownership, largely facilitated by low car prices, higher production of vehicles
and ease of financing, have cumulatively led to increased car ownership in
urban setting. As car ownership became increasingly common in urban areas,
people gained unprecedented freedom of mobility. Availability of numerous
options of faster mobility between place of residence and work places,
dependence on automobiles for transportation, led by large car ownership, has
facilitated/accelerated urban sprawl, making it easier for the people to live
further away from urban centers and commute long distances, between home
and work place, in a limited time span. Diluting and marginalizing home-work
relationship, has ultimately led to the urban sprawl, making cities outgrow its
defined boundaries.
Rapid Technological Advancements; Advances made in the domain of
transportation and communication technologies, involving internet and
smartphones, have made it easier for; people to work and access services
remotely , reducing the perceived need to live in close proximity to urban
centers. Distorting relationship between place of work and place of residence,
technology has led to/ accelerated expansion of the cities beyond defined urban
limits; promoting urban development across the municipal boundaries.
Marginalised Affordable Housing; Considering high land cost prevailing in
urban area and limited availability of such land, cost of housing in urban
context have been reckoned to be beyond the affordability level of majority of
urban residents. Lack of adequate opportunities and availability of limited
options of creating affordable housing within the urban areas invariably lead to
creating perpetual shortage of such housing in urban context. Ever increasing
gap between demand and supply of affordable housing, led by increase in urban
population , rapid rural-urban migration and prevailing high prices of urban
housing ,have been reckoned to be the major factors for pushing lower-income
prime reason for physical movement of such people from core to urban fringes.
Moving to urban fringes invariably leads to outgrowth and urban sprawl.
Consumer/ Individual preferences for suburban lifestyles, driven by factors like
privacy, safety, and access to green spaces, has largely contributed to the
demand for urban sprawl-induced development patterns.
Increased Mechanised Mobility ; Size, structure and fabric of urban
settlements are currently dictated by ease of urban mobility and available
means of transportation. Slower and non-mechanised mode of travel,
invariably makes human settlements small and compact, whereas faster and
quicker means of travel, help cities expand horizontally, both in size and area.
Globally, size and shape of cities have undergone evolutionary changes, since
the advent and induction of automobiles in urban context. Rise of the automobile
culture has been one of the major catalysts for urban sprawl. Widespread car
ownership, largely facilitated by low car prices, higher production of vehicles
and ease of financing, have cumulatively led to increased car ownership in
urban setting. As car ownership became increasingly common in urban areas,
people gained unprecedented freedom of mobility. Availability of numerous
options of faster mobility between place of residence and work places,
dependence on automobiles for transportation, led by large car ownership, has
facilitated/accelerated urban sprawl, making it easier for the people to live
further away from urban centers and commute long distances, between home
and work place, in a limited time span. Diluting and marginalizing home-work
relationship, has ultimately led to the urban sprawl, making cities outgrow its
defined boundaries.
Rapid Technological Advancements; Advances made in the domain of
transportation and communication technologies, involving internet and
smartphones, have made it easier for; people to work and access services
remotely , reducing the perceived need to live in close proximity to urban
centers. Distorting relationship between place of work and place of residence,
technology has led to/ accelerated expansion of the cities beyond defined urban
limits; promoting urban development across the municipal boundaries.
Marginalised Affordable Housing; Considering high land cost prevailing in
urban area and limited availability of such land, cost of housing in urban
context have been reckoned to be beyond the affordability level of majority of
urban residents. Lack of adequate opportunities and availability of limited
options of creating affordable housing within the urban areas invariably lead to
creating perpetual shortage of such housing in urban context. Ever increasing
gap between demand and supply of affordable housing, led by increase in urban
population , rapid rural-urban migration and prevailing high prices of urban
housing ,have been reckoned to be the major factors for pushing lower-income
residents to seek more affordable housing in suburban areas, further contributing
to urban sprawl.
Image ; Affordable Housing; Source; ar.inspiredpencil.com
Fragmented Governance Structure ; Existence of fragmented governance
structures, with different institutions and development controls involved, in the
land falling within and outside the municipal limits, have been reckoned to be
largely responsible for urban sprawl. In the existing administrative structure,
area falling within municipal limits is governed by designated urban local
bodies, prescribed municipal bye-laws and master plans/zonal plans prepared
for the urban areas. Whereas , land falling outside the urban limits , designated
as rural, is governed by the Panchayats of the village in which the area falls. In
the absence of any planning and development framework, building bye-laws,
master plans/development plans and technical manpower, these peri-urban
rural areas are subjected to both haphazard and unplanned development. Led
by un-coordinated planning decisions that prioritize short-term gains over long-
term sustainability, duly supported by absence of stringent development norms
& charges levied for municipal services/amenities, absence of property tax and
absence of regulatory and developmental controls, area beyond urban limits,
remains a preferred choice for people to freely build and construct, has led to
rapid urban sprawl of urban centers in India.
