Judging the relevance and worth of ideas_LOGICAL FALLACIES_PART 3.pptx

LOGICAL FALLACIES threaten the soundness of your argument; Errors in reasoning; Committed accidentally.

1. Judging the relevance and worth of ideas, soundness of author’s reasoning, and effectiveness of the Evidence PART 3

2. Learning Competency: MELC 9: Judge the relevance and worth of ideas, soundness of author’s reasoning and the effectiveness of the presentation

3. LEARNING TASK 1: Identify whether the statement is an opinion or an argument .

4. 1. Writing an essay is laborious.

5. 2. Travelling is an interesting experience since it is an opportunity to widen one’s horizons by meeting other people and emerging in other culture.

6. 3. Answering modules is a fruitful learning experience.

7. 4. Attending online classes is enjoyable because you get to virtually interact with your classmates and teachers.

8. 5. The novel we were assigned to read is somewhat boring.

9. 6. The storybook is interesting due to the colorful illustrations and mysterious plot.

10. 7. The artist’s performance is commendable since there is precision in his every move.

11. 8. Hiking is an enjoyable activity.

12. 9. Keeping a journal is ideal as it helps me document moments in life worth remembering.

13. 10. That actress has been brilliant since her beginnings in the industry.

14. ARGUMENT tries to convince us that something is true. It is consists of: Conclusion Premise

15. CONCLUSION the idea we are convinced to believe Example: “Social media platforms bring a lot of benefits…”

16. PREMISE

17. Statement: Social media platforms bring a lot of benefits , because it makes communication and information dissemination a lot easier.”

18. Conclusion Indicators Premise Indicators therefore, hence, implies that, it follows that, so, thus, consequently since, for, given that, for the reason that, because, as, is shown by the fact that

19. the best kind of argument is one that is not just VALID , but also SOUND . It is valid if the premise logically supports the conclusion. It is sound if the argument is valid and if the premise and conclusion altogether can be verified true.

20. LOGICAL FALLACIES

21. LOGICAL FALLACIES “You should avoid committing them in order to form sound arguments”

22. Some examples of logical fallacies:

23. HASTY GENERALIZATION Examples: Librarians are quiet people and disciplinarians. (This is an example of stereotyping or over-generalization.)

24. HASTY GENERALIZATION My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I’m in is hard, too. I warn you, all philosophy classes are hard! Two people’s experiences are, in this case, not enough to base a conclusion.)

25. What is HASTY GENERALIZATION? Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate or not enough.

26. Remember: Do not make a claim and say it is true if only based on just an evidence or two.

27. POST HOC It was cloudy this morning, so Sarah did a “sun dance” and it did not rain. The sun dance may not have been the reason for the rain not coming.

28. POST HOC President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. He is responsible for the rise in crime. The increase in taxes might or might not be the factor in the rising crime rates, but it was claimed as if it’s sure and the only reason.

29. What is POST HOC? Stressing that two events or concepts are related in the sense that one causes another when they’re actually not

30. Remember: Do not assume the cause-and-effect relationship between two concepts or events without considering other factors.

31. SLIPPERY SLOPE Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we do not respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. Soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives. It will be the end of civilization. To prevent this terrible consequence, we should make animal experimentation illegal right now.

32. SLIPPERY SLOPE Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we do not respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. Soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives. It will be the end of civilization. To prevent this terrible consequence, we should make animal experimentation illegal right now. Even if we believe that experimenting on animals reduces respect for life, and loss of respect for life makes us more tolerant of violence, it would have been better to stop at that point. It is too much to slide all the way down to end of civilization.

33. What is SLIPPERY SLOPE? Claiming a sort of chain reaction will take place, usually ending in some dire consequence, but there’s really not enough evidence

34. Remember: Do not slide all the way down or exaggerate in picturing the consequences attributed to a particular event.

35. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY We should abolish death penalty because many respected people, such as actor Guy Handsome, have publicly stated their opposition to it.

36. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY While Guy Handsome may be an authority on matters having to do with acting, there’s no particular reason why anyone should be moved by his political opinions – he is probably no more of an authority on the death penalty than the person writing the paper.

37. What is APPEAL TO AUTHORITY? Referring to known personalities to back up a claim, but aren’t really experts particularly in line with the issue at hand instead of citing evidence

38. Remember: Do not impress readers with a famous name or a supposed authority who really does not have an expertise on the matter being discussed.

39. LEARNING TASK 2: Identify the type of fallacy of the given statements.

40. 1. Kathryn’s little sister was playing with building blocks. When Kathryn passed by, she happened to sneeze and the blocks tumbled down. Her sister came running to their mom crying, telling that her sister ruined the palace she was trying to build.