IT REVOLUTION and soverginity of nations

De-territorialization: Growing variety of social activities takes place irrespective of the space and time.
Technology:
Faster delivery of goods across longer distances possible at lower costs.
Contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.
ICT: Affected the social and cultural, environmental and economic aspects of globalization in many countless ways

1. IT Revolution and Sovereignty De- territorialization : Growing variety of social activities takes place irrespective of the space and time. Technology: Faster delivery of goods across longer distances possible at lower costs. Contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. ICT: Affected the social and cultural, environmental and economic aspects of globalization in many countless ways

2. First Industrial revolution: Water and steam power to mechanize production. Second Industrial Revolution: Electric Power to create mass production. Third Industrial Revolution: Electronic and Information technology to automate production Fourth Industrial Revolution: Characterized by a fusion of technologies Opportunities and capabilities provided by artificial intelligence, distributed ledger systems and crypto currencies, cloud computing, 3D printing, robotics, advanced materials and bio-technology can be useful. Book – Fourth Industrial Revolution: A guide to building a better world by Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Davis. Increase in the exchange of information. Idea of Sovereignty over territory is fundamental to international law. With rise of ICT: highly contested concept (David Held: Sovereignty is a contested phenomenon) IT Revolution and Sovereignty

3. What is Sovereignty? Book – Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Krasner (1999) Word Sovereignty has four distinctive attributes: International legal sovereignty as international recognition from states. Westphalian sovereignty as the principle of non-interference, Domestic Sovereignty: As the ability of a state to maintain the monopoly of the use of violence within its territory Interdependence sovereignty: As the capacity of government to control the intra-borders movements of any kind Impact on Sovereignty: Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System by Dan Schiller No authority over one’s data as it is stored in foreign servers. This can impact state’s decision making power. Not elimination but relocation of sovereignty towards other supra-national and other global institutions. Explosion of information due to IT. Fake news. In the state of continuance change, stable policy making has become very challenging task. > Policy paralysis results into erosion of legitimacy. Hence, challenges sovereignty in long run. By accumulating huge information and data, state can also become like Big Brother mentioned by George Orwell. The stage of complete surveillance state. > Like a Leviathan state. IT Revolution and Sovereignty

4. Introduction to migration Migration: The process of a person or people travelling to a new place or country, usually in order to find work and live there temporarily or permanently It happens in large numbers. Immigration: Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Immigration is usually individual or families.

5. Types of migration 1.Internal migration : rural-urban, seasonal, planned 2. International migration: voluntary involuntary

6. Rural-urban: Movement of people away from the rural region (countryside, farms) to an urban area. Male- Age group -20s and 30s Able bodied- economically-active ex- developing countries- Brazil, India   B) Seasonal migration: labour migration • It refers to the movement of people away from their homes to find a livelihood, usually on a temporary basis C) Planned migration- It refers to large-scale migration of people within the country Usually carried out by the government E xample-Transmigration Programme in Indonesia Internal Migration Aims of the Transmigration Programme Relieve population pressure in Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok. Increase job opportunities and raise standard of living in Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok Increase production of food and tree crops

7. International migration A) Involuntary Migration = Forced Migration The UNHCR defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations" People involved in this movement = Refugees are persons who owing to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political opinions, are outside of their country of origin and cannot or owing to such fear, do not wish to avail themselves of the protection of that country between countries. Circular migrants: include workers who are who are brought in to the satisfy a host countries labour demand, labour migration, such as this tends to be regulated by governments. Forced migration : Necessary for survival. It includes refugees victims of displacement natural disaster, warfare and famine. Irregular migration : It is a process by which migrants enter a host country legally, that is without the proper documentation or without following regulated channels

8. Global migration report of 2020 Highlights of the report (Data and information) The number of international migrants globally in 2019 was 272 million or 3.5% of the world's population. India continued to be the largest country of the origin of international migrants ( 17.5 million) The top destination country remained the United States (50.7 million international migrants) The number of migrant workers declined slightly in high income countries while increasing elsewhere. Globally male migrant workers outnumbered female migrant workers by 28 million in 2017 (96 million male and the 68 million female) International remittances increased to USD 689 billion in 2018. The global refugee population was 25.9 million in 2018. The number of internally displaced persons due to violence and conflict reached 41.3 million. The number of stateless persons globally in 2018 was 3.9 million Migration patterns very from region to region Migration has been a key department of population change in several countries. Displacement remained a major feature in some regions Migration research and analysis output remained high.