Irrational Change of Land use; Prevailing tends of liberal granting of change of
land-use, for setting up large professional/academic institutions, industries/
industrial townships in the rural hinterland, without assessing, evaluating and
understanding their impact on growth and development of the surrounding
land/settlements besides providing economic incentives in terms of granting tax
rebates and defining liberal land-use regulations, has cumulatively
encouraged/accelerated the conversion of raw agricultural and undeveloped
to urban sprawl.
Image ; Affordable Housing; Source; ar.inspiredpencil.com
Fragmented Governance Structure ; Existence of fragmented governance
structures, with different institutions and development controls involved, in the
land falling within and outside the municipal limits, have been reckoned to be
largely responsible for urban sprawl. In the existing administrative structure,
area falling within municipal limits is governed by designated urban local
bodies, prescribed municipal bye-laws and master plans/zonal plans prepared
for the urban areas. Whereas , land falling outside the urban limits , designated
as rural, is governed by the Panchayats of the village in which the area falls. In
the absence of any planning and development framework, building bye-laws,
master plans/development plans and technical manpower, these peri-urban
rural areas are subjected to both haphazard and unplanned development. Led
by un-coordinated planning decisions that prioritize short-term gains over long-
term sustainability, duly supported by absence of stringent development norms
& charges levied for municipal services/amenities, absence of property tax and
absence of regulatory and developmental controls, area beyond urban limits,
remains a preferred choice for people to freely build and construct, has led to
rapid urban sprawl of urban centers in India.
Irrational Change of Land use; Prevailing tends of liberal granting of change of
land-use, for setting up large professional/academic institutions, industries/
industrial townships in the rural hinterland, without assessing, evaluating and
understanding their impact on growth and development of the surrounding
land/settlements besides providing economic incentives in terms of granting tax
rebates and defining liberal land-use regulations, has cumulatively
encouraged/accelerated the conversion of raw agricultural and undeveloped
land on the urban fringes into commercial and residential projects, which have
emerged as the prime factors, accelerating and extending urban sprawl.
Youth -led; Age has also been considered an important factor in determining
the spatial pattern of urban development. Younger families, separated from joint
families, seeking employment in metropolitan areas, are known to promote
urban sprawl by seeking economical options of affordable housing in the
urban fringe (Zhang, 2001)
Land owners/Developers Nexus; Landowners on the outskirts of urban
areas often see the potential for significant financial gains by selling their land for
development. Similarly, developers are drawn to these areas by the lower cost
of land and the potential for making high profits from constructing large-scale,
low-density housing projects. The convergence of these economic interests
creates a powerful force for driving urban sprawl.
Characteristics of Urban Sprawl; Urban sprawl ,known for its very peculiar context,
contents, structure and fabric, comes with a variety of positive and negative
consequences for the growth and development of the core city. Urban sprawl has
generally been recognised as the root cause of majority of physical, social, economic
environmental and climate problems/challenges, faced by urban areas. Looking at its
nature and pattern of the growth and development, urban sprawl has been described
differently and distinctly by various researchers and scholars, ranging from
development aesthetics to local street patterns (Galster et al., 2001). While there exists
no universally accepted form of urban sprawl , still several common characteristics
can be identified to define such pattern of development. These common characteristics
include;
Unplanned and Haphazard Development; In the absence of any statutory
regulatory authority, defined planning framework, non-availability of trained
technical manpower and building/zoning regulations, pattern of development in
the urban sprawl remains largely unplanned and haphazard.
Low-density Development; Known to be preferred destination for housing
people opting for more built area and large open space, the urban sprawl is
invariably distinguished by a low density development, due to large area under
individual housing. Prevailing low price of land also remains the basic reason of
density being on the lower side in the urban sprawl.
Vehicular-led Mobility; . Spread out pattern of development invariably
increases distances between pace of living and place of work along with trip
length and number of trips, necessitating the use/ reliance on automobiles for
mobility. Absence of modes of mass transportation also leads to use of
mechanized and fossil fuel based travel , even for local trips. Thus, urban
emerged as the prime factors, accelerating and extending urban sprawl.
Youth -led; Age has also been considered an important factor in determining
the spatial pattern of urban development. Younger families, separated from joint
families, seeking employment in metropolitan areas, are known to promote
urban sprawl by seeking economical options of affordable housing in the
urban fringe (Zhang, 2001)
Land owners/Developers Nexus; Landowners on the outskirts of urban
areas often see the potential for significant financial gains by selling their land for
development. Similarly, developers are drawn to these areas by the lower cost
of land and the potential for making high profits from constructing large-scale,
low-density housing projects. The convergence of these economic interests
creates a powerful force for driving urban sprawl.
