kepeeraawaataan-SIiSTEM SARAF Pusaat.ppt

Sistem saraf pusat

1. Sistem Saraf Pusat
Mustofa

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Organisasi Fungsional sistem Saraf
Figure 14.1

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CNS
Terdiri dari:

otak.

MS.
Menerima input dari
Neuron sensorik.
Mengatur aktifitas
neuron motorik.
Neuron asosiasi
(interneurons)
memelihara
homeostasis.
Figure 8-1

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Cerebrum

Bagian otak terbesar
(80%).

Pusat fungsi mental.

Corpus callosum:

Jalur akson utama yg
secara fungsional
memhubungkan
hemisfer kanan dan
kiri.
Figure 8-6

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Korteks Cerebri
Lobus Frontal:

Bagian Anterior tiap
hemisfer cerebri.

Girus Precentral:

Berisi upper motor
neurons.

Mengatur motorik.
Bagian tubuh dengan
inervasi motorik terbesar
memiliki area motorik
korteks terluas.
Figure 8-7

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Lobus Parietal

Area Primer untuk
persepsi sensasi
somato-esthetik.

Bagian tubuh
dengan densitas
reseptor tertinggi
memiliki area
sensorik korteks
terluas.
Figure 8-7

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Korteks Cerebri (Lanjutan)
Temporal:

Berisi pusat auditorik yang menerima serat
sensorik dari cochlea.

Interpretasi dan asosiasi informasi auditorik dan
visual.
Occipital:

Area primer visual dan koordinasi gerak bola mata.
Insula:

Peran dalam memory encoding.

Integrasi informasi sensorik dengan respon
visceral.

Koordinasi respon cardiovascular terhadap stress.

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Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia)
Lapisan gray matter
berisi badan sel
neuron berlokasi di
dalam white matter.
 Berisi:

Corpus striatum:

nucleus Caudatus.

nucleus Lentiformis :

Putamen dan globus
pallidus.
Fungsi dalam mengatur
gerakan volunter.
Figure 8-12

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Lateralisasi Cerebri
Spesialisasi/ dominasi
fungsi Cerebri:

Spesialisasi 1 hemisfer.
Hemisfer kiri:
Kemampuan bahasa dan
analitik.

Rusak:

Problem bicara berat.
Hemisfer kanan:

Kemampuan tugas
visuospatial.
Rusak:

Kesulitan menemukan
jalan pulang.
Figure 8-14

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Bahasa
Area Broca:

Artikulasi bicara.

Jika rusak, afasia motorik.
Area Wernicke:

Bahasa komprehensif.

Jika rusak, gangguan bicara komprehensif.

Bicara cepat, tanpa makna.
girus Angularis :

Pusat integrasi informasi auditorik, visual, and
somatesthetic.

Jika rusak: aphasia sensorik.
Fasikulus Arcuata:

Keutuhan bicara, kata dari area Wernicke dikirim ke area
Broca.

Area Broca mengirim seratke korteks motorik yang mengatur
otot-otot bicara.

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Emosi dan Motivasi
Hypothalamus dan sistem
limbik.
Sistem Limbik:

Forebrain nuclei dan serat
saraf yang membentuk
cicin disekitar batang otak.

Pusat pengendali emasi
dasar.
Sirkuit tertutup (Papez
circuit):

Fornix menghubungkan
hippocampus ke
hypothalamus,yang
memproyeksikan ke
thalamus.

Thalamus mengirim
kembali ke sistem limbik.
Figure 8-16

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Emosi dan Motivasi (Lanjutan)

hypothalamus dan sistem limbik meliputi
perasaan dan kebiasaan.
Agresif:

Amygdala dan hypothalamus.

Takut:

Amygdala dan hypothalamus.

Makan:

Hypothalamus (pusat makan dand kenyang).

Dorongan Seksual dan kebiasaan:

Hypothalamus dan sistem limbik.

Kebiasaan dipandu tujuan (reward and
punishment):

Hypothalamus dan korteks frontal .

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Memory
Short-term:

Ingatan peristiwa yang baru berlangsung.
Lobus temporal bag Medial:

Consolidasi short term ke long term
memory.
Hippocampus komponen penting
dalam memory.
Akuisisi informasi baru, memerlukan
kerjasama lobus temporal bag medial
dan hippocampus.

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Long-Term Memory

Konsolidasi short-term memory ke long-term
memory.

Memerlukan aktifasi gen, sintesis protein dan
pembentukan hubungan sinaps baru.

Korteks Cerebri menyimpan informasi
faktual:

Ingatan Visual di hemisfer kiri.

