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1. SUSTAINABLE HOSPITALITY Chapter 1: Sustainable Development in the Hospitality Industry

2. Chapter Objectives: ■ To explain the way the activities of humankind are affecting the planet ■ To describe the various forms of environmental degradation ■ To define sustainable development and explain its history ■ To explain the three pillars of sustainability ■ To give reasons why the hospitality industry needsto become more sustainable ■ To give examples of sustainable practice in the hospitality industry ■ To explain the concept of eco-advantage

3. INTRODUCTION: EMERGING CHALLENGES ON THE PLANET Human activities have influenced the earth’s ecosystem for many thou- sands of years. Nowadays the negative consequences of human actions can be noticed everywhere. Being one of the larger industries in the world, the hospitality industry is an important contributor to these problems. In this chapter, it is explained why hospitality operations need to manage their environmental impacts and exactly what is involved in running a profitable business in line with the principles of environmental stewardship and to the benefit of society, i.e. sustainable hospitality management.

4. EMERGING CHALLENGES ON THE PLANET

5. Global Warming Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Though this warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels. As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels burned. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, and burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earth’s atmosphere.

6. Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity loss refers to the reduction of any aspect of biological diversity (i.e., diversity at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels) in a particular area through death (including extinction), destruction or manual removal; it can refer to many scales, from global extinctions to population extinctions, resulting in decreased total diversity at the same scale

7. Air Pollution Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution.

8. Overconsumption Excessive consumption or use of goods and services (energy, land, water or materials) that cause harm or detrimental effects to humans and/or the environment, namely by exceeding the carrying capacity and life supporting systems of the planet and its ecosystems.

9. Overpopulation The state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting. In an overpopulated environment, the numbers of people might be more than the available essential materials for survival such as transport, water, shelter, food or social amenities.

10. PROBLEM DEFINITION Travel and tourism is one of the largest industries of the world, responsible for US$6.5 trillion in economic activity, 10.3% of global GDP and 234 mil- lion jobs worldwide in 2006, which correspondsto 8.7% oftotal employment according to the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2006). An industry this big and internationally oriented has an inevitable, large impact on the envi- ronment, economies, cultures and societies in general. The hotels, motels and all the various forms of accommodation comprise the largest sector of the travel and tourism industry, and it has been shown that hotels have the highest negative influence on the environment of all commercial buildings. According to estimations, an average hotel releases between 160 and 200 kg of CO2 per square meter of room floor area per year and water consumption per guest per night is between 170 and 440 l in the average five-star hotel. On average, hotels produce 1 kg of waste per guest per night.

11. IMPACT ON THE PLANET Humankind consumes what nature has to offer and in return creates waste and depletes the earth’s natural reserves. All our actions have an impact on the earth’s ecosystems that are only able to renew themselves at low levels of consumption. For many thousands of years, man’s impact on the environment was negligible; however, at the dawn of the industrial revolution all this changed. We now consume more of the earth’s resources than the earth can regenerate; hence, the planet is in ‘ecological overshoot’. Current consumption levels are simply too high and action needs to be taken as the planet’s non-renewable resources are being quickly depleted. This depletion is accelerated by the continuous growth of world population and its changing consumption patterns.

12. IMPACT ON THE PLANET Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources. The use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion.

13. IMPACT ON THE PLANET Climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

14. IMPACT ON THE PLANET Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

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