Characteristics of Urban Sprawl; Urban sprawl ,known for its very peculiar context,
contents, structure and fabric, comes with a variety of positive and negative
consequences for the growth and development of the core city. Urban sprawl has
generally been recognised as the root cause of majority of physical, social, economic
environmental and climate problems/challenges, faced by urban areas. Looking at its
nature and pattern of the growth and development, urban sprawl has been described
differently and distinctly by various researchers and scholars, ranging from
development aesthetics to local street patterns (Galster et al., 2001). While there exists
no universally accepted form of urban sprawl , still several common characteristics
can be identified to define such pattern of development. These common characteristics
include;
Unplanned and Haphazard Development; In the absence of any statutory
regulatory authority, defined planning framework, non-availability of trained
technical manpower and building/zoning regulations, pattern of development in
the urban sprawl remains largely unplanned and haphazard.
Low-density Development; Known to be preferred destination for housing
people opting for more built area and large open space, the urban sprawl is
invariably distinguished by a low density development, due to large area under
individual housing. Prevailing low price of land also remains the basic reason of
density being on the lower side in the urban sprawl.
Vehicular-led Mobility; . Spread out pattern of development invariably
increases distances between pace of living and place of work along with trip
length and number of trips, necessitating the use/ reliance on automobiles for
mobility. Absence of modes of mass transportation also leads to use of
mechanized and fossil fuel based travel , even for local trips. Thus, urban
sprawl is invariably characterized by the presence large number of vehicles and
vehicular movement.
Marginalised land Resource land; Having low density and spread out
development, urban sprawl invariably leads to misuse , abuse and
marginalization of precious land resource. Because of haphazard and unplanned
development, large tracts of land in the urban sprawl remain under-utilised or
vacant.
Leapfrogged patterns of development. Led by the dispersed pattern of
development, urban sprawl, generally leads to the development of land parcels
situated farther away in the countryside, over the vacant land parcels available
adjacent to existing development.(Torrens & Alberti 2000). This growth pattern
invariably leads to leapfrogging and development in the fringe areas, which not
only increases the length and breadth of urban sprawl, but also consumes
large amount of land , characterised by haphazard development.
Diluted distinction between urban and rural areas; Having location on the
fringe of cities, sprawling residential/commercial/industrial development,
extending outward from urban center, invariably tends to blur the division
between urban and rural areas (Heimlich & Anderson, 2001). Diluting the
difference between urban and rural areas, urban sprawl is often associated
with marginalising agricultural land, lying on urban fringes, by promoting
encroachment upon such precious agricultural land.
Absence of Urban infrastructure ; Absence of statutory regulatory
mechanism, limited availability of resources with the rural panchayats and
absence of any local area planning and development framework, are factors
known for absence of basic amenities and services of water supply, sewerage
and sanitation in the urban fringes. Accordingly, residents located in the urban
sprawl have to make provision for these basic amenities at the personal /
individual level leading to increased cost of living. In the absence of any system
related to disposal of storm water, waste water and sullage; area under urban
sprawl remains largely polluted. Quality of life also remains marginalised/
adversely impacted for the residents of urban sprawl.
Impact of Urban Sprawl.
Urban sprawl, as an off-shoot of urban development, has numerous adverse impacts on
the core city. These impacts can be counted in terms of increased vehicular population ;
higher level of pollution; higher greenhouse gas emissions; climate change;
marginalisation of agricultural land; fragmented natural habitats; reduced biodiversity;
low social vibrancy; poor infrastructure and basic urban services etc.; Going by the
pattern of growth and development, major impact of urban sprawl can be enumerated
as under.
vehicular movement.
Marginalised land Resource land; Having low density and spread out
development, urban sprawl invariably leads to misuse , abuse and
marginalization of precious land resource. Because of haphazard and unplanned
development, large tracts of land in the urban sprawl remain under-utilised or
vacant.
Leapfrogged patterns of development. Led by the dispersed pattern of
development, urban sprawl, generally leads to the development of land parcels
situated farther away in the countryside, over the vacant land parcels available
adjacent to existing development.(Torrens & Alberti 2000). This growth pattern
invariably leads to leapfrogging and development in the fringe areas, which not
only increases the length and breadth of urban sprawl, but also consumes
large amount of land , characterised by haphazard development.
Diluted distinction between urban and rural areas; Having location on the
fringe of cities, sprawling residential/commercial/industrial development,
extending outward from urban center, invariably tends to blur the division
between urban and rural areas (Heimlich & Anderson, 2001). Diluting the
difference between urban and rural areas, urban sprawl is often associated
with marginalising agricultural land, lying on urban fringes, by promoting
encroachment upon such precious agricultural land.