Informasi Visuospatial dihemisfer kanan.

Lobus Prefrontal:

Perhitungan matematis.

kompleks, problem-solving dan aktifitas perencanaan.

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Thalamus

Thalamus:

Menyusun 4/5 diencephalon.

Membentuk dinding ventrikel ketiga.

Bertindak sbg pusat relay seluruh informasi
sensorik (kecuali olfactorius) ke cerebrum.

Nukleus geniculatus Lateral :

Relay informasi visual .

Nukleus geniculatus medial :

Relay informasi auditorik.

Nukleus Intralaminar:

Diaktifasi oleh banyak neuron sensorik.

Memproyeksikan ke banyak area.

Promosi kesadaran dan bangun dari tidur.

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Hypothalamus

Berisi neuron pusat lapar, haus, dan suhu
tubuh.

kontribusi dalam pengaturan tidur,
terjaga/bangun, emosi, dorongan seksual
arousal, marah, takut, nyeri, dan
kesenangan/ nikmat.

Stimulasi pelepasan hormon dari pituitary
anterior.

Produksi ADH dan oxytocin.

Koordinasi refleks simpatis dan
parasimpatis.

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Kelenjar Pituitari
Posterior pituitary:

Menyimpan dan
melepas ADH
(vasopressin) dan
oxytocin.
Anterior pituitary:

Mengatur sekresi
hormon dari
kelenjar endokrin
lain.
Figure 11-12

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Midbrain
Contains:
Corpora quadrigemina:

Superior colliculi:

Involved in visual reflexes.

Inferior colliculi:

Relay centers for auditory information.
Cerebral peduncles:

Composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts.

Substantia nigra:

Required for motor coordination.
Red nucleus:

Maintains connections with cerebrum and cerebellum.

Involved in motor coordination.

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Hindbrain
Metencephalon:

Pons:

Surface fibers connect to
cerebellum, and deeper fibers are
part of motor and sensory tracts.

Contains several nuclei associated
with cranial nerves V, VI, VII.

Contains the apneustic and
pneumotaxic respiratory
centerss.

Cerebellum:

Receives input from
proprioceptors.

Participates in coordination of
movement.

Necessary for motor learning,
coordinating different joints
during movement, and limb
movements.
Figure 8-23

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Hindbrain (continued)

Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata):

All descending and ascending fiber tracts between spinal
cord and brain must pass through the medulla.

Nuclei contained within the medulla include VIII, IX, X, XI,
XII.

Pyramids:

Fiber tracts cross to contralateral side.

Vasomotor center:

Controls autonomic innervation of blood vessels.

Cardiac control center:

Regulates autonomic nerve control of heart.

Regulates respiration with the pons.

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Reticular Formation

Reticular Formation:

Complex network of nuclei and nerve fibers
within medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and
hypothalamus.

Functions as the reticular activating system
(RAS).

Non specific arousal of cerebral cortex to incoming
sensory information.

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Cranial Nerves

Attach to the brain and pass through
foramina of the skull

Numbered from I–XII

Cranial nerves I and II attach to the
forebrain

All others attach to the brain stem

Primarily serve head and neck structures

The vagus nerve (X) extends into the abdomen

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The 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
Figure 14.8

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CN I: Olfactory Nerves

Sensory nerves of smell
Table 14.2

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CN II: Optic Nerve

Sensory nerve of vision
Table 14.2

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CN III: Oculomotor Nerve

Innervates four of the extrinsic eye
muscles
Table 14.2

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CN IV: Trochlear Nerve

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
Table 14.2

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CN V: Trigeminal Nerve

Provides sensory innervation to the
face

Motor innervation to chewing muscles

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Trigeminal Nerve
Table 14.2

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CN VI: Abducens Nerve

Abducts the eyeball
Table 14.2

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CN VII: Facial Nerve

Innervates muscles of facial expression

Sensory innervation of face

Taste
Table 14.2

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CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Nerve

Sensory nerve of hearing and balance
Table 14.2

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CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
Nerve
Sensory and motor innervation of structures of
the tongue and pharynx
Taste
Table 14.2

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CN X: Vagus Nerve

A mixed sensory
and motor nerve

Main
parasympathetic
nerve

“Wanders” into
thorax and
abdomen
Table 14.2

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CN XI: Accessory Nerve

An accessory part of the vagus nerve

Somatic motor function of pharynx,
larynx, neck muscles
Table 14.2

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CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve

Runs inferior to the tongue

Innervates the tongue muscles
Table 14.2