9. Causes of migration A) Economic migration: Moving to find work or follow a particular career path. B) Social migration : Moving somewhere for the better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends. C) Political migration Moving to escape political persecution or war D) Environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding.

10. Reasons: Why do people migrate? Push factors: These are the reasons why people leave an area. They include lack of services lack of safety, high crime, flooding, faulty word. Pull factors: These are the reasons why people move to particular area. They include higher employment, more wealth, better services, good climate, less crime, political stability, more fertile land and so on.

11. Issues and problems of migration More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015, Countries struggled to cope with influx and creating division in the EU over how best to deal with the resettling people. Refugee crisis, “a person who has fled his own country and cannot return due to fear of pre conditions on race, religion, nationality, political opinion.” International economic disparities, a poverty and environmental degradation, combined with the absence of peace and security and human rights violation. Global migration : “A technological and political process” Decrease transportation cost Increase networks and transnational ties. Increase global information. ‘Increased capabilities and aspirations to migrate’.

12. Migration and globalization: “Widening, deepening and speeding up the worldwide interconnections in all aspects of the contemporary social life”. Global migration pattern has become more complex in terms of its volume, diversity, and geographical scope. The term diaspora is increasingly being used to describe migrant communities. Depolarization and globalization are closely interconnected and expansion of the latter that will be led to an increase in the former. Virtual migration. Today, there exists virtual diasporas, which utilize technology such as the Internet to maintain the Community Network.

13. Effects of global migration “Migration affects both the country of origin and the country of destination, the effects of migration are social, economic and political”. Source country Costs Loss of adult labour and skilled talents Disproportionate social gender structure Non- returning migrants and returning retired migrants impacts on social cost Destination country Increased pressure on the resources i.e. healthcare and education. Over dependence of migrant’s industries that is construction (UK) Loss of the culture agitators, ethnics segregations migrant dominant areas. Home remittance Benefits Reduce unemployment rate. Home remittances can drive local economy Returning migrants provide new skills to the home to a home country. Policies on developing resources. Destination country ‘Skill gaps’ filled and reduced labour costs Understanding of other cultures in a multi ethnic society. Influx of the new cultural experiences or services that is Turkish bath, ethnic retailing, or food outlets

14. Global action on migration In 2016, the UN General Assembly conveyed a high level of penalty The UN Secretary Journal prepared the report ‘in safety and dignity: addressing large moments of refugees and migrants 'in with recommendation of issues UN member states adopted a set of commitment The New York Declaration for the Refugees and Migrants . In March 17 the UN Secretary General appointed Louise arbour of Candia As a result of the New York Declaration UN member states agreed to, to work together to develop The Global Compact For Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) adopted at an inter-governmental conference in December 2018 In Morroco GCM covers issues: strengthening labour rights for the migrant workers, improving migration data as the basis for the evidence-based policies, saving lives and establishing international efforts on missing migrants and many others. The implementation on the CGM will- increase its benefits for the individuals, communities and countries and reduce its risk for all.

15. Migration and Corona crisis. Effects of COVID on migration and globalization process: Longest lockdown in large parts of the world. COVID-19 has triggered massive reverse migration from the “destination” to “source” in large parts of the world COVID-19 Change into pandemic through migration Covid-19 is biggest crisis for the migration at the moments of the people. Covid 19 could accelerate the process of reserve globalization.

16. Conclusion Globalization is not as the changes the migration volume but as the underlying spatial patterns of migration. Regions are not affected in the unformed way. The world is not more migratory but “Skewed” on the global level. Since 2008, approximately 22.05 million people have been forced As global climate change accelerates, so too will the number of climate-affected refugees.