Absence of Urban infrastructure ; Absence of statutory regulatory
mechanism, limited availability of resources with the rural panchayats and
absence of any local area planning and development framework, are factors
known for absence of basic amenities and services of water supply, sewerage
and sanitation in the urban fringes. Accordingly, residents located in the urban
sprawl have to make provision for these basic amenities at the personal /
individual level leading to increased cost of living. In the absence of any system
related to disposal of storm water, waste water and sullage; area under urban
sprawl remains largely polluted. Quality of life also remains marginalised/
adversely impacted for the residents of urban sprawl.
Impact of Urban Sprawl.
Urban sprawl, as an off-shoot of urban development, has numerous adverse impacts on
the core city. These impacts can be counted in terms of increased vehicular population ;
higher level of pollution; higher greenhouse gas emissions; climate change;
marginalisation of agricultural land; fragmented natural habitats; reduced biodiversity;
low social vibrancy; poor infrastructure and basic urban services etc.; Going by the
pattern of growth and development, major impact of urban sprawl can be enumerated
as under.
Urban sprawl and sustainability of human settlements have inverse
relationship due to numerous adverse impacts; such development has on
existing natural and manmade resources.
Invariably characterised by low population density and fragmented
communities, urban sprawl is known to have adverse social and economic
implications in terms of limited interaction , limited socialization, reducing
face-to-face interactions, isolation and anonymity, creating a fertile ground for
perpetuating crimes.
Increased car dependence and higher land consumption associated with
sprawl invariably contributes to noise , air and water pollution, greenhouse
gas emissions, environmental degradation and loss of natural habitats.
Encroaching on green spaces, wildlife and farmlands, urban sprawl not only
marginalizes biodiversity but also accelerates loss/degradation of precious
land resource, through soil erosion, disrupted water cycles, and increased
greenhouse gas emissions.
Urban sprawl invariably marginalises, dilutes and mutes prevailing local
wildlife and natural ecosystems, which often get fragmented, destroyed, due
to loss of biodiversity.
With animals intruding into urban spaces in search of food and shelter,
urban sprawl is often credited with increased incidences of human-wildlife
conflicts, causing potential harm to both wildlife and humans in the process.
Introduction of non-native plant species within the landscape of the peri-
urban areas, invariably alter local ecosystems, adversely impacting native
flora/fauna and animals that depend on them.
Uncontrolled and dispersed pattern of growth and low population density
adversely impact provision, operation and delivery of infrastructure and
public services, causing operational inefficiencies and higher operational
costs,
Dispersed , unplanned and unregulated development are known to be cost-
intensive and economically unsustainable for the reason, urban sprawl can
lead to extended infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and emergency
services.
Increased trip length, due to increased distances between place of residence
and place of work/ school/healthcare/ leisure, invariably leads to spending
more time on travel/ commuting, resulting in reduced productivity,
operational inefficiencies and higher cost of living.
Urban sprawl invariably leads to a decline in the quality of human living for ,
as green spaces become scarce, and daily commutes becomes longer.
Urban sprawl adversely impacts and marginalises the generation of
financial resources for the core city .Accordingly, due to limited availability of
relationship due to numerous adverse impacts; such development has on
existing natural and manmade resources.
Invariably characterised by low population density and fragmented
communities, urban sprawl is known to have adverse social and economic
implications in terms of limited interaction , limited socialization, reducing
face-to-face interactions, isolation and anonymity, creating a fertile ground for
perpetuating crimes.
Increased car dependence and higher land consumption associated with
sprawl invariably contributes to noise , air and water pollution, greenhouse
gas emissions, environmental degradation and loss of natural habitats.
Encroaching on green spaces, wildlife and farmlands, urban sprawl not only
marginalizes biodiversity but also accelerates loss/degradation of precious
land resource, through soil erosion, disrupted water cycles, and increased
greenhouse gas emissions.
Urban sprawl invariably marginalises, dilutes and mutes prevailing local
wildlife and natural ecosystems, which often get fragmented, destroyed, due
to loss of biodiversity.
With animals intruding into urban spaces in search of food and shelter,
urban sprawl is often credited with increased incidences of human-wildlife
conflicts, causing potential harm to both wildlife and humans in the process.
Introduction of non-native plant species within the landscape of the peri-
urban areas, invariably alter local ecosystems, adversely impacting native
flora/fauna and animals that depend on them.
Uncontrolled and dispersed pattern of growth and low population density
adversely impact provision, operation and delivery of infrastructure and
public services, causing operational inefficiencies and higher operational
costs,
Dispersed , unplanned and unregulated development are known to be cost-
intensive and economically unsustainable for the reason, urban sprawl can
lead to extended infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and emergency
services.
Increased trip length, due to increased distances between place of residence
and place of work/ school/healthcare/ leisure, invariably leads to spending
more time on travel/ commuting, resulting in reduced productivity,
operational inefficiencies and higher cost of living.
Urban sprawl invariably leads to a decline in the quality of human living for ,
as green spaces become scarce, and daily commutes becomes longer.
Urban sprawl adversely impacts and marginalises the generation of
financial resources for the core city .Accordingly, due to limited availability of
financial resources, urban sprawl limits the capacity of ULBs to promote
planned development and provide basic services and amenities in the core
urban areas.
Triggering racial strife, due to increased conflicts among communities,
invariably results in out-migration of middle- and upper-class from the core
areas , leading to decline of cities, both economically, socially, physically
and environmentally.
Prevailing social inequalities coupled with unaffordable transportation costs,
associated with living in suburban areas, invariably limit the access to jobs,
education, and other opportunities for the lower-income residents.
Strategies and Options for Managing Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl invariably presents significant challenges to the planned development ;
sustainable urban growth and preservation of natural environments. Managing
urban sprawl , effectively and efficiently, demands innovative options and practical
solutions, based on prevailing ground realities. Addressing urban sprawl requires a
multifaceted approach, encompassing innovative policies, community involvement, and
a shift towards sustainable urban planning It needs to be understood and appreciated
that area under urban sprawl, is the future/next municipal areas. As and when urban
limits are extended, it will invariably absorb and include the area currently under sprawl.
Accordingly, it is important that development happening in the peri-urban areas must
be planned, rationalised and appropriately regulated, in order to ensure that area
currently under urban sprawl becomes logical extension of the city, rather than
creating distortions and anomalies in its planned growth and development of the city
and its extended limits. Considering the entire gamut , following options and strategies
are being suggested to effectively manage the challenges of urban sprawl. .
Identifying and addressing under-lying causes; Studies have revealed that
urban sprawl is never static. It invariably remains dynamic. Further Urban sprawl
has both local, state and cultural context and accordingly has been considered
sensitive to the local area, particular city and the nation. In order to eliminate
the menace of unplanned growth and development in peri-urban areas it will be
critical, if the factors and the underlying causes , which encourage development
in peri-urban areas, are clearly identified and appropriately addressed, under a
well-defined policy and legal framework. Understanding the causes,
consequences, and policy implications related to sprawl can provide important
insights on how to construct more sustainable communities over the long term.
Creating a Rational Policy framework; Regulating , rationalising and
promoting planned & integrated development of city and urban periphery, would
require a well-defined and well- articulated policy framework. Such policy
framework, needs to be evolved by involving all stakeholders, both rural and
planned development and provide basic services and amenities in the core
urban areas.
Triggering racial strife, due to increased conflicts among communities,
invariably results in out-migration of middle- and upper-class from the core
areas , leading to decline of cities, both economically, socially, physically
and environmentally.
Prevailing social inequalities coupled with unaffordable transportation costs,
associated with living in suburban areas, invariably limit the access to jobs,
education, and other opportunities for the lower-income residents.
Strategies and Options for Managing Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl invariably presents significant challenges to the planned development ;
sustainable urban growth and preservation of natural environments. Managing
urban sprawl , effectively and efficiently, demands innovative options and practical
solutions, based on prevailing ground realities. Addressing urban sprawl requires a
multifaceted approach, encompassing innovative policies, community involvement, and
a shift towards sustainable urban planning It needs to be understood and appreciated
that area under urban sprawl, is the future/next municipal areas. As and when urban
limits are extended, it will invariably absorb and include the area currently under sprawl.
Accordingly, it is important that development happening in the peri-urban areas must
be planned, rationalised and appropriately regulated, in order to ensure that area
currently under urban sprawl becomes logical extension of the city, rather than
creating distortions and anomalies in its planned growth and development of the city
and its extended limits. Considering the entire gamut , following options and strategies
are being suggested to effectively manage the challenges of urban sprawl. .
Identifying and addressing under-lying causes; Studies have revealed that
urban sprawl is never static. It invariably remains dynamic. Further Urban sprawl
has both local, state and cultural context and accordingly has been considered
sensitive to the local area, particular city and the nation. In order to eliminate
the menace of unplanned growth and development in peri-urban areas it will be
critical, if the factors and the underlying causes , which encourage development
in peri-urban areas, are clearly identified and appropriately addressed, under a
well-defined policy and legal framework. Understanding the causes,
consequences, and policy implications related to sprawl can provide important
insights on how to construct more sustainable communities over the long term.
Creating a Rational Policy framework; Regulating , rationalising and
promoting planned & integrated development of city and urban periphery, would
require a well-defined and well- articulated policy framework. Such policy
framework, needs to be evolved by involving all stakeholders, both rural and
urban, based on detailed study and in-depth analysis of the prevailing ground
realities. Policy must involve and include all options for promoting planned and
integrated development of city and its periphery so that they become
collaborative and mutually supportive. Suggested policy must be implemented
with dedication and total involvement of all the stakeholders at the local level. All
violations of the policy must be adequately and appropriately punished , so as
to act .as a deterrent for undertaking/promoting unplanned development in peri-
urban area. Making policies that prioritize the preservation of environment,
support green spaces and the protect wildlife habitats, can significantly
contribute to containment of urban sprawl. Greenbelt policies, which restrict
urban development in designated areas around a city, can help preserve natural
spaces and prevent encroachment onto rural land. Policy reforms which
incentivize infill development and the repurposing of underutilized urban areas
can mitigate sprawl. By prioritizing the redevelopment of vacant or underused
land within city limits, municipalities can curb their geographic expansion while
reviving urban centers.
Rationally Defining Urban Limits; For marginalising the adverse impact of
urban sprawl, it will be appropriate if urban limits are rationally /objectively
defined, to provide adequate space for catering to all existing and short-term
projected demands of the city/communities. Creating appropriate opportunities
and options for meeting all the essential and short- term needs of the
development of local communities and peri-urban areas, can help in mitigating
the culture of unplanned development. In addition, if no development is legally
permitted beyond the urban areas, it will go a long way in minimizing the curse
of urban sprawl. In case it is not feasible to physically extend urban limits, then
it will be appropriate to define the urbanisable limits for the city including extent
of peri-urban area , which should be notified for each city, individually and
exclusively, for all planning and development purposes. Defining rationally,
urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for any urban settlement and confining, urban
development within designated areas can eliminate the problem of urban sprawl.
Making Planning & Development of Peri-Urban areas- integral part of
Urban Planning Process; In majority of cases, urban planning is limited to the
urban limits only, without caring for growth and development of the peri- urban
areas. Only in case of Master Plans/Development Plans, urbanisable area is
defined in such plans. Looking at the current pattern of growth and development ,
it will be valuable if defined peri-urban/urbanisable areas are made integral part
of the urban planning and development process, so that such areas are planned,
development and managed as part and parcel of core urban areas. . Preparing
planning framework of the peri-urban as integral part of planning of the urban
areas will rationalise the growth and development of such areas and avoid any
unplanned and haphazard growth and development. Planned development
realities. Policy must involve and include all options for promoting planned and
integrated development of city and its periphery so that they become
collaborative and mutually supportive. Suggested policy must be implemented
with dedication and total involvement of all the stakeholders at the local level. All
violations of the policy must be adequately and appropriately punished , so as
to act .as a deterrent for undertaking/promoting unplanned development in peri-
urban area. Making policies that prioritize the preservation of environment,
support green spaces and the protect wildlife habitats, can significantly
contribute to containment of urban sprawl. Greenbelt policies, which restrict
urban development in designated areas around a city, can help preserve natural
spaces and prevent encroachment onto rural land. Policy reforms which
incentivize infill development and the repurposing of underutilized urban areas
can mitigate sprawl. By prioritizing the redevelopment of vacant or underused
land within city limits, municipalities can curb their geographic expansion while
reviving urban centers.
Rationally Defining Urban Limits; For marginalising the adverse impact of
urban sprawl, it will be appropriate if urban limits are rationally /objectively
defined, to provide adequate space for catering to all existing and short-term
projected demands of the city/communities. Creating appropriate opportunities
and options for meeting all the essential and short- term needs of the
development of local communities and peri-urban areas, can help in mitigating
the culture of unplanned development. In addition, if no development is legally
permitted beyond the urban areas, it will go a long way in minimizing the curse
of urban sprawl. In case it is not feasible to physically extend urban limits, then
it will be appropriate to define the urbanisable limits for the city including extent
of peri-urban area , which should be notified for each city, individually and
exclusively, for all planning and development purposes. Defining rationally,
urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for any urban settlement and confining, urban
development within designated areas can eliminate the problem of urban sprawl.
Making Planning & Development of Peri-Urban areas- integral part of
Urban Planning Process; In majority of cases, urban planning is limited to the
urban limits only, without caring for growth and development of the peri- urban
areas. Only in case of Master Plans/Development Plans, urbanisable area is
defined in such plans. Looking at the current pattern of growth and development ,
it will be valuable if defined peri-urban/urbanisable areas are made integral part
of the urban planning and development process, so that such areas are planned,
development and managed as part and parcel of core urban areas. . Preparing
planning framework of the peri-urban as integral part of planning of the urban
areas will rationalise the growth and development of such areas and avoid any
unplanned and haphazard growth and development. Planned development
remains the best option/panacea for addressing all the ills of urban sprawl. If
planners use the mechanism and option of making cities well-defined and
compact, it will also help in overcoming the problem of urban sprawl.
Encouraging higher-density development within city limits would help in
optimising the use of existing infrastructure, and preserving outlying rural and
natural areas. Potential of Transit-oriented Development (TOD) can be
effectively leveraged as an option to promote higher-density residential and
commercial spaces near public transportation hubs. By ensuring that
transportation options are accessible, TOD can effectively reduce reliance on
private vehicles, limiting the spatial spread of cities.
Image; Promoting Planned Development; Source ; medium.com
Rationalising Change in Land use; Mandating seeking prior permission for
change of land use and defining rational and realistic conditions for planned
development and levying specified fee and charges in the development permitted
in the urbanisable areas , on the pattern used for urban areas, can help in
curbing unplanned development in the peri-urban areas.
Creating Unity of Command; Existence of duality of power and controls on
the development taking place within and outside the urban limits, remains the
prime cause of major ills prevailing in the urban sprawl. This challenge can be
appropriately and effectively overcome by designating a single agency made
responsible for regulating the growth and development of the core city and its
peri- urban areas. This will help in gelling the urban and peri-urban area growth
in a rational and integrated manner, within a pre-defined framework. Looking at
the existing scenario, it will be appropriate if the concerned urban local bodies
are declared as the nodal authorities, for regulating the development in the urban
planners use the mechanism and option of making cities well-defined and
compact, it will also help in overcoming the problem of urban sprawl.
Encouraging higher-density development within city limits would help in
optimising the use of existing infrastructure, and preserving outlying rural and
natural areas. Potential of Transit-oriented Development (TOD) can be
effectively leveraged as an option to promote higher-density residential and
commercial spaces near public transportation hubs. By ensuring that
transportation options are accessible, TOD can effectively reduce reliance on
private vehicles, limiting the spatial spread of cities.
Image; Promoting Planned Development; Source ; medium.com
Rationalising Change in Land use; Mandating seeking prior permission for
change of land use and defining rational and realistic conditions for planned
development and levying specified fee and charges in the development permitted
in the urbanisable areas , on the pattern used for urban areas, can help in
curbing unplanned development in the peri-urban areas.
Creating Unity of Command; Existence of duality of power and controls on
the development taking place within and outside the urban limits, remains the
prime cause of major ills prevailing in the urban sprawl. This challenge can be
appropriately and effectively overcome by designating a single agency made
responsible for regulating the growth and development of the core city and its
peri- urban areas. This will help in gelling the urban and peri-urban area growth
in a rational and integrated manner, within a pre-defined framework. Looking at
the existing scenario, it will be appropriate if the concerned urban local bodies
are declared as the nodal authorities, for regulating the development in the urban
areas and the defined periphery. Making this possible and a visible reality, would
require empowering urban local bodies, by providing adequate financial and
technical manpower/resources, besides vesting them with appropriate power
and authority of planning, regulating and managing the peri-urban areas. under
a well-defined/articulate legal framework.
Defining Periphery ; Another option of minimising urban sprawl, would be to
create a periphery around the city. Option of eliminating un planned and
haphazard peri-urban growth was successfully leveraged by the capital city of
Chandigarh, by creating a periphery zone of 8/16 kms under , ‘ Periphery
Controlled Act, 1952.’ Act prohibited any change of use, allowed only agricultural
activities while banning urban related activities within the zone defined as the
periphery. In addition, periphery helped in future expansion of the city, by
providing land free from all encumbrances. Concept of periphery worked very
well, till the re-organisation of State of Punjab in the year 1966, when area under
periphery was sub- divided , with majority of area going to state of Punjab(75%)
while state of Haryana got only one-fifth (21.7%)with only 3.3% (44Sq kms) out
of total are of 1440 Sq kms. was left with Chandigarh UT.
Image ; Chandigarh Periphery; Source; www.slideshare.net
Involving Communities; Since urban sprawl is a human-led problem,
accordingly its solution is also embedded in the active and shared involvement
of communities. Communities can play pivotal role in addressing urban sprawl
through active participation in local planning initiatives and planning advocacy.
Involving and engaging communities remain crucial components of every
require empowering urban local bodies, by providing adequate financial and
technical manpower/resources, besides vesting them with appropriate power
and authority of planning, regulating and managing the peri-urban areas. under
a well-defined/articulate legal framework.
Defining Periphery ; Another option of minimising urban sprawl, would be to
create a periphery around the city. Option of eliminating un planned and
haphazard peri-urban growth was successfully leveraged by the capital city of
Chandigarh, by creating a periphery zone of 8/16 kms under , ‘ Periphery
Controlled Act, 1952.’ Act prohibited any change of use, allowed only agricultural
activities while banning urban related activities within the zone defined as the
periphery. In addition, periphery helped in future expansion of the city, by
providing land free from all encumbrances. Concept of periphery worked very
well, till the re-organisation of State of Punjab in the year 1966, when area under
periphery was sub- divided , with majority of area going to state of Punjab(75%)
while state of Haryana got only one-fifth (21.7%)with only 3.3% (44Sq kms) out
of total are of 1440 Sq kms. was left with Chandigarh UT.
Image ; Chandigarh Periphery; Source; www.slideshare.net
Involving Communities; Since urban sprawl is a human-led problem,
accordingly its solution is also embedded in the active and shared involvement
of communities. Communities can play pivotal role in addressing urban sprawl
through active participation in local planning initiatives and planning advocacy.
Involving and engaging communities remain crucial components of every
successful strategy to eliminate the urban sprawl. Educating citizens about the
adverse impacts of urban sprawl and involving them in planning processes can
lead to more sustainable practices being adopted at the grassroots level.
Encouraging community-driven initiatives will help creating a sense of ownership
and responsibility among residents, helping to implement and maintain anti-
sprawl measures. Incorporating a comprehensive, multi-layered approach to
managing urban sprawl, highlighting the necessity of putting in place proactive
planning and community cooperation, will help and ensure that urban expansion
remains both sustainable and beneficial for all, locally and globally.
Image Involving Communities; Source; www.myggsa.co.za
Promoting Collaboration and Co-operation among Stake holders; Multiplicity
of operating and controlling agencies; dualities of control and stakeholders
working in isolation/ in containers; remains the prime reasons for promoting
unplanned, haphazard, dispersed and sub-standard growth and development in
the peri-urban areas. For eliminating the problem of urban sprawl, policymakers,
agencies/institutions involved in planning and development of urban areas and its
peripheries, urban planners, and communities need to co-operate and
collaborate.
Rationally defining urban growth boundaries, adopting transit-oriented
development, promoting infill, educating communities and environment
preservation, should form essential components of the defined approach for
addressing this complex issue of unregulated urban sprawl. As cities around the
adverse impacts of urban sprawl and involving them in planning processes can
lead to more sustainable practices being adopted at the grassroots level.
Encouraging community-driven initiatives will help creating a sense of ownership
and responsibility among residents, helping to implement and maintain anti-
sprawl measures. Incorporating a comprehensive, multi-layered approach to
managing urban sprawl, highlighting the necessity of putting in place proactive
planning and community cooperation, will help and ensure that urban expansion
remains both sustainable and beneficial for all, locally and globally.
Image Involving Communities; Source; www.myggsa.co.za
Promoting Collaboration and Co-operation among Stake holders; Multiplicity
of operating and controlling agencies; dualities of control and stakeholders
working in isolation/ in containers; remains the prime reasons for promoting
unplanned, haphazard, dispersed and sub-standard growth and development in
the peri-urban areas. For eliminating the problem of urban sprawl, policymakers,
agencies/institutions involved in planning and development of urban areas and its
peripheries, urban planners, and communities need to co-operate and
collaborate.
Rationally defining urban growth boundaries, adopting transit-oriented
development, promoting infill, educating communities and environment
preservation, should form essential components of the defined approach for
addressing this complex issue of unregulated urban sprawl. As cities around the
globe continue to evolve an devolve, integrating these strategies will not only
curb urban sprawl but will also enhance the quality of urban life, fostering
balanced, resilient environments for generations to come. Fostering collaboration
and co-operation among different levels of government, community groups, and
developers would help in creating a shared vision for the future of the city for
minimising urban sprawl.
References;
Admin; Homesight.org; Tackling Urban Sprawl: Strategies for Containment
Broody S; The Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences of Sprawling
Development Patterns in the United States; knowledge project;
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-characteristics-causes-
and-consequences-of-sprawling-
Leonard C & Collins L;100 years of urban sprawl — Is this your city’s future or
can planners turn the tide; Deseret News; Published: June 27, 2023
https://www.deseret.com/2023/6/27/23715812/west-urban-sprawl-san-francisco-
portland-salt-lake-city-planning-public-transit/
Author: Jit Kumar Gupta
Ex- Director;
College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal, Punjab
# 344, Sector 40-A, Chandigarh-160036.;
email: jit.kumar1944@ gmail.com
curb urban sprawl but will also enhance the quality of urban life, fostering
balanced, resilient environments for generations to come. Fostering collaboration
and co-operation among different levels of government, community groups, and
developers would help in creating a shared vision for the future of the city for
minimising urban sprawl.
References;
Admin; Homesight.org; Tackling Urban Sprawl: Strategies for Containment
Broody S; The Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences of Sprawling
Development Patterns in the United States; knowledge project;
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-characteristics-causes-
and-consequences-of-sprawling-
Leonard C & Collins L;100 years of urban sprawl — Is this your city’s future or
can planners turn the tide; Deseret News; Published: June 27, 2023
https://www.deseret.com/2023/6/27/23715812/west-urban-sprawl-san-francisco-
portland-salt-lake-city-planning-public-transit/
Author: Jit Kumar Gupta
Ex- Director;
College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal, Punjab
# 344, Sector 40-A, Chandigarh-160036.;
email: jit.kumar1944@ gmail.